Frederick Robson

Frederick Robson
Born 22 February 1821
Margate, Kent, England
Died 12 August 1864 (aged 43)
19 Ampthill Square, London, England
Occupation Actor, comedian, theatre manager
Years active 1842-1864
Spouse(s) Rosetta Frances May (1842:his death)
Children 1 son, 1 daughter

Frederick Robson, born Thomas Brownbill (22 February 1821 – 12 August 1864)[1] was an English comedian, actor and ballad singer. During his acting career, he combined outstanding comic gifts with the power of moving an audience to a sense of tragedy or pathos. Although Robson's career spanned more than two decades, the period of his greatest success was at the Olympic Theatre, beginning in 1853 and lasting only a few years.

Early life

Robson was born in Margate as Thomas Brownbill, son of Philip Brownbill and his wife Margaret. Philip Brownbill is described on his son's wedding certificate in 1842 as 'deceased, stockbroker' and appears to have died early, as no allusion to him by his son has survived.[2]

In November 1828 the young Robson went with his mother to London, possibly to visit relations. He was deeply impressed by the performances he saw there at the Coburg Theatre, in a week when the bill included both plays and comic songs.[3] While still a boy he later took part in amateur theatricals, with his mother's encouragement: the actor Walter Lacy recalled seeing him play the title role in Richard III in a juvenile performance at Mile End Assembly Rooms.[3] By this time Robson and his mother may have settled in London, as they were certainly living there in 1836, when he was apprenticed to a copperplate-engraver[4] near the Strand.[5] Although his apprenticeship was not fully served out, due to the early retirement of his master, Robson was skilled enough to set up in business for himself, and according to one source was 'a seal engraver of considerable talent'.[6] By this time he had also earned a reputation among colleagues as a flamboyant and idiosyncratic character.[7] He was also a clever mimic, and his interest in the stage was growing. On 12 May 1842 he bought a part[8] and appeared as Simon Mealbag in Grace Huntley at a small theatre off the Strand. He was not a success: nevertheless he gave up his engraving business and began to try to break into acting.[6]

Early career

According to one source[5] Robson's first professional engagement was late in 1842 at Whitstable: another suggests he may have begun at a London tavern-cum-concert hall, the Bower Saloon,[9] where he began developing his repertoire as a comic singer.[10] He still described himself as engraver, however, when on 21 September 1842 he married Rosetta Frances May, a woman with theatrical connections, in Lambeth.[11] He signed the marriage register as Thomas Frederick Brownbill, beginning the change to his stage name. Shortly thereafter Robson began work as a strolling player in the provinces, a precarious existence but a recognised method of learning his craft before attempting to work in the London theatres. His first earnings were meagre, about five shillings per week in Whitstable, and he faced frequent privation.[12] After some eighteen months in the provinces, in February 1844 he won an engagement[13] at the Grecian Saloon, City Road, London, where he began his climb to success.[5][14] The entertainment provided at the Grecian varied from Shakespearean drama to ballet to comedy song solos, and, while there, Robson considerably extended his range, appearing in everything from The Merchant of Venice (as Shylock) to a blackface comedy sketch, More Ethiopians.[15]

Ireland

The engagement at the Grecian gave Robson varied experience, but though the venue presented plays, its theatrical standing (and that of its performers) was tainted by its downmarket past as a saloon.[16] In 1850 Irish theatre manager John Harris offered Robson an engagement, and he moved to Dublin, acting first at the Queen's Theatre and later, after Harris himself had moved, at the Theatre Royal.[17] Over the next three years he played some 150 parts, including some in Shakespeare, and was popular enough twice to put on his own one-man show, Seeing Robson. Early in 1853, however, occurred an incident in which during a performance Robson appeared to insult the Roman Catholic faith by a slighting reference to a priest. According to one report it was an unfortunate slip of the tongue; according to another the result of a bet.[18] The Irish audience identified closely with the Catholic church, and any slur on it was an insult to them. Robson did not appear at all for two weeks during January 1853, and although he then played till the end of the season, appearing last on 12 March 1853, he left shortly after for London.[19]

The 'Olympic' and stardom

Ristori as Medea

Later in March 1853, Robson was offered an engagement at the Olympic Theatre in London under the management of old-school actor William Farren.[20] In the first piece[21] Robson did not seem to connect with his audience, but in the short farce which followed he introduced a comic song he had sung already at the Grecian, The Country Fair, which allowed him to improvise characters and introduce comic business. "That's very good: he's an actor!" was his manager's satisfied verdict, and Robson's place was assured. By April his performance of the song was being advertised on the bill separately in bold type.[22]

On 25 April, Robson took the lead in a burlesque version of Macbeth, a freewheeling adaptation that poked fun at the solemn and scholarly productions of Shakespeare offered by the likes of Charles Kean, while also including as many popular American minstrel songs as it could.[23] Reviewers were impressed, commenting that Robson's Macbeth was more than a simple caricature: "His peculiarity is that he really seems to be aware of the tragic foundation which lies at the bottom of the grotesque superstructure".[24]

Then on 23 May 1853 Robson appeared in a revived one-act farce called The Wandering Minstrel playing Jem Bags, a bedraggled Cockney street-singer. He produced a realistic portrayal which astonished and delighted his audience with its originality,[25] but which may have owed something to personal experience.[26] His culminating song, Villikins and his Dinah,[27] quickly became the rage of the season and within two years was known throughout the English-speaking world, reaching Australia[28] and America.[29]

Robson as Ristori as Medea

Robson's talent for burlesque came to the fore again in Shylock, or The Merchant of Venice Preserv'd in which, playing the title role, he again produced the unsettling effect of veering from comedy to tragedy and back within a single speech.[30] His most memorable performance in burlesque was as Medea, in which he parodied the strongly-emotional, gestural acting of the Italian star Adelaide Ristori in the same role. Between the laughs, however, he also made his audience shiver at the sheer desperation of an abandoned wife.[31] Dickens, who saw both, preferred Robson – not for his comedy, but because he found him more moving in the tragic passages, writing: "[T]he extraordinary power of his performance ... points to the badness of Ristori's acting in a singular way by bringing out what she might do, and does not. The scene with Jason is perfectly terrific. ... He has a frantic song and dagger dance, about 10 minutes long altogether, which has more passion in it than Ristori could express in 50 years."[32]

Ristori herself came to see his version on its opening night,[33][34] and Robson, who suffered badly from stage fright, was so disconcerted he forgot his lines and was unable to go on: he was saved only by the presence of mind of the little girl[35] playing his stage 'son', who cued his first lines.[36]

Other roles in which Robson excelled included the sinister Desmarets in Plot and Passion,(1853)[37] the malevolent spirit Gam-Bogie in The Yellow Dwarf(1854)[38][39] and deformed Prince Richcraft in a fairy extravaganza, The Discreet Princess(1855).[40] Henry James, who as a child saw him in the latter role, never forgot it: "I still see Robson slide across the stage, in one sidelong wriggle, as the small black sinister Prince Richcraft of the Fairy Tale; everything he did at once very dreadful and very droll, thoroughly true and yet nonetheless macabre..."[41] Thackeray, who saw him in The Yellow Dwarf, was astonished to find himself at one point almost in tears at a burlesque.[42]

Barely five feet tall, with small hands and feet but a large head, Robson made brilliant use of a physique which lent itself easily to comedy or the grotesque. Despite his physical oddities however critics suggested from early in his career that he could develop into a powerful tragic actor if he chose but he never did so, usually playing parts in which he could make the lightning transitions between humour and pathos which caused one admiring critic to exclaim 'Mr Robson is not a star - he is a meteor.'[43] Sir Henry Irving's[44] verdict was that Robson was '...a good actor, but not great - yes, yes, he was great. He was great enough to know he could only be great for three minutes.'[45]

During his years of fame Robson was the established star of the Olympic,[46] eventually becoming one of its managers.[47] His admirers included not only literary men such as Dickens and Thackeray but also royalty: Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were keen fans, inviting him to Windsor for many royal command performances and asking for The Yellow Dwarf in particular five times.[48]

Decline and death

Robson, an anxious[49] and retiring man in private life, had always suffered badly from stage fright,[50] and drank heavily to overcome it.[51] In the summer of 1861 his memory began to fail him, and he did not perform for a month. He later returned to the Olympic and was received by his audience with great warmth, but by then he was suffering blackouts and though he sometimes rallied, by late 1862 he could no longer be relied on. He last appeared at the Olympic on 4 April 1862. Despite his undertaking a long provincial tour, Robson's steep decline was evident.[52]

Robson returned to London seriously ill and died at his home at 19 Ampthill Square on 12 August 1864, of kidney and heart disease. Obituaries in the newspapers were affectionate: his funeral was attended by the entire staff of the Olympic, and the theatre was closed that day as a mark of respect. Robson was buried at Norwood Cemetery, but by 1971 his memorial had disintegrated,[53] and the exact position of his grave is now not known.[54]

Personal life

In 1842 Robson married Rosetta Frances May, by whom he had a son, Frederick (1843) and a daughter, Frances (1846). His early career was characterised by low earnings and long absences however, and his marriage came under strain. Some time after the birth of their second child in 1846 the couple appear to have separated, as Rosetta and the two children did not accompany Robson when he went to Ireland.[55] But the family seems not to have been entirely estranged: young Frederick later recalled visiting his grandmother while his father was in Ireland,[56] and once he achieved success at the Olympic Robson brought both children, although not his wife, to live with him. While separated both Robson and his wife seem to have formed other attachments:[57] early in 1861 the actor was living at 19 Ampthill Square with a Mrs Sarah Emma Manly,[58] who appears on the census return as 'Mrs Robson'. Very shortly after this however Mrs Manly departed and Rosetta Robson returned, as a result of efforts by the eldest son, Frederick, to reconcile his parents. Rosetta remained with Robson thereafter until his death.

Some year or so after Rosetta returned she brought a boy about eight, referred to as her nephew Edwin May,[59] to live at the family home. In 1879 she declared that he was her legitimate son by her husband, stating that Robson had visited her at times during their separation and on one of these occasions Edwin was conceived, although his birth had not been registered. Testimony of other witnesses[60] however suggests[61] Robson did not accept paternity.

Robson's mother, Margaret Brownbill, survived her son by fifteen years. Like his children she too had adopted his stage name, and when she died her death was registered as that of 'Margaret Robson'. She was buried beside him at Norwood cemetery.[62]

References

  1. ↑ E.L. Blanchard refers to him dying late on the night of 11 August: '12th August 1864. Hear of F. Robson's death as having occurred late last night: write the memoir.'
  2. ↑ Sands, p. 15
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sands, p. 16
  4. ↑ Thomas George Smellie, New Round Court, Bedfordbury, Strand. Sands, p. 17
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Joseph Knight, ‘Robson , (Thomas) Frederick (1821–1864)’, rev. Paul Ranger, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2008, accessed 10 September 2013
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Sands, p. 18
  7. ↑ Robson was only five feet tall and had small hands and feet, but a large head with a mass of curly red-gold hair. He dressed flamboyantly, and was known by the nicknames 'Little Bill' and 'Little Big Head'. Sands, p. 17
  8. ↑ At this time some theatre managers would sell parts to aspiring actors to allow them to showcase their talents. Sands, p. 18
  9. ↑ Known informally as 'the Sour Balloon' and previously as the Duke's Arms, it had a small stage but no dramatic licence, served drink and food to audiences, permitted smoking and was closer to a music hall than a legitimate theatre. Sands, p. 19.
  10. ↑ Sands, p. 19
  11. ↑ Sands, p. 22
  12. ↑ Sands, pp. 22–24
  13. ↑ Dion Boucicault records a tradition that Robson was first hired at the Grecian as a waiter. Sands, p. 25
  14. ↑ He was billed as 'Mr Robson from the Nottingham Theatre'. An actor called Robson had in fact recently appeared at the Nottingham Theatre; but not the same Robson. Sands, p. 24
  15. ↑ More Ethiopians ingeniously combined the craze for the American minstrel troupe the Ethiopian Serenaders with that for "the Swedish Nightingale", opera singer Jenny Lind. Robson, in drag, played Miss Lind; he also played the bones. Sands, p. 27
  16. ↑ Mid-Victorian British theatre distinguished between places where comedy acts, singers and dancers predominated, and food and drink was served and smoking was allowed during performances – often described as saloons or music halls – and the 'legitimate theatre', dedicated largely to plays. In the late 1840s when Robson was already well-known in London as a Grecian performer, actor William Davidge recommended him to the manager of the Drury Lane Theatre: 'Wouldn't have him if he came for nothing!' was the reply. Sands, p. 30
  17. ↑ Sands, p. 34
  18. ↑ Sands, p. 37
  19. ↑ Sands, p. 38
  20. ↑ Farren came of an established theatrical family and had acted with the likes of Edmund Kean and Mrs Siddons.
  21. ↑ As Bomba Becatelli in Salvatori, Or, The Bandit's Daughter. Sands, p. 44
  22. ↑ Sands, p. 45
  23. ↑ Tunes included Who's dat knocking on de door, Lucy Neal, Such a gittin' upstairs, Jim Crow (to which Macbeth and King Duncan danced a reel) and 'an Apparition of an Ethiopian Serenader' in the second Witches scene. Sands, p. 47
  24. ↑ The Observer. 1 May 1853. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  25. ↑ "the exquisite truth by which he imitates the voice, dress, manner and general appearance of his man draws forth shouts of laughter".Morning Chronicle. 21 August 1853. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  26. ↑ Irish writer John Duggan describes Robson in his early days, half-starved, trying unsuccessfully to sing for pennies outside a tavern near Canterbury barracks. John Duggan, ‘Robson. A Memoir’ Duffy’s Hibernian Magazine: Vol. 2, August 1862, p. 140
  27. ↑ Adapted from a genuine street ballad, William and Dinah, and according to some sources sung previously at the Grecian. Robson had certainly performed it in Ireland prior to coming to the Olympic. Sands, pp. 49–50
  28. ↑ George Stelth Coppin played in The Wandering Minstrel, 1854
  29. ↑ New York Times,13 July 1855: "Vilikins and his Dinah" was already so popular a journalist describes a newsboy reaping extra profits by selling the song sheet alongside his usual papers.
  30. ↑ The Illustrated London News. 10 July 1853. Missing or empty |title= (help): "Mr. Robson's genius is unique. ... Many of his bursts are truly tragic, and might have done justice to Edmund Kean in his best days. ... Is there after all only a step from the sublime to the ridiculous?"
  31. ↑ The Times (London, England), 15 July 1856, p.12: ‘The dark, lowering look with which he surveys his intended victim comprises so much of tragic intensity, with so much that belongs to the moody virago of low life, that it leaves you in doubt whether you ought to laugh or to shudder.’
  32. ↑ Dickens, Charles (1893). Letters of Charles Dickens. London.
  33. ↑ 14 July 1856. Sands, p. 77
  34. ↑ The Times (London, England), 15 July 1856, p.12 At the end of the performance Robson sang ‘an apologetic song’ and revealed a bust of Ristori, ‘standing on a pedestal inscribed with the names of her most celebrated characters.’ Aware she had been watching (and laughing) from a private box, the audience redoubled its cheers.
  35. ↑ Rosina Ranoe, later the second Mrs. Francis Burnand.
  36. ↑ Robson rewarded her with a gift of money and a doll. Sands, pp. 78–79
  37. ↑ Plot and Passion by Tom Taylor, based upon a French original. Robson objected bitterly at first when given the part, complaining that he had been engaged as a 'low comedian' and that Desmarets was a small role with no opportunities for comic business; but his manager, Alfred Wigan, who had cast himself as the romantic lead, insisted. Robson's performance upstaged everyone: "...the general interest fixed itself on that ill-dressed, dwarfish figure, and whoever else might occupy the scene, the eye still sought him out." Henry Morley, Journal of a London Playgoer (1891), vol. I
  38. ↑ The Yellow Dwarf by J. R. Planché, was adapted from Le Nain Jaune, a fairy tale from Madame d'Aulnoye's Contes de Fées. It premiered at The Olympic on 26 December 1854 and ran for 122 nights. Sands, pp. 66–70
  39. ↑ Robson as the Yellow Dwarf
  40. ↑ The Queen and Prince Consort came to see this five times. Sands, p.75
  41. ↑ James, p.251
  42. ↑ James Robinson Planché, Extravaganzas, London, 1879: introduction.
  43. ↑ Sands, p.87
  44. ↑ Irving acted with Robson in Edinburgh. Sands, p.87
  45. ↑ Sands, p. 87
  46. ↑ 'From the public point of view, Robson was the Olympic and the Olympic was Robson'.Cook, Duncan (June 1882). "Frederick Robson". Gentleman's Magazine.
  47. ↑ On Wigan's retirement in July 1857. Sands, p.88
  48. ↑ Sands, p. 69
  49. ↑ According to his longtime friend, the actor J. L. Toole, "He was fidgety and restless sometimes on the stage, but always off." Toole, J. L. J. L. Toole, Chronicled by himself, London, 1892, p. ???
  50. ↑ Before going on he would sometimes gnaw his arm till it bled. Sands, p.115
  51. ↑ The actor Frank Archer saw him in 1862, appearing at a charity performance at the Princess's Theatre: "His dresser was following him about with a tumbler, which it was painful to see he clutched at nervously, gulping down the contents before making his entrance. He had accustomed himself to take a stimulant to dispel the intense nervousness from which he suffered." Archer, Frank. An actor's notebooks, p. 30, S. Paul and Co., London, 1912
  52. ↑ Sands, p. 129
  53. ↑ Sands, p. 131
  54. ↑ Smith, Robert (January 2007). "The Doctors and the Actor: The Brookes and Frederick Robson (Thomas Frederick Brownbill)" (PDF). Friends of West Norwood Cemetery: Newsletter (58): 9–11. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  55. ↑ Rosetta and the children lived in Hackney and Hoxton at this time. Sands, p.43
  56. ↑ Sands, p.43
  57. ↑ Robson's friend and fellow actor, Harwood Cooper, wrote that Robson 'had no moral control...victim of a woman's attractions.' Sands, p.69
  58. ↑ Born Sarah Emma Humphrey. daughter of a coach wheelwright of William Street, St. Pancras, she married Charles Philip Manly of the same street on 11 May 1842. She had two children, Henry A. and Mary E., who in 1861 were being raised in Robson's household along with his own children, and who on the census bear his name. Sands, pp. 108-9
  59. ↑ Later a well-regarded actor, known professionally as Edwin May Robson. Sands, p.135
  60. ↑ Frederick Henry Robson, Robson's son:Robert Charles Brookes, husband of Robson's daughter Frances: Maria Bailey, servant to Frederick Robson. Sands, Appendix II, 'Paternity of Edwin May Robson', pp.135-142.
  61. ↑ Brookes, Bailey and Robson asserted that they had known Edwin during his childhood, that he had always addressed Frederick Robson as 'uncle', and that though Robson had made provision for his children Frederick and Frances in his will, he had made no mention of Edwin. Sands, Appendix II, 'Paternity of Edwin May Robson', pp.135-142.
  62. ↑ Sands, p.15
Books
  • Sands, Mollie (1979). Robson of the Olympic. The Society for Theatrical Research. ISBN 0-85430-029-5.
  • James, Henry (2011). A Small Boy and Others: A Critical Edition (Google e-book). University of Virginia Press.

Sources

External links