Georg Stumme
| Georg Stumme | |
|---|---|
 Georg Stumme | |
| Born |
29 July 1886 Halberstadt |
| Died |
24 October 1942 (aged 56) near El Alamein, Egypt |
| Allegiance |
 German Empire (to 1918).svg.png){kind=small} Weimar Republic (to 1933).svg.png){kind=small} Nazi Germany (to 1942) |
| Service/branch | Heer |
| Years of service | 1906–42 |
| Rank | General der Panzertruppe |
| Commands held |
1st (Preuß.) Reiterregiment 2nd leichte Division 7th Panzer Division XXXX.Armeekorps Panzer Army Africa |
| Battles/wars |
World War I World War II |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |
Georg Stumme (29 July 1886 – 24 October 1942) was a World War II German general most notable for his brief command of the Axis forces at the beginning of the Second Battle of El Alamein. He also fought in the Battle of France and in the Yugoslav and Russian campaigns.
He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes). The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership.
Biography
Early career
Stumme was born on July 29, 1886 in Halberstadt. At the age of 19 he enrolled as an officer cadet. He joined the 2nd Upper Silesian Field Artillery Regiment No. 57 and was promoted to lieutenant in 1907.
During World War I, Stumme was wounded and was removed from battlefield operations. He became part of the General Staff eventually becoming general Staff Officer of 303 Divisional Command.
Between the wars he rose through various positions. He commanded the 1st Preuss cavalry division. After the Nazis came to power in 1933 he was promoted to Oberst (1933) and Generalmajor (1936).
World War II
Stumme had achieved the rank of Generalleutnant by the beginning of the war. He commanded the 2nd Light Division (later the 7th Panzer Division) in the attack on Poland in 1939. Replaced by Erwin Rommel in 1940, he was appointed as commander of the 40th Panzer Corps at Lubeck.[1] He led this in the 1940 Ardennes campaign, being promoted to General der Kavallerie on 1 June 1940. Shortly thereafter he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for bravery during the Battle of France.[2]
Stumme was sent to Bulgaria and participated in the attacks on Yugoslavia and Greece. Stumme led the attack of the right wing of Wilhelm List's 12th Army. His two divisions drove west separately into Yugoslavia and then wheeled south meeting each other at Monastir on 9 April. He then participated in the invasion of Greece.[1] He was promoted to General der Panzertruppe.
In Operation Barbarossa Stumme served under Field Marshal Fedor von Bock. Stumme and his men succeeded in capturing Mozhaisk. He then participated in the attempt to capture Stalingrad.[1]
In June 1942 some German plans were captured by Soviet forces. Hitler blamed Stumme and ordered that he be court-martialed. He was found guilty and was sentenced to five years imprisonment, but von Bock secured his release. However, he was reduced back in rank to General der Kavallerie. Ulrich von Hassell commented in his diary that Stumme's conviction was absurd:
The grotesque game of tin soldiers which Hitler plays with the generals has been enriched by a new case. Stumme, commanding general of a tank corps, was sentenced to five years' imprisonment because a staff officer from one of his divisions, carrying plans for the deployment of his troops, fell into the hands of the Russians. He was immediately pardoned, with Göring promising him a new command, and is now being sent to Africa as a substitute for Rommel. An unmilitary, un-Prussian farce.[3]
Stumme joined the Afrika Korps in Egypt, which was confronting the British at El Alamein. Erwin Rommel had been relieved due to illness and exhaustion. Stumme arrived on 19 September to be briefed a few days before Rommel departed. He took overall command of Panzer Army Africa (combined German and Italian forces), with Ritter von Thoma replacing the wounded Walther Nehring as commander of the Africa Korps.[1]
El Alamein
Stumme "faithfully followed the plan left by Rommel" for responding to the expected attack.[1] His letters to his superiors indicate he was not optimistic, and agreed with Rommel that the only real prospect of success lay in keeping the enemy wrongfooted with attacks, for which he did not have the resources.[4] Just over a month after his arrival the British began their attack on 23 October with a massive bombardment. Stumme prohibited the use of German artillery ammunition to attack the British forward assembly areas, where the troops were vulnerable, preferring to keep his limited resources in reserve.[1] This has been described by Reinhard Stumpf as "a grave mistake that enabled the British to form up for the attack in relative peace".[4]
Unlike Rommel, Stumme travelled without the protection of an escort and radio car. On 24 October Stumme and Colonel Andreas Büchting, his chief signals officer, drove to the front to review the situation. On the way to the command post, the car came into open view and was attacked. Stumme's companion Büchting was killed by a shot in the head. Stumme jumped out of the car and apparently was holding onto the side while the driver drove out of range. He was found along the track the next day, with no wound that could be seen. He was known to have high blood pressure and it was thought he had died of a heart attack.[5] He was replaced as commander of Panzer Army Africa with the return of Erwin Rommel, while the Afrika Korps was commanded by General der Panzertruppe Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma.[1]
Assessments
Stumme has been described as a "competent but pleasure-loving general", who cultivated a convivial relationship with his officers, unlike the hard-driving Rommel.[6] One of his officers, Friedrich von Stauffenberg, said that Stumme created a "congenial" atmosphere while maintaining a "crack, well-officered division".[6] According to Mark M. Boatner,
The short, good-humored Stumme suffered from chronic high blood pressure that gave his face a permanent flush. The troops called him "Fireball," and the monocled little general, although old for front line duty even by Wehrmacht standards, had a flair for seizing tactical opportunities.[1]
Because of Stumme's ill-health, Rommel had suggested that Heinz Guderian rather than Stumme should replace him in North Africa, but had confidence in him as a commander.[1]
Awards
- Iron Cross (1914) 2nd and 1st Class
- Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st Class
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 19 July 1940 as General der Kavallerie and commanding general of the XXXX. Armeekorps.[7]
References
- Citations
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Mark M. Boatner, Biographical Dictionary of World War II. Contributors: III, Presidio Press, Novato, CA., 1999, p.547.
- ↑ Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Miltaer-Verlag
- ↑ Ulrich Von Hassell, The Von Hassell Diaries, 1938-1944: The Story of the Forces against Hitler inside Germany, Doubleday, Garden City, NY., 1947, p.267.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Stumpf, Reinhard, "The War in the Mediterranean Area 1942-3" in Germany and the Second World War: Volume 6: The Global War, Oxford University Press, 2001.
- ↑ Young, Desmond (1950). Rommel The Desert Fox. New York: Harper & RowYoung, p. 250
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Samuel W. Mitcham, Rommel's Lieutenants: The Men who Served the Desert Fox, France, 1940, Issue 7, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, p.27.
- ↑ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 416.
- Bibliography
- Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000). Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 – Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
- Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Miltaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
- Young, Desmond (1950). Rommel The Desert Fox. New York: Harper & Row. OCLC 48067797.
| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by none |
Commander of 2. leichte Division 10 November 1938 – 18 October 1939 |
Succeeded by 7. Panzer-Division |
| Preceded by 2. leichte Division |
Commander of 7th Panzer Division 18 October 1939 – 5 February 1940 |
Succeeded by Generalmajor Erwin Rommel |
| Preceded by none |
Commander of XXXX. Armeekorps 26 January 1940 – 9 July 1942 |
Succeeded by XXXX. Panzerkorps |
| Preceded by Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel |
Commander of Panzerarmee Afrika 22 September 1942 – 24 October 1942 |
Succeeded by General der Panzertruppen Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma |
|