German submarine U-438

Career (Nazi Germany)
Name:	U-438
Ordered:	16 October 1939
Builder:	Schichau-Werke, Danzig
Yard number:	1480
Laid down:	25 April 1940
Launched:	6 September 1941
Commissioned:	22 November 1941
Fate:	Sunk, 6 May 1943[1]
General characteristics [2]
Class and type:	Type VIIC submarine
Displacement:	769 tonnes (757 long tons) surfaced 871 t (857 long tons) submerged
Length:	67.1 m (220 ft 2 in) o/a 50.5 m (165 ft 8 in) pressure hull
Beam:	6.2 m (20 ft 4 in) o/a 4.7 m (15 ft 5 in) pressure hull
Height:	9.6 m (31 ft 6 in)
Draft:	4.74 m (15 ft 7 in)
Propulsion:	2 × supercharged Germaniawerft 6-cylinder 4-stroke F46 diesel engines, totalling 2,800–3,200 bhp (2,100–2,400 kW). Max rpm: 470-490 2 × electric motors, totalling 750 shp (560 kW) and max rpm: 296.
Speed:	17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) surfaced 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph) submerged
Range:	8,500 nmi (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced 80 nmi (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged
Test depth:	230 m (750 ft) Crush depth: 250–295 m (820–968 ft)
Complement:	44–52 officers and ratings
Armament:	5 × 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four bow, one stern) 14 × torpedoes 1 × 8.8 cm (3.46 in) deck gun (220 rounds) various AA guns

German submarine U-438 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

The submarine was laid down on 25 April 1940 at the Schichau-Werke yard as yard number 1480 in Danzig, launched on 6 September 1941 and commissioned on 22 November 1941 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Rudolf Franzius.

The city of Berlin adopted the submarine within the popular sponsorship programme (Patenschaftsprogramm), organising gifts and holidays for the crew and earning her the honorary name of U-438 Berlin. The U-boat served with the 8th U-Boat Flotilla for her training and later with the 9th Flotilla from 1 August 1942 to her loss on 6 May 1943. U-438 completed four patrols, sinking three ships, totalling 12,045 gross register tons (GRT) and damaging one ship totalling 5,496 GRT.
She was a member of ten wolfpacks.

Service history

1st patrol

U-438 sailed from Kiel in Germany, on 1 August 1942 and headed for the mid-Atlantic. On 10 August she took part in a "wolfpack" attack on Convoy SC 94, south of Iceland. She fired a spread of torpedoes simultaneously with U-660, hitting the Greek 4,439 ton cargo ship Condylis^[5] and the British 6,008 ton Oregon^[6] on the port side, while U-660 hit them from starboard. Both ships, badly damaged, fell behind the main convoy and were sunk by U-438 several hours later.

On 11 August U-438 joined Wolfpack 'Lohs', which operated in the north Atlantic.^[7] On 25 August U-438 attacked convoy ON 122, which she had been stalking since the 22nd,^[8] sinking the Norwegian 1,598 ton merchant ship Trolla.^[9] Several hours later U-438 was detected on radar by the Norwegian Flower class corvette HNoMS Eglantine (K197), and within a few minutes the ship spotted the surfaced U-boat in fog and opened fire with her 4 inch gun, before attacking with depth charges as U-438 crash-dived. The corvette continued to attack, forcing the U-boat to the surface after the bow compartment was flooded. Unable to dive, U-438 escaped in the fog. After making repairs she was ordered to return to base, arriving at Brest in occupied France, on 3 September.^[10]

2nd patrol

U-438 sailed from Brest on 6 October 1942. On 2 November in an attack on Convoy SC 107 about 450 miles east of Belle Isle, she torpedoed the British 5,496 ton cargo ship Hartington,^[11] which had already been damaged by a torpedo from U-522, the abandoned ship was finally sunk by U-521 two hours later. U-438 returned to Brest on 19 November.^[12]

3rd patrol

U-438 left Brest again on 31 December 1942 for another mid-Atlantic patrol, but had no successes before returning to base on 16 February.^[13]

4th patrol and loss

Since her commander, Rudolf Franzius, was ill, Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Heinsohn, originally commander of U-573 and recently returned from Spanish internment, was given command of U-438. She sailed from Brest on 31 March 1943^[14] and was unsuccessfully attacked by a Catalina flying boat of 5 squadron, RAF on 4 May 1943. On 6 May the U-boat was sunk with all hands, north-west Newfoundland at position 52°00′N 45°10′W / 52.000°N 45.167°W / 52.000; -45.167Coordinates: 52°00′N 45°10′W / 52.000°N 45.167°W / 52.000; -45.167, by depth charges from the Egret class sloop HMS Pelican.^[3]

Wolfpacks

U-438 took part in 10 wolfpacks, namely.

• Lohs (11–25 August 1942)
• Tümmler (6–9 October 1942)
• Panther (13–20 October 1942)
• Veilchen (20 October - 5 November 1942)
• Habicht (11–19 January 1943)
• Haudegen (19 January - 8 February 1943)
• Adler (11–13 April 1943)
• Meise (13–22 April 1943)
• Specht (22 April - 4 May 1943)
• Fink (4–6 May 1943)

Summary of raiding career

Date	Name	Nationality	Tonnage (GRT)	Fate
10 August 1942	Condylis	Greece	4,439	Sunk
10 August 1942	Oregon	United Kingdom	6,008	Sunk
25 August 1942	Trolla	Norway	1,598	Sunk
2 November 1942	Hartington	United Kingdom	5,496	Damaged

References

Bibliography

• Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945. Der U-Boot-Krieg (in German) IV (Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler). ISBN 3-8132-0514-2. 
• Edwards, Bernard (1996). Dönitz and the Wolf Packs - The U-boats at War. Cassell Military Classics. pp. 91, 98, 99, 197, 200. ISBN 0-304-35203-9. 
• Gröner, Erich (1985). U-Boote, Hilfskreuzer, Minenschiffe, Netzleger, Sperrbrecher. Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815-1945 (in German) III (Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe). ISBN 3-7637-4802-4. 
• Kemp, Paul (1999). U-Boats Destroyed - German Submarine Losses in the World Wars. London: Arms & Armour. ISBN 1-85409-515-3. 
• Bishop, Chris (2006). Kriegsmarine U-Boats, 1939-45. London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-904687-96-2. 

External links

• Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type VIIC boat U-438". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 26 December 2014. 
• U-438 at ubootwaffe.net