Ghanaian Pidgin English
| Ghanaian Pidgin English | |
|---|---|
| Kroo Brofo | |
| Native to | Ghana |
Native speakers |
5 million (2011)[1] (not clear if this number includes L2 speakers) |
|
English Creole
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
gpe |
| Glottolog |
ghan1244[2] |
| Linguasphere |
52-ABB-be |
Ghanaian Pidgin English (GhPE), also known as Kru English, is a variety of West African Pidgin English spoken in Ghana, predominantly in the southern towns and the capital, Accra. It is confined to a smaller section of society than other West African creoles, probably due to the presence of Twi as the lingua franca of choice.
GhPE can be divided into two varieties. The first is associated with the uneducated and the illiterate, and is spoken mainly by Ghana's multilingual immigrant population. This association has led to schools discouraging the usage of Pidgin, but despite this, a second variety of "educated Pidgin" has emerged among the student classes. Although other languages of Ghana are available to them, students, particularly males, use Pidgin as a means of expressing solidarity, comradery and youthful rebellion. Today, this form of Pidgin can be heard in a variety of informal contexts, although it still carries a certain stigma.
References
- ↑ Ghanaian Pidgin English at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Ghanaian Pidgin English". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- Edgar W. Schneider, Bernd Kortmann (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English: a multimedia reference tool (XVII, 1226 S. ed.). Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 866–73. ISBN 3110175320.
- Huber, Magnus (1999). Ghanaian Pidgin English in its West African Context: a sociohistorical and structural analysis. John Benjamins. ISBN 9027248826.