Geography of Iceland

Iceland
Native name: <span class="nickname" ">Ísland
Nickname: Land of Fire and Ice

Satellite image of Iceland
Geography
Coordinates 65°00′N 18°00′W / 65.000°N 18.000°W
Adjacent bodies of water Atlantic Ocean
Area 103,001 km2 (39,769 sq mi)
Area rank 18th
Coastline 4,970 km (3,088 mi)
Highest elevation 2,110 m (6,920 ft)
Highest point Hvannadalshnúkur
Country
Largest settlement Reykjavík (pop. 118,861)
Demographics
Population 316,252 (as of 2008)
Density 3.1 /km2 (8 /sq mi)
Ethnic groups Icelanders
Additional information
Time zone

The geography of Iceland entails the geographic features of Iceland, an island country at the confluence of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Iceland is located east of Greenland and immediately south of the Arctic Circle, atop the constructive boundary of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It lies about 860 km (534 mi) from Scotland and 4,200 km (2,610 mi) from New York City. One of the world's most sparsely populated countries, the republic of Iceland's boundaries are almost completely the same as the main island – the world's 18th largest in area and possessing almost all of the country's area and population.

Iceland has extensive volcanic and geothermal activity. The rift associated with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which marks the division between the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates, runs across Iceland from the southwest to the northeast. This geographic feature is prominent at the Þingvellir National Park, where the promontory creates an extraordinary natural amphitheatre. The site was the home of Iceland's parliament, the Alþing, which was first convened in 930. It is a common misconception that Þingvellir are located at the juncture between the North American and Eurasian continental plates. However, they are in fact at the juncture of the North American continental plate and a smaller plate (approx. 10,000 km2) called the Hreppar Microplate (Hreppaflekinn).[1]

About half of Iceland's land area, which is of recent volcanic origin, consists of a mountainous lava desert (highest elevation 2,119 m (6,952 ft) above sea level) and other wasteland. Eleven percent is covered by three large glaciers:

and several smaller ones:

Twenty percent of the land is used for grazing, and only 1% is cultivated. An ambitious reforestation program is under way. Fossilized tree pollen and descriptions by the early settlers indicate that prior to human settlement in the 9th–10th century, trees covered about 30 – 40 percent of the island. Today, however, there are only small patches of the original birch forests left, the most prominent are Hallormsstaðarskógur and Vaglaskógur.

The inhabited areas are on the coast, particularly in the southwest; the central highlands are totally uninhabited.

Because of the Gulf Stream's moderating influence, the climate is characterized by damp, cool summers and relatively mild but windy winters. In Reykjavík, the average temperature is 11 °C (51.8 °F) in July and 0 °C (32 °F) in January (Köppen: Cfc).

Statistics

Dettifoss, located in northeast Iceland. It is the largest waterfall in Europe in terms of volume discharge, with an average water flow of 200 m3/second.
Location
Island in Northern Europe,[2] straddling the Eurasian and North American plates between the Greenland Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, northwest of the British Isles.
  • North: Rifstangi, 66°32′3" N (Kolbeinsey, 67°08,9 N)
  • South: Kötlutangi, 63°23′6" N (Surtsey, 63°17,7 N)
  • West: Bjargtangar, 24°32′1" W
  • East: Gerpir, 13°29′6" W (Hvalbakur, 13°16,6 W)
Map references
Arctic Region

Area
39,769 sq miles (103,001 km²)
  • Total: 103,125 km²
  • Land: 100,329 km²
  • Water: 2,796 km²
Land boundaries
0 km
Coastline
4,970 km
Maritime claims
  • Continental shelf: 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi) or to the edge of the continental margin
  • Exclusive economic zone: 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi)
  • Territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)
Climate
Temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; cool summers, damp in the South and West
Terrain
Mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply indented by bays and fjords
Elevation extremes
  • Lowest point: Jökulsárlón Lagoon: -146 m, Atlantic Ocean 0 m
  • Highest point: Hvannadalshnúkur 2,110 m
Natural resources
Fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite
Land use
  • Arable land: 1.19%
  • Permanent crops: 0%
  • Other: 98.81% (2011)
Irrigated land
NA
Total renewable water resources
170 km3
Natural hazards
Earthquakes, volcanic activity, avalanches, and glacial lake outburst flooding (or jökulhlaups)
Environment—current issues
Water pollution from fertilizer runoff; inadequate wastewater treatment
Environment—international agreements
Geography—note
Westernmost European country; more land covered by glaciers than in all of continental Europe

Antipodes

Iceland is not antipodal to any land mass. The closest are the Balleny Islands off Antarctica, claimed by New Zealand. The antipodes of the northernmost of these, Young Island, lie between Flatey and Grímsey Islands off the north central Icelandic coast, about 10 km from either.

Geological activity

A geyser in Iceland

A geologically young land, Iceland is located on both the Iceland hotspot and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which runs right through it. This location means that the island is highly geologically active with many volcanoes, notably Hekla, Eldgjá, Herðubreið and Eldfell

Iceland has many geysers, including Geysir, from which the English word is derived.

With the widespread availability of geothermal power, and the harnessing of many rivers and waterfalls for hydroelectricity, most residents have access to inexpensive hot water, heating and electricity. Geothermal power in Iceland

The island is composed primarily of basalt, a low-silica lava associated with effusive volcanism as has occurred also in Hawaii. Iceland, however, has a variety of volcanic types (composite and fissure), many producing more evolved lavas such as rhyolite and andesite. Iceland has hundreds of volcanoes with approx. 30 volcanic systems active.[3]

Maps and Images

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Plate boundaries, rifts and transforms in Iceland" (PDF). JÖKULL No. 58, 2008. Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  2. ↑ United Nations Statistics Division - Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications
  3. ↑ Carmichael, I.S.E. (1964). "The Petrology of Thingmuli, a Tertiary Volcano in Eastern Iceland" (PDF). J. Petrology 5 (3): 435–460. doi:10.1093/petrology/5.3.435.

External links