George E. Waring, Jr.

George E. Waring, Jr.
in 1883
Born	(1833-07-04)July 4, 1833 Pound Ridge, New York, U.S.
Died	October 29, 1898(1898-10-29) (aged 65) New York City, New York, U.S.
Cause of death	Yellow fever
Nationality	American
Occupation	Sanitary engineer, civic reformer
Years active	1865–1898
Known for	Advocate of sewer systems that keep domestic sewage separate from storm runoff

George E. Waring, Jr. (July 4, 1833^[1] – October 29, 1898) was an American sanitary engineer and civic reformer. He was an early American designer and advocate of sewer systems that keep domestic sewage separate from storm runoff.

Early life

Waring was born in Pound Ridge, New York, the son of George E. Waring, Sr., a wealthy stove manufacturer. Trained in agricultural chemistry, he began to lecture on agricultural science. In 1855, he took charge of Horace Greeley's farm at Chappaqua, New York.^[2]

Career

Draining Central Park

View of Willowdell Arch with the team that created Central Park. Standing on the pathway over the span, from Right: Frederick Law Olmsted, Jacob Wrey Mould, Ignaz Anton Pilat, Calvert Vaux, George Waring, and Andrew Haswell Green. Photographed in 1862.

In 1857, Waring was appointed agricultural and drainage engineer for the construction of New York's Central Park.^[2] This effort was considered to be the largest drainage project of its time. Prior to this time, much of the area of the proposed park was a wetland. He designed and supervised construction of the drainage system that created the scenic lakes and ponds of the park.^[3]

At the beginning of the American Civil War, Waring resigned to accept a military commission as major. He raised six companies of cavalry for the Union side in the State of Missouri. These units were eventually consolidated as the 4th Missouri Cavalry under Waring, who was promoted to the rank of Colonel in January 1862. He commanded this regiment throughout the war, principally in the Southwest.^[2]

Ogden Farm

During the 18th century, Newport, Rhode Island's wealthy merchants developed country agricultural estates in the outlying towns. Following the Civil War, with a romanticizing of rural, country and farm life by Andrew Jackson Downing and others, estate farms for the Newport summer colony became widespread. Some of these were “model” farms based upon the latest agricultural practice, engineering and technology. Ogden Farm is such a “model” farm, named after Edward Ogden of New York City and Newport (1808–1872), whose summer house was on Narragansett Avenue. After Edward Ogden’s death, the property became known as the Ogden Farm. In 1867 Colonel Waring settled there to manage the farm. At Ogden Farm, he introduced Jersey cattle into the United States and founded the American Jersey Cattle Club. Waring is known to have laid clay drainage pipe there for field improvement, some of which is still extant. Waring devoted himself to agriculture, cattle breeding and drainage until 1877, when drainage and sanitary engineering became his major preoccupation.^[2][4]

In 1876 William Smith patented a jet siphon water closet, an innovation that caught the attention of Waring, who developed the design for larger pieces of sanitary ware (toilets).^[5] In 1881, William Paul Gerhard, another historically important sanitary engineer became Waring's chief assistant.^[6]

Memphis sewer system

Memphis, Tennessee had suffered several severe epidemics of cholera (1849, 1866, 1873) and yellow fever (1867, 1873, 1878 and 1879), with over 5,000 fatalities in 1878 alone.^[7][8] Sanitary conditions in the city were poor, with many domestic wells close by privies and drained by a fetid bayou. Many buildings had standing water underneath because of the poorly-draining clay soil. Civic leaders recognized the need for better drainage and a sewer system that would keep domestic waste away from the wells, although they were wrong in their belief that yellow fever was spread by inadequate sanitation practices. It was, in fact, spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which breeds in stagnant water. The financially strapped city and the state legislature were unable to raise sufficient funds for construction of a conventional combined sewer system, due to the mass exodus of residents for fear of yellow fever. The situation in Memphis aroused the sympathy of the nation and was largely responsible for the creation of the National Board of Health,^[9] a predecessor to the United States Public Health Service. The Board sent Waring to Memphis, where he designed what he thought was a system Memphis could afford. Waring's design called for the separation of sewage waste from storm water runoff, an innovation that reduced the size of the pipes required to carry septic sewage. Until this time, this idea had not been used in the United States on a large scale.^[10] Memphis constructed a separated sewer system according to Waring's plans, and its era of epidemics came to an end.^[11]

Later years

In 1894, Waring was appointed Street Commissioner of the City of New York and began a program of reforms of that department, allowing no political interference. Under his leadership, the streets of New York were cleared of shin-deep waste and the citizens gave a parade for the sanitation works in 1896.^[12]

Based on his reputation as one of the most distinguished Americans in the field of sanitary engineering, at the close of the Spanish–American War in 1898 President William McKinley appointed Waring to make a study of the sanitary situation in Cuba. He had previously (1887) designed a sewer system for Santiago, Cuba.^[2]

Death

While in Cuba, Waring contracted yellow fever and died shortly after returning to New York City on October 29, 1898.^[13][14]

Legacy

An avenue in the North Bronx near Pelham Parkway was named in his honor, Waring Avenue. Memphis has a street named for Waring (Waring Road) running from Walnut Grove Road north to Macon Road at Wells Station Road, going through the Berclair neighborhood.

Waring's publications

• Jersey cattle, being an essay on this breed. Judd, New York, 1872.
• Wedding at Ogden Farm, in Scribners Monthly Illustrated Magazine. May 1876 – October 1876, Scribner and Company, New York, 1876.
• The Handy-Book of Husbandry: A Guide for Farmers, Young and Old. in Scribners Monthly Illustrated Magazine. E.B. Treat & Co., New York.
• A Farmer’s Vacation, in Reprinted (with additions) from Scribner’s Monthly Illustrated Magazine. James R. Osgood & Company, Boston, MA. 1876.
• The Sanitary Condition of City and Country Dwelling Houses. - Sanitation, Household - 1877 - 145 pages.
• Draining for Profit and Draining for Health.
• Whip and Spur.- Boston, Ticknor and Company - 1892 - 245 pages.
• Modern Methods of Sewage Disposal. D. Van Nostrand Co., NY. 1894.
• How to drain a house, practical information for householders. D. Van Nostrand Company, New York.
• Street-cleaning and the Disposal of a City's Wastes. Doubleday and McClure Co., NY 1897, 230 pp.

References

External links

• Works by George Edwin Waring at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about George E. Waring, Jr. at Internet Archive