Gemini 4

Gemini IV

Edward H. White, the first American to perform extravehicular activity, outside of Gemini IV
Operator NASA
COSPAR ID 1965-043A[1]
SATCAT № 1390[2]
Mission duration 4 days, 1 hour, 56 minutes, 12 seconds
Distance travelled 2,590,600 kilometers (1,398,800 nautical miles)
Orbits completed 66 (62 revolutions)
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft Gemini SC4
Manufacturer McDonnell
Launch mass 3,570 kilograms (7,880 lb)
Crew
Crew size 2
Members James A. McDivitt
Edward H. White II
EVAs 1
Start of mission
Launch date June 3, 1965, 15:15:59 UTC
Rocket Titan II GLV, s/n 62-12559
Launch site Cape Canaveral LC-19
End of mission
Landing date June 7, 1965, 17:12:11 UTC
Landing site 27°44′N 74°11′W / 27.733°N 74.183°W
Orbital parameters
Reference system Geocentric
Regime Low Earth orbit
Perigee 165 kilometers (89 nmi)
Apogee 289 kilometers (156 nmi)
Inclination 32.5 degrees
Period 89.03 minutes
Epoch June 3, 1965 [2]


(L-R) White, McDivitt

Project Gemini
← Gemini 3 Gemini 5 →

Gemini 4 (officially Gemini IV)[3] was the second manned space flight in NASA's Project Gemini, occurring in June 1965. It was the tenth manned American spaceflight (including two X-15 flights at altitudes exceeding 100 kilometers (54 nmi)). Astronauts James McDivitt and Edward H. White, II circled the Earth 66 times in four days, making it the first US flight to approach the five-day flight of the Soviet Vostok 5. The highlight of the mission was the first space walk by an American, during which White floated free outside the spacecraft, tethered to it, for approximately 20 minutes. Both of these accomplishments helped the United States overcome the Soviet Union's early lead in the Space Race.

The flight also included the first attempt to make a space rendezvous as McDivitt attempted to maneuver his craft close to the Titan II upper stage which launched it into orbit, but this was not successful.

The flight was the first American flight to perform many scientific experiments in space, including use of a sextant to investigate the use of celestial navigation for lunar flight in the Apollo program.

Crew

Position Astronaut
Command Pilot James A. McDivitt
First spaceflight
Pilot Edward H. White II
First spaceflight

Backup Crew

Position Astronaut
Command Pilot Frank Borman
Pilot James A. Lovell, Jr.

Support crew

Mission parameters

Spacewalk

Objectives

Gemini 4 would be the first multi-day space flight by the United States, designed to show that it was possible for humans to remain in space for extended lengths of time. The four-day, 66-orbit flight[4] would approach but not break the five-day record set by the Soviet Vostok 5 in June 1963. Subsequent Gemini flights would be longer, to prove endurance exceeding the time required to fly to the Moon and back.

A second objective was the first American extra-vehicular activity (EVA), known popularly as a "space walk". The first space walk had already been performed by Soviet Alexei Leonov on Voskhod 2 in March 1965. NASA moved up the spacewalk from the original schedule, to demonstrate that the US was gaining on the early lead taken by the Soviets in what was known as the Space Race. As late as 11 days before the scheduled June 3 launch, newspapers were reporting that NASA was saying it "had not yet determined whether White would be the first American astronaut to expose himself to the elements of space," and that "A decision might not be made until a day or two before launching." [5]

A third objective was for Gemini 4 to attempt the first space rendezvous, flying in formation with the spent second stage of its Titan II launch vehicle.

Flight

Launch

A Titan II launch vehicle lifts Gemini 4 into orbit, June 3, 1965.

Launched from LC-19 at Cape Kennedy Air Force Station, Florida, Gemini 4 was the first flight to be controlled by the new Mission Control Center at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas, which had to conduct three-shift operations due to the flight's long duration.[6]

The broadcast of the launch was itself historic. For the first time an international audience, from 12 European nations, could watch the lift-off on live television via the Early Bird satellite. Press interest, due to the satellite broadcast and the new center in Houston, proved to be so high that NASA had to lease buildings to accommodate the 1,100 print and broadcast journalists who requested accreditation. Flight control shifted from Cape Canaveral to Houston as soon as the vehicle cleared the launch tower.

Except for a few moments of pogo oscillation (axial vibrations in the rocket), the launch came off perfectly, the spacecraft entering into a 87-by-153-nautical-mile (161 by 283 km) orbit.[7]

Rendezvous attempt

On the first orbit, McDivitt attempted to rendezvous with the spent Titan second stage. This was unsuccessful for a number of reasons:

After expending almost half his thruster fuel, McDivitt finally gave up, in order to concentrate on the more important EVA objective. (Rendezvous was finally achieved successfully by Wally Schirra commanding Gemini 6A in December.) After the rendezvous, Gemini 4's orbit was now 89.2 by 155 nautical miles (165.2 by 287.1 km). Twenty-two hours into the mission, Mission Control estimated the orbit would decay to 81 by 125.7 nautical miles (150.0 by 232.8 km) at the end of 63 revolutions.[7]

Extra-vehicular activity (EVA)

White floats away from the open hatch, towards the nose of the spacecraft at the beginning of the EVA

Originally planned for the second revolution, the astronauts postponed the EVA until the third after McDivitt decided that White, following the stress of the launch and the failed rendezvous, looked tired and hot. After a rest, the pair finished performing the checklist for the EVA. Flying over Carnarvon, Australia, they began to depressurize the cabin. Over Hawaii, White pulled the handle to open his hatch, but the latches failed to move.

Fortunately, McDivitt knew what the problem was, because the hatch had failed to close in a vacuum chamber test on the ground, after which McDivitt worked with a technician to see what the cause was. A spring, which forced gears to engage in the mechanism, had failed to compress, and McDivitt got to see how the mechanism worked. In flight, he was able to help White get it open, and thought he could get it to latch again.[8]

There were communication problems during the spacewalk. Gemini spacecraft were the first to use a voice-operated switch (known as VOX) on the astronaut's microphones, but McDivitt soon realized his VOX circuit wasn't working properly; he could only hear the Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) in the push-to-talk setting, but not on VOX (though both astronauts could be heard by each other and the ground.) Plus, while outside the spacecraft, White was unable to receive transmissions from the ground and had to have all messages relayed through McDivitt. McDivitt must have switched to the VOX setting somewhere around the time White was exiting the spacecraft, because at that point, for most of the EVA, neither he nor White responded either to the Hawaii CAPCOM, or to the Houston CAPCOM, Gus Grissom. Grissom tried to talk to Gemini 4 a total of 40 times in 13 minutes before he got a response.[7]

Tied to a tether, White floated out of the spacecraft, using a Hand-Held Maneuvering Unit (informally called a "zip gun") which expelled pressurized oxygen to provide thrust for controlling his travel. He went fifteen feet (five meters) out, and began to experiment with maneuvering. He found it easy, especially the pitch and yaw, although he thought the roll would use too much gas. He maneuvered around the spacecraft while McDivitt took photographs. White enjoyed the experience, but exhausted the HHMU gas sooner than he would have liked.

White was running up against two factors which constrained the time for his EVA: loss of signal from the Bermuda tracking station, and crossing the solar terminator. The flight controllers were becoming increasingly frustrated with their inability to remind White of the time constraint, because they didn't want the first EVA to be performed in darkness, or out of communication with Earth. Finally McDivitt decided to take his microphone off of VOX:

McDivitt, to White: I'm going out to PUSH-TO-TALK and see what the Flight Director has got to say.
Flight Director Chris Kraft, to Grissom: The flight director says, get back in! (Kraft was not on the air-to-ground loop with the astronauts.)
McDivitt: Gus, this is Jim. Got any message for us?
Grissom: Gemini 4, get back in!
McDivitt: Okay. ... (to White): ... They want you to come back in now.[7]

White tried to use taking more pictures as an excuse to stay out longer, and McDivitt had to coax him in. He finally came back in after a total of approximately 20 minutes. He said, "It's the saddest moment of my life."[7] By the time he got in, the spacecraft had entered darkness.[8]

The hatch proved to be as stubborn to relatch as it was to open. This would have been disastrous, resulting in both men's deaths on reentry. But McDivitt was able to fix the mechanism once again, so White could close it. The mission plan called for opening the hatch again to throw out White's now-unnecessary EVA equipment, but McDivitt elected not to do this, instead keeping the unnecessary equipment on board for the rest of the flight.[8]

They powered down the spacecraft's maneuvering system, intending to drift for the next two-and-a-half days to conserve the remaining fuel. They also intended to sleep alternate four-hour periods, but this turned out to be extremely difficult with the constant radio communications and the small cabin, about the size of the front seats of a compact car.

White's 20-minute space walk was the mission's highlight, with McDivitt's photographs being published worldwide.

Experiments

Eleven experiments were carried on the spacecraft:

There were four engineering experiments:

Reentry

White (l) and McDivitt being congratulated by President Lyndon B. Johnson by telephone aboard the aircraft carrier USS Wasp

The computer failed on the 48th revolution. This was unfortunate for IBM which had just put an advertisement in the Wall Street Journal saying that its computers were so reliable that even NASA used them. The computer failure meant that the capsule would not be able to perform a closed-loop lifting reentry as planned.

Reentry came on the 62nd revolution. An open-loop rolling reentry (as used in Mercury) had to be used because of the computer failure.[8] The astronauts began rolling the spacecraft at 65 nautical miles (120 km) altitude to increase its stability. They started slowing the roll rate at 89,000 feet (27 km) and stopped it by 39,000 feet (12 km). The drogue parachute deployed shortly after this, and the main deployed at 10,600 feet (3.2 km). A malfunctioning thruster caused the roll to be much faster than planned,[8] and the landing was rough. Neither of the crew encountered any problems, however, contrary to NASA doctors' concerns about their landing upright — as opposed to on their backs, as in Mercury — after four days in space.[8] Even though they landed 43 nautical miles (80 km) short of the intended landing target, some ships had already started steaming to the touchdown point and a helicopter was able to see them land. The prime recovery ship was USS Wasp.

The recovery was supported by 10,249 U.S. Department of Defense personnel, 134 aircraft, and 26 ships.

Insignia

Gemini 4 Flown Silver Fliteline Medallion

Gemini 4's crew originally intended to call their spacecraft American Eagle, but this was rejected after NASA management issued a memo saying that they did not want a repeat performance of the previous mission, on which Gus Grissom had named his spacecraft Molly Brown.

The callsign for the mission became simply Gemini 4. There was no patch flown on the crew's suits, although the one shown here, created after the fact, is on display in McDivitt's museum. Since McDivitt and White were prohibited from naming their spacecraft, they decided to put the American flag on their suits, the first astronauts to do so, although Soviet crews wore the Cyrillic "СССР" on their spacesuit helmets. Previous astronauts had only had the NASA insignia and a strip with their name on their suits.

The flight was commemorated on a pair of US postage stamps in 1967.

~ Accomplishments in Space Commemorative Issue of 1967 ~

Spacecraft location

The spacecraft is on permanent display at the National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C..

See also

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

  1. ↑ "NSSDC Master Catalog: Gemini 4". NASA. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Satellite Catalog". Retrieved September 4, 2013.
  3. ↑ Hacker, Barton C.; Grimwood, James M. (September 1974). "Chapter 11 Pillars of Confidence". On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini. NASA History Series. SP-4203. NASA. p. 239. With Gemini IV, NASA changed to Roman numerals for Gemini mission designations.
  4. ↑ NASA reported that Gemini 4 made 62 revolutions, defined as passes over Cape Canaveral's longitude (Gatland, Kenneth (1976). Manned Spacecraft, Second Revision. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. p. 168. ISBN 0-02-542820-9.), the duration of which is longer than an orbit because of the Earth's eastward rotation. This is analogous to the difference between a solar day and a sidereal day due to the Earth's revolution around the Sun.
  5. ↑ "Gemini's 4-Day Space Probe Set For June 3", Evening Independent, May 22, 1965
  6. ↑ Hacker, Barton C. (1977). On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Composite Air-to-ground and Onboard Voice Tape Transcription of the GT-4 Mission (U) (PDF), NASA, August 31, 1965, p. 3
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Oral History Transcript / James A. McDivitt / Interviewed by Doug Ward / Elk Lake, Michigan - 29 June 1999
  9. ↑ Encyclopedia Astronautica. "Gemini 4".

External links

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