Germanwings Flight 9525

Germanwings Flight 9525

D-AIPX, the aircraft involved in the incident, pictured in May 2014
Incident summary
Date 24 March 2015
Summary Deliberate flight into terrain; under investigation[lower-alpha 1]
Site Prads-Haute-Bléone, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France
44°16′50″N 6°26′20″E / 44.280682°N 6.438823°ECoordinates: 44°16′50″N 6°26′20″E / 44.280682°N 6.438823°E[1]
Passengers 144[2]
Crew 6[2][3]
Fatalities 150 (all)[4]
Survivors 0
Aircraft type Airbus A320-200
Operator Germanwings
Registration D-AIPX
Flight origin Barcelona–El Prat Airport, Barcelona, Spain
Destination Düsseldorf Airport, Düsseldorf, Germany

Germanwings Flight 9525 (4U9525/GWI18G[5][lower-alpha 2]) was a scheduled international passenger flight from Barcelona–El Prat Airport in Spain to Düsseldorf Airport in Germany, operated by Germanwings, a low-cost airline owned by Lufthansa.

On 24 March 2015, the aircraft, an Airbus A320-200, crashed 100 kilometres (62 mi) northwest of Nice, in the French Alps, after a constant descent that began one minute after the last routine contact with air traffic control and shortly after the aircraft had reached its assigned cruise altitude. All 144 passengers and six crew members were killed.

The crash was deliberately caused by the co-pilot, Andreas Lubitz. Having previously been treated for suicidal tendencies and been declared "unfit to work" by a doctor, Lubitz kept this information from his employer and reported for duty. During the flight, he locked the captain out of the cockpit before initiating a descent that caused the plane to crash into a mountain.

In response to the incident and the circumstances of Lubitz's involvement, aviation authorities in Canada, New Zealand, Germany, and Australia implemented new regulations that require two authorized personnel to be present in the cockpit at all times.[6][7][8][9] Three days after the incident, the European Aviation Safety Agency issued a temporary recommendation for airlines to ensure that at least two crew members, including at least one pilot, are in the cockpit at all times of the flight.[10] Several airlines announced they had already adopted similar policies voluntarily.[6][11][12][13]

Flight

Flight path

Flight 9525 took off from Runway 07R at Barcelona–El Prat Airport at 10:01 a.m. CET (09:01 UTC) and was due to arrive at Düsseldorf Airport by 11:39 CET.[2][14] The flight's scheduled departure time was 9:35 CET.[15]

According to the French national civil aviation inquiries bureau, the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (BEA),[16] the pilots confirmed instructions from French air traffic control at 10:30 CET. At 10:31 CET, after crossing the French coast near Toulon, the aircraft left its assigned cruising altitude of 38,000 feet (12,000 m) and without approval began a rapid descent. The air traffic controller declared the aircraft in distress after the aircraft's descent and loss of radio contact.[17][18]

Altitude chart (metres)

The descent time from 38,000 feet was about ten minutes; radar observed an average descent rate of approximately 3,400 feet per minute or 58 feet per second (18 m/s).[19] Attempts by French air traffic control to contact the flight on the assigned radio frequency were not answered. A French military Mirage jet was scrambled from the Orange-Caritat Air Base to intercept the aircraft.[20][21] According to the BEA, radar contact was lost at 10:40 CET; at the time, the aircraft had descended to an altitude of 6,175 feet (1,882 m).[22] The aircraft crashed within the territory of the remote commune of Prads-Haute-Bléone, 100 kilometres (62 mi) northwest of Nice.[23][24][25][26]

The crash is the deadliest air disaster in France since the crash of Inex-Adria Aviopromet Flight 1308 in 1981, in which 180 people died, and the third-deadliest in France behind Flight 1308 and Turkish Airlines Flight 981.[27] This was the first major crash of a civil airliner in France since the crash of Air France Flight 4590 on takeoff from Charles de Gaulle Airport in 2000.[28] The crash is also the first loss of a Lufthansa-owned airliner during the cruising phase of flight.[29]

Crash site

Two barren, grey granite peaks rising from a ridge, against the blue sky
The Massif des Trois-Évêchés, where the crash site lies

The crash site is within the Massif des Trois-Évêchés, three kilometres (2 mi) east of the settlement of Le Vernet and beyond the road to the Col de Mariaud, in an area known as the Ravin du Rosé.[30] The site is on the southern side of the Tête du Travers;[30][31] a minor peak at the lower western slopes of the Tête de l'Estrop. The site is approximately ten kilometres (6 mi) west of Mount Cimet, where Air France Flight 178 crashed in 1953.[32][33]

Gendarmerie nationale and Sécurité Civile sent helicopters to locate the wreckage.[34][35] The aircraft had disintegrated; the largest piece of wreckage being "the size of a car".[36] A helicopter landed near the site of the crash and confirmed there were no survivors.[37] The search and rescue team reported that the debris field is two square kilometres (500 acres) in size.[25]

Aircraft

The aircraft was a 24-year-old Airbus A320-211,[lower-alpha 3] serial number 147, registered as D-AIPX. It first flew on 29 November 1990.[38] It was delivered to Lufthansa on 5 February 1991[39][40] before being leased to Germanwings from 1 June 2003 until mid-2004.[41] It was then returned to Lufthansa on 22 July 2004 and remained with Lufthansa until 2014, during which time it was named Mannheim.[40][41] It was finally transferred to Germanwings on 31 January 2014.[40][41]

The aircraft had accumulated about 58,300 flight hours on 46,700 flights.[42] The original Design Service Goal (DSG) of the aircraft was 60,000 hours or 48,000 flights. In 2012, an optional Extended Service Goal (ESG1) was approved, extending the service life to 120,000 hours or 60,000 flights, provided that a required package of service and inspections was performed before the DSG was reached.[43]

Crew and passengers

People on board by citizenship[44]
Citizenship No. Ref.
 Germany[lower-alpha 4] 72 [46]
 Spain 51 [47]
 Argentina 3 [48]
 Kazakhstan 3 [49]
 United Kingdom[lower-alpha 5] 3 [52]
 United States 3 [53]
 Australia 2 [54]
 Colombia 2 [55]
 Iran 2 [56]
 Japan 2 [57]
 Mexico[lower-alpha 6] 2 [59]
 Morocco 2 [60]
 Venezuela 2 [61]
 Belgium 1 [62]
 Chile 1 [63]
 Denmark 1 [64]
 Israel 1 [65]
 Netherlands 1 [66]
Some passengers had multiple citizenship. Counts are based on preliminary data and do not total 150.

There were 144 passengers, two pilots, and four cabin crew on board from at least 18 countries, mostly Germany and Spain.[44] The early count was confused by multiple citizenship.[67]

Crew

The pilot in command, 34-year-old Captain Patrick Sondenheimer,[68] had ten years of flying experience (6,000 flight hours)[23] flying A320s with Germanwings, Lufthansa, and Condor.[69][70]

The co-pilot was 27-year-old First Officer Andreas Lubitz,[71][72] who joined Germanwings in September 2013, and had 630 flight hours of experience.[73][74]

Andreas Lubitz

Andreas Günter Lubitz[75] (born 18 December 1987) grew up in Neuburg an der Donau, Bavaria[76] and Montabaur in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate,[77] in a middle-class family. He took flying lessons at Luftsportclub Westerwald, an aviation sports club in Montabaur.[78]

Lubitz was accepted into a Lufthansa trainee program after high school. Starting in 2008, he received pilot training at the Lufthansa Flight Training school in Bremen, Germany,[78] and at the Lufthansa Airline Training Center in Goodyear, Arizona, United States.[79][80] Lubitz took time off from his flight training for several months and informed the Flight Training Pilot School in 2009 of a "previous episode" of severe depression.[81][82][83][84] He later completed the training, and worked as a flight attendant at the airline during an eleven-month waiting period.

Prior to his training as a commercial pilot, he was treated for suicidal tendencies.[85][86] Lubitz had been temporarily denied a U.S. pilot's license because he had been treated for depression.[87]

Passengers

Among the passengers were sixteen students and two teachers from the Joseph-König-Gymnasium of Haltern am See, North Rhine-Westphalia. They were on their way home from a student exchange with the Giola Institute in Llinars del Vallès, Barcelona.[88] Haltern's mayor, Bodo Klimpel, has described it as "the darkest day in the history of [the] town".[89]

Bass-baritone Oleg Bryjak and contralto Maria Radner, singers with Deutsche Oper am Rhein, were also on the flight.[90][91]

Investigation

The French Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (BEA) opened an investigation into the crash, joined by its German counterpart, the Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation (BFU), and assisted by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).[92][93] Hours after the crash, the BEA sent seven investigators to the crash site accompanied by representatives from Airbus and CFM International. The cockpit voice recorder (CVR), damaged but still usable, was recovered by rescue workers and was examined by the investigation team.[94][95][96][97][98] The following week, Marseille prosecutor Brice Robin announced that the flight data recorder, blackened by fire but still usable, had also been found.[99][100] Investigators isolated 150 different sets of DNA, which must be compared to the families of the deceased.[101][102]

Cause of crash

According to French and German prosecutors, the crash was intentional.[103][104][105] Marseille prosecutor Brice Robin said that co-pilot Andreas Lubitz, a 27-year-old German citizen, was initially courteous to Captain Sondenheimer in the first part of the trip, then became "curt" when the captain began the mid-flight briefing on the planned landing.[106] Robin said that when the captain returned from a probable toilet break and tried to enter the cockpit, Lubitz had locked the door.[103][104] The captain had a code to unlock the door, but the code panel can be disabled from the cockpit controls.[7][107] The captain requested re-entry using the intercom, knocking and then banging on the door, but received no response.[108] The captain then tried to break down the door.[16][82][109] During the descent, the co-pilot also did not respond to questions from air traffic control and did not transmit a distress call.[110] Robin said that contact from the Marseille air traffic control tower, the captain's attempts to break in, and Lubitz's steady breathing were audible on the cockpit voice recorder.[104][111] The screams of passengers can be heard in the last moments before impact.[106]

After their analysis of the aircraft's flight data recorder, the BEA stated that Lubitz deliberately crashed the aircraft. He set the autopilot to descend to 100 feet (30 m), modifying the autopilot setting several times to increase the aircraft's descent speed.[112][113] The aircraft was travelling at 700 kilometres per hour (430 mph) when it crashed into the mountain.[106]

Investigation of Lubitz

Three days later, German detectives searched properties in Montabaur that Lubitz spent time in and removed a computer and other items for testing. They did not find a suicide note or any evidence that his actions had been motivated by "a political or religious background".[114][115][116] During their search of Lubitz's apartment, detectives found a letter in a waste bin indicating that he had been declared "unfit to work" by a doctor. Germanwings reported that it had not received any sick note for the day of the flight. News accounts characterized this as "hiding an illness from his employers",[117][118][119][120][121] as employers do not have access to medical records of employees under German law, and sick notes excusing a person from work do not give information on medical conditions.[122]

On 28 March 2015, authorities searched his house again, finding evidence that he was taking prescription drugs and that he suffered from a "psychosomatic illness."[123][124]

Criminal investigators revealed that Lubitz's tablet computer web searches in the days leading up to the crash included "ways to commit suicide" and "cockpit doors and their security provisions".[99][100][101][125]

Aftermath

Political

French Minister of the Interior Bernard Cazeneuve promptly announced that due to the "violence of the impact" there was "little hope" that any survivors would be found.[126] Prime Minister Manuel Valls dispatched Cazeneuve to the scene and set-up a ministerial crisis cell to co-ordinate the response to the incident.[127]

German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier flew over the crash site, describing it as "a picture of horror".[127] German Chancellor Angela Merkel and Hannelore Kraft, the minister-president of North Rhine-Westphalia, traveled to the crash site the following day.[128][129] Merkel visited the recovery operations base at Seyne-les-Alpes along with French Prime Minister Valls and Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy.[130]

Mayor Bodo Klimpel of Haltern am See, reacting to the deaths of sixteen students and two teachers from the town, said: "A feeling of shock can be felt everywhere. It is about the worst thing imaginable."[131]

Commercial

Germanwings headquarters in Cologne: flags at half-mast following loss of Flight 9525

Lufthansa Chief Executive Carsten Spohr visited the crash location the next day, saying this is "the darkest day for Lufthansa in its 60-year history".[132] Several Germanwings flights were cancelled on 24–25 March due to the pilots' union grief at the loss of their colleagues.[133][134] Germanwings retired the flight number 4U9525, changing it to 4U9441; the outbound flight number was also changed: from 4U9524 to 4U9440.[135]

In the days following the crash, Lufthansa had said that it did not see any reason to change its procedures, then introduced a new policy in which all their airlines (including Germanwings) require two crew members in the cockpit at all times.[136][137][138]

Regulatory

In response to the incident and the circumstances of Lubitz's involvement, aviation authorities in Australia, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, and the Philippines implemented new regulations that require two authorized personnel to be present in the cockpit of large passenger aircraft at all times.[139][140] While the United States Federal Aviation Administration,[lower-alpha 7][13][141] the Civil Aviation Administration of China,[lower-alpha 8][142][143] and some European airlines already had a similar "rule of two" requirement, the European Aviation Safety Agency recommended that similar legal changes be introduced[8][144] while other airlines announced similar changes to their policies.[6]

The British Psychological Society issued a statement offering to provide expert support to any "discussion about the psychological testing, and monitoring, of pilots following this incident."[145] The European Federation of Psychologists' Associations (EFPA) also issued a statement saying "Psychological assessment before entry to flight training and before admission to active service by an airline can help to select pilots. However, it cannot forecast the life events and mental health problems occurring in the life of each individual pilot and the unique way he or she will cope with these." It concluded: "In the aftermath of the disaster priority should be given to psychological help for relatives and friends of victims. Psychologists are already involved in providing assistance as members of national and airline crisis intervention teams. It is equally important to support flight crews in overcoming the impact of this tragic event."[146]

Compensation

On 27 March, Germanwings' parent company Lufthansa offered victims' families an initial aid payment of up to €50,000, separate from any compensation that must by law be paid over the disaster. Elmar Giemulla, a professor of aviation law at the Technical University of Berlin, quoted by the Rheinische Post, said that he expected the airline would pay a total of €10–30 million in compensation. The Montreal Convention sets a €143,000 cap per victim in the event an airline is held liable.[147] On 31 March, the airline stated that its insurance company had set aside US$300 million (€280 million) for financial compensation to victims' families and for the cost of the aircraft itself.[148][149]

Commemorative

On 17 April 2015 about 1,400 relatives of victims, senior politicians, rescue workers and airline employees attended a memorial service at Cologne Cathedral.[150] The parents of Andreas Lubitz were invited to attend, but chose not to.[151]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ As opposed to Controlled flight into terrain.
  2. ↑ Abbreviated forms of the flight name combine the airline's IATA airline code (4U) or ICAO airline code (GWI) with the flight number.
  3. ↑ The aircraft was an Airbus A320-200 model; the 11 specifies it was fitted with CFM International CFM56-5A1 engines.
  4. ↑ Includes two passengers with dual Bosnian-German citizenship.[45]
  5. ↑ Includes one passenger with Spanish-Polish-British citizenship.[50][51]
  6. ↑ Includes one passenger with dual Mexican-Spanish citizenship.[58]
  7. ↑ Rule enacted following the September 11 attacks.
  8. ↑ Rule enacted following the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.

References

  1. ↑ "Where the Germanwings Plane Crashed". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Ce que l'on sait du crash de l'Airbus A320 entre Digne et Barcelonnette" [What is known about the crash of the Airbus A320 between Digne and Barcelonnette] (in French). BFMTV. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  3. ↑ 150 suspected dead after plane crashes in French Alps. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  4. ↑ "Confirmed by Police". News 24. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  5. ↑ "Accident to the Airbus A320-211 registered D-AIPX, flight GWI18G, on 24 March 2015". BEA. 24 March 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Germanwings Flight 4U9525: Canadian airlines told to have 2 people in the cockpit". CBC News. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cooke, Henry (27 March 2015). "CAA changes cockpit policy following Germanwings crash". Fairfax New Zealand. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Germanwings Crash: How the Aviation Industry Has Reacted". The Wall Street Journal. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  9. ↑ "'Rule of two': Australia to require two in a cockpit at all times in wake of Germanwings tragedy". The Sydney Morning Herald. 30 March 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  10. ↑ "EASA recommends minimum two crew in the cockpit". EASA. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  11. ↑ "Germanwings crash: airliners change cockpit rules after co-pilot blamed – as it happened". The Guardian. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  12. ↑ "Germanwings investigators find torn-up sicknote in co-pilot's home". The Guardian. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Germanwings Flight 4U9525 co-pilot Andreas Lubitz 'hid illness' from employer". CBC News. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  14. ↑ "Germanwings (4U) #9525 ✈ 24-Mar-2015 ✈ LEBL / BCN – EDDL / DUS". FlightAware. 24 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  15. ↑ "(4U) Germanwings 9525 Flight Status". Flightstats. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Clark, Nicola; Bilefsky, Dan (26 March 2015). "Germanwings Pilot Was Locked Out of Cockpit Before Crash in France". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  17. ↑ "Germanwings flight 4U9525 crashes in French Alps with 150 on board – live updates". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  18. ↑ "Airbus crash latest coverage". BBC News. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  19. ↑ "What Happened on the Germanwings Flight". The New York Times. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  20. ↑ "Ce que l'on sait sur le crash de l'A320 dans les Alpes" [What is known about the crash of the A320 in the Alps]. Libération (in French). 25 March 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  21. ↑ "Germanwings plane crash: Airbus A320 glide to destruction 'took 18 minutes not 8'". The Independent. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  22. ↑ "BEA Pressconference 25.05.2015 slides". BEA. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Crash: Germanwings A320 near Barcelonnette on Mar 24th 2015, lost height and impacted terrain". The Aviation Herald. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  24. ↑ "Germanwings Airbus crashes in French Alps, 150 dead". Reuters. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "German Airbus A320 plane crashes in French Alps". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  26. ↑ Adam Withnall (24 March 2015). "A320 crashes: Germanwings Flight down in southern France". The Independent. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  27. ↑ "Germanwings Airbus Carrying 150 Crashes in French Alps". The New York Times. 24 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  28. ↑ "French Alps plane crash: Germanwings crew 'did not send distress signal'". The Independent (Independent Digital News and Media Ltd.). Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  29. ↑ "Investigators hope cockpit tape will explain Airbus crash". Reuters. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Condolencias de MeteoCampoo Accidente GWI9525" [The condolences of MeteoCampoo for the GWI9525 accident] (in Spanish). Meteo Campoo. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  31. ↑ "Germanwings Airbus A320 crashes in French Alps with 150 people on board: as it happened". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  32. ↑ "Analysis: Crash of Germanwings Flight 9525 – Investigation and Latest Responses". Friedlnews. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  33. ↑ Dominic Gover (24 March 2015). "Germanwings Flight 4U9525 crashed in identical spot as 1953 air disaster in French Alps near Barcelonette". International Business Times. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  34. ↑ "Plane crashes in French Alps, 150 feared dead". Grand Forks Herald. Reuters. 24 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  35. ↑ "Live news on Germanwings Airbus crash in France". Reuters. 24 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  36. ↑ "BREAKING Crash of an A320 in south of France – more details". Airlive. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  37. ↑ "150 killed in French Alps aircrash". Echo. Press Association. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  38. ↑ "4U9525 Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  39. ↑ "D-AIPX Germanwings Airbus A320-200 – cn 147". planespotters.net. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 "Aircraft Registration Database Lookup". airframes.org. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 "Airbus A320 – MSN 147 – D-AIPX Airline Germanwings". Airfleets.net. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  42. ↑ Engel, Pamela; Kelley, Michael B. (24 March 2015). "A plane with 150 people aboard crashed in France – no survivors expected". Business Insider. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  43. ↑ "Lufthansa Technik New Life for the A320" (PDF). Connection. Lufthansa Technik Group. July–August 2012. p. 20. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Airbus A320 Crash in France". BBC News. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  45. ↑ "Fehret i Emira iz BiH među žrtvama tragičnog leta". Avaz (in Bosnian). Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  46. ↑ "Zahl der deutschen Opfer steigt auf 72" [Number of German toll rises to 72]. n-tv (in German). 25 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  47. ↑ "Spain raises Spanish death toll on Germanwings flight to 51". Reuters. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  48. ↑ "Quiénes eran los argentinos fallecidos en la tragedia aérea de Germanwings en Francia" [Who were the Argentinians who died in the Germanwings tragedy in France]. Infobae (in Spanish). 24 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  49. ↑ "На борту разбившегося во Франции самолета находились трое граждан Казахстана" [On board the aircraft crashed in France were three citizens of Kazakhstan] (in Russian). Interfax. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  50. ↑ "Katastrofa airbusa we Francji. Polak stracił żonę i dziecko". Gazeta (in Polish). 25 March 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  51. ↑ Gordon Rayner; Josie Ensor (25 March 2015). "Germanwings crash: British victims named as Martyn Matthews, Paul Bramley and Julian Pracz-Bandres". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  52. ↑ "Alps air crash 'killed three Britons'". BBC News. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  53. ↑ "Third American Killed in Germanwings Crash, State Department Says". The Huffington Post. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  54. ↑ "Germanwings plane crash: Two Australians among 150 victims of Airbus A320 crash, which included 16 school children". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  55. ↑ "Dos colombianos viajaban en el avión que chocó en los Alpes franceses" [Two Colombians were aboard the plane that crashed in the French Alps]. Caracol Radio (in Spanish). 24 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  56. ↑ "Tasnim Reporter Among Germanwings Crash Victims". Tasnim News Agency. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  57. ↑ "Two Japanese feared dead in French Alps plane crash; voice recorder found". Japan Times. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  58. ↑ Iván Saldaña (26 March 2015). "Dora Isela Salas, la otra mexicana víctima del vuelo 9525". Excélsior (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  59. ↑ "SRE identifica a 2 mexicanas que murieron en avionazo" [SRE identifies 2 Mexicans killed in aircraft]. Milenio (in Spanish) (Mexico City). 25 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  60. ↑ "ثنائي مغربي ضمن ضحايا الطائرة المتحطّمة على التراب الفرنسي" [Two Moroccan victims were in the aircraft that crashed on French soil]. Hespress (in Arabic). 24 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  61. ↑ "Germanwings includes two Venezuelans among plane crash victims". El Universal. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  62. ↑ "Belg onder doden vliegtuigcrash" [Belgian among the dead in airplane crash]. AD (in Dutch). 24 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  63. ↑ "Chilena figura entre las víctimas fatales de avión accidentado en Francia" [Chilean among the dead victims of the aircraft accident in France]. EMOL (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  64. ↑ de Stordeur, Gudmund (24 March 2015). "Dansker blandt de omkomne i flystyrt" [Dane died in plane crash]. nyhederne.tv2.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  65. ↑ "Israeli among 150 killed in Germanwings crash named". Itamar Eichner. 24 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  66. ↑ "Zeker één Nederlandse dode bij crash Frankrijk" [Certainly one Dutch dead in France crash] (in Dutch). nos.nl. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  67. ↑ "Germanwings Flight 9525 crash: 2 Americans among 150 killed". AL.com. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  68. ↑ Shoichet, Catherine E. (31 March 2015). "Who was Patrick Sondenheimer, the captain of Germanwings Flight 9525?". CNN. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  69. ↑ Sawer, Patrick (29 March 2015). "Andreas Lubitz: Everything we know on Sunday about Germanwings plane crash co-pilot". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  70. ↑ "Alps plane crash: What we know". BBC News. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  71. ↑ "Andreas Lubitz and Patrick S: What do we know about the pilots on Germanwings flight 4U9525?". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  72. ↑ "Germanwings Co-Pilot Named as Andreas Lubitz". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Co. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  73. ↑ "Germanwings crash: Who was co-pilot Andreas Lubitz?". BBC News. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  74. ↑ Hanna Kozlowska (26 March 2015). "What we know so far about Andreas Lubitz, the co-pilot who "deliberately" crashed the Germanwings plane". Qz.com. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  75. ↑ Kulish, Nicholas; Clark, Nicola (18 April 2015). "Germanwings Crash Exposes History of Denial on Risk of Pilot Suicide". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  76. ↑ "Andreas Lubitz: first picture of Germanwings co-pilot's father emerges". The Daily Telegraph. 1 April 2015.
  77. ↑ Webb, Sam. "Who is Andreas Lubitz? Everything you need to know about the Germanwings co-pilot". Daily Mirror. London. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Sawer, Patrick. "Andreas Lubitz: Everything we know about Germanwings plane crash co-pilot". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  79. ↑ "Officials: German pilot in crash trained in Goodyear". The Arizona Republic. Phoenix. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015. Ruecker said Lubitz also trained in Goodyear, Arizona.
  80. ↑ "Andreas Lubitz, Who Loved to Fly, Ended Up on a Mysterious and Deadly Course". The New York Times. 26 March 2015.
  81. ↑ "Lufthansa flight school knew of crash pilot's depression". Reuters. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 "Germanwings plane crash: Reports co-pilot suffered from depression six years ago as police search homes; pilot bashed cockpit door with axe". ABC News. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  83. ↑ "Germanwings Plane Crash Investigation". The Guardian. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  84. ↑ COMKOM° GmbH, Germany. "Lufthansa helps investigation progress". lufthansagroup.com.
  85. ↑ "Germanwings Flight 4U9525: Flight school knew of depressive episode". CBC News. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  86. ↑ Calamur, Krishnadev; Chappell, Bill (30 March 2015). "Germanwings Crash: Co-Pilot Was Treated For Suicidal Tendencies". NPR. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
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