Geococcyx

Geococcyx
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Cuculiformes
Family:	Cuculidae
Subfamily:	Neomorphinae
Genus:	Geococcyx Wagler, 1831
Species
G. californianus G. velox

The roadrunner, also known as a chaparral bird and a chaparral cock, is a fast-running ground cuckoo that has a long tail and a crest. It is found in the southwestern United States and Mexico,^[1][2] usually in the desert. Some have been clocked at 20 miles per hour (32 km/h).

Species

The subfamily Neomorphinae, the New World ground cuckoos, includes eleven species of birds,^[3] while the genus Geococcyx has just two,^[4] the greater roadrunner and the lesser roadrunner. The greater roadrunner, G. californianus, inhabits Mexico and the southwestern United States. The lesser roadrunner, G. velox, inhabits Mexico and Central America.^[5][6]

Morphology

The roadrunner generally ranges in size from 18 to 22 in (46 to 56 cm) from tail to beak. The average weight is about 8–15 oz (230–430 g).^[7] The roadrunner is a large, slender, black-brown and white-streaked ground bird with a distinctive head crest. It has long legs, strong feet, and an oversized dark bill. The tail is broad with white tips on the three outer tail feathers. The bird has a bare patch of skin behind each eye; this patch is shaded blue anterior to red posterior. The lesser roadrunner is slightly smaller, not as streaky, and has a smaller bill.

Roadrunners and other members of the cuckoo family have zygodactyl feet. The roadrunner can run at speeds of up to 20 miles per hour (32 km/h)^[8] and generally prefer sprinting to flying, though it will fly to escape predators. During flight, the wings are short and rounded, and reveal a white crescent in the primary feathers.

Vocalization

The roadrunner has a slow and descending dove-like "coo". It also makes a rapid, vocalized clattering sound with its beak.

Geographic range

The roadrunner is an inhabitant of the deserts of Southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central America. It lives in an arid lowland or mountainous shrubland and is often widely dispersed in dry open country with scattered brush. It is non-migratory, and resides in its breeding area year-round.^[9]

Greater roadrunner with a lizard

Food and foraging habits

The roadrunner is an opportunistic omnivore. Its diet normally consists of insects (such as grasshoppers, crickets, caterpillars, and beetles), small reptiles (such as lizards and snakes, including rattlesnakes), rodents and small mammals, spiders (including tarantulas), scorpions, centipedes, snails, small birds (and nestlings), eggs, and fruits and seeds like those from prickly pear cactuses and sumacs. The lesser roadrunner eats mainly insects. The roadrunner forages on the ground and, when hunting, usually runs after prey from under cover. It may leap to catch insects, and commonly batter certain prey against the ground. Because of its quickness, the roadrunner is one of the few animals that preys upon rattlesnakes;^[10] it is also the only real predator of tarantula hawk wasps.^[9]

Behavior and breeding

The roadrunner usually lives alone or in pairs. It is monogamous and may mate for life, and pairs may hold a territory all year. During the courtship display, the male bows, alternately lifting and dropping his wings and spreading his tail. He parades in front of the female with his head high and his tail and wings drooped, and may bring an offering of food. The reproductive season is spring to mid-summer (depending on geographic location and species).^[9]

The roadrunner's nest is often on a platform composed of sticks, and may sometimes contain leaves, snakeskins, or dung. It is commonly placed in a low tree, bush, or cactus. The eggs are generally white. There are generally 2 to 6 eggs per clutch (the lesser roadrunner's clutch size is typically smaller) and hatching is asynchronous. Both sexes incubate the nest, with males incubating the nest at night, and feed the hatchlings. For the first one to two weeks after the young hatch, one parent always remains at the nest. The young leave the nest at two to three weeks old, foraging with parents for a few days after.^[9]

Greater roadrunners often become habituated to the presence of people.

Thermoregulation

During the cold desert night, the roadrunner lowers its body temperature slightly, going into a slight torpor to conserve energy. To warm itself during the day, the roadrunner exposes dark patches of skin on its back to the sun.^[9]

Greater roadrunner warming itself in the sun, exposing the dark skin and feathers on its back.

In popular culture

• The Road Runner is a popular character in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons, distributed by Warner Brothers.^[11]
• In the 2011 film Rango, the characters ride on road runners as a means of transportation.^[12]
• The Roadrunner is the state bird of New Mexico.^[10]
• The California State University, Bakersfield sports teams are called the Roadrunners, or Runners for short.^[13]
• The University of Texas at San Antonio sports teams are called the UTSA Roadrunners.^[14]
• Metropolitan State University of Denver's athletics teams are called the Roadrunners.

Notes

References

• Alsop III, Fred J. (2002). Birds of North America (1st American ed.). New York: DK. ISBN 0-7894-8001-8. 
• del Hoyo, Josep; Baptista, Luis, eds. (1997). Sandgrouse to cuckoos. Barcelona: Lynx Ed. ISBN 84-87334-22-9. 
• Harrison, George (2005). "Comical Cuckoo". Birder's World 19: 56–58. 
• Hutchins, Michael, ed. (2003). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). Detroit: Gale. ISBN 0-7876-5785-9. 
• Meinzer, Wyman (1993). "Beep! Beep! Better pull over, folks – it's the roadrunner". Smithsonian 23: 58. 
• Perrins, Christopher M., ed. (1990). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Birds: The Definitive Reference to Birds of The World (1st Prentice Hall Press ed.). New York: Prentice Hall Editions. ISBN 0-13-083635-4. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geococcyx.

• Distribution map of the Greater Roadrunner
• Greater Roadrunner sounds
• Video clips of roadrunners in action