Frank Gehry

Frank Gehry

Frank Gehry in 2007
Born Frank Owen Goldberg
February 28, 1929
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Nationality Canadian, American
Alma mater University of Southern California
Occupation Architect
Awards AIA Gold Medal
National Medal of Arts
Order of Canada
Pritzker Prize
Praemium Imperiale
Practice Gehry Partners, LLP
Buildings Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Walt Disney Concert Hall, Gehry Residence, Louis Vuitton Foundation, 8 Spruce Street, Weisman Art Museum, Dancing House, Art Gallery of Ontario, EMP Museum, Cinémathèque française, Biomuseo, Ohr-O'Keefe Museum Of Art
Website
www.foga.com

Frank Owen Gehry, CC (born Frank Owen Goldberg; 28 February 1929)[1] is a Canadian architect born in Canada, currently a United States resident based in Los Angeles.

A number of his buildings, including his private residence, have become world-renowned tourist attractions. His works are cited as being among the most important works of contemporary architecture in the 2010 World Architecture Survey, which led Vanity Fair to label him as "the most important architect of our age".[2]

Gehry's best-known works include the titanium-clad Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain; Walt Disney Concert Hall in downtown Los Angeles; Louis Vuitton Foundation in Paris, France; MIT Ray and Maria Stata Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts; The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies on the University of Cincinnati campus; Experience Music Project in Seattle; New World Center in Miami Beach; Weisman Art Museum in Minneapolis; Dancing House in Prague; the Vitra Design Museum and the museum MARTa Herford in Germany; the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto; the Cinémathèque française in Paris; and 8 Spruce Street in New York City. It was his private residence in Santa Monica, California, that jump-started his career, lifting it from the status of "paper architecture"—a phenomenon that many famous architects have experienced in their formative decades through experimentation almost exclusively on paper before receiving their first major commission in later years. Gehry is also the designer of the future National Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial.[3]

Early life

Gehry was born Frank Owen Goldberg[1] on February 28, 1929, in Toronto, Ontario, to parents, Irwin and Thelma (née Thelma Caplan) Goldberg.[4] His parents were Polish Jews.[5] A creative child, he was encouraged by his grandmother, Mrs. Caplan, with whom he would build little cities out of scraps of wood.[6] With these scraps from her husband's hardware store, she entertained him for hours, building imaginary houses and futuristic cities on the living room floor.[4] His use of corrugated steel, chain link fencing, unpainted plywood and other utilitarian or "everyday" materials was partly inspired by spending Saturday mornings at his grandfather's hardware store. He would spend time drawing with his father and his mother introduced him to the world of art. "So the creative genes were there", Gehry says. "But my father thought I was a dreamer, I wasn't gonna amount to anything. It was my mother who thought I was just reticent to do things. She would push me."[7]

He was given the Hebrew name "Ephraim" by his grandfather, but only used it at his bar mitzvah.[1]

Education

In 1947, Gehry moved to California, got a job driving a delivery truck, and studied at Los Angeles City College, eventually to graduate from the University of Southern California's School of Architecture. During that time, he became a member of Alpha Epsilon Pi.[8]

According to Gehry, "I was a truck driver in L.A., going to City College, and I tried radio announcing, which I wasn't very good at. I tried chemical engineering, which I wasn't very good at and didn't like, and then I remembered. You know, somehow I just started racking my brain about, "What do I like?" Where was I? What made me excited? And I remembered art, that I loved going to museums and I loved looking at paintings, loved listening to music. Those things came from my mother, who took me to concerts and museums. I remembered Grandma and the blocks, and just on a hunch, I tried some architecture classes."[9] Gehry graduated at the top of his class with a Bachelor of Architecture degree from USC in 1954.

After graduation from college, he spent time away from the field of architecture in numerous other jobs, including service in the United States Army. In the fall of 1956, he moved his family to Cambridge, where he studied city planning at the Harvard Graduate School of Design. He left before completing the program, disheartened and underwhelmed. Gehry's left-wing ideas about socially responsible architecture were under-realized, and the final straw occurred when he sat in on a discussion of one professor's "secret project in progress"—a palace that he was designing for right-wing Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista (1901–1973).[4]

Career

Gehry Residence in Santa Monica, California

Gehry established his practice in Los Angeles in 1962, which eventually became the Gehry partnership in 2001.[10] Gehry's earliest commissions were all in Southern California, where he designed a number of relatively small-scale yet innovative commercial structures such as Santa Monica Place (1980) and residential buildings such as the eccentric Norton House (1984) in Venice, California.[11]

Among these works, however, Gehry's most notable design may be the renovation of his own Santa Monica residence.[12] Originally built in 1920 and purchased by Gehry in 1977, the Gehry Residence features a metallic exterior wrapped around the original building that leaves many of the original details visible.[13] Gehry still resides there today.

Other completed buildings designed by Gehry during the 1980s include the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium (1981) in San Pedro and the Air and Space exhibit building (1984) at the California Museum of Science and Industry in Los Angeles.

In 1989, Gehry was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize. The jury cited Gehry as "Always open to experimentation, he has as well a sureness and maturity that resists, in the same way that Picasso did, being bound either by critical acceptance or his successes. His buildings are juxtaposed collages of spaces and materials that make users appreciative of both the theatre and the back-stage, simultaneously revealed."[14]

Chiat/Day Building in Venice, California

Though Gehry continued to design other notable buildings in California such as the Chiat/Day Building (1991) in Venice, which is well known for its massive sculpture of binoculars, he also began to receive larger national and international commissions. These include Gehry's first major museum commission, the Frederick Weisman Museum of Art[15] (1993) in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the Cinémathèque Française[16] (1994) in Paris, France, and the Dancing House[17] (1996) in Prague, Czech Republic.

In 1997, Gehry vaulted to a new level of international acclaim[2] when the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao opened in Bilbao, Spain. Hailed by New Yorker Magazine as a "masterpiece of the twentieth century" and legendary architect Philip Johnson as "the greatest building of our time",[18] the museum became famous for its striking yet aesthetically pleasing design and the economic effect that it had on the city.

New World Center in Miami Beach, Florida

Since then, Gehry has regularly won major commissions and has further established himself as one of the world's most notable architects. His best received works include several concert halls for classical music, such as the boisterous and curvaceous Walt Disney Concert Hall (2003) in Downtown Los Angeles,[19] which has been the centerpiece of the neighborhood's revitalization and has been labeled by the LA Times as "the most effective answer to doubters, naysayers, and grumbling critics an American architect has ever produced",[20] the open-air Jay Pritzker Pavilion (2004) adjacent to Millennium Park in Chicago,[21] and the understated New World Center (2011) in Miami Beach, which the LA Times called "a piece of architecture that dares you to underestimate it or write it off at first glance."[22]

Other notable works include academic buildings such as the Stata Center (2004)[23] at MIT and the Peter B. Lewis Library (2008) at Princeton University,[24] museums such as the EMP Museum (2000) in Seattle, Washington,[25] commercial buildings such as the IAC Building (2007) in New York City,[26] and residential buildings such as Gehry's first skyscraper New York by Gehry at Eight Spruce Street (2011)[27] in New York City.

Several major works by Gehry currently being constructed around the world include the Dr Chau Chak Wing in the University of Technology, Sydney, scheduled for completion in 2014.[28] The Chau Chak Wing, with its 320,000 bricks in "sweeping lines" is described as "10 out of 10" on a scale of difficulty.[29] The Guggenheim Abu Dhabi on Saadiyat Island in the United Arab Emirates is scheduled for completion in 2017.[30] Other significant projects such as the Mirvish Towers in Toronto,[31] the new global headquarters for Facebook in Menlo Park, California,[32] and a multi-decade renovation of the Philadelphia Museum of Art are currently in the design stage. In October 2013, Gehry was appointed joint architect with Foster + Partners to design the "High Street" phase of the development of Battersea Power Station in London, England, which will represent Gehry's first project in London.[33]

However, in recent years, some of Gehry's more prominent designs have failed to go forward. In addition to unrealized designs such as a major Corcoran Art Gallery expansion in Washington, D.C., and a new Guggenheim museum near the South Street Seaport in New York City, Gehry was notoriously dropped by developer Bruce Ratner from the Atlantic Yards Project in Brooklyn, New York due to high costs in 2009 and was also dropped as the designer of the World Trade Center performing arts center in 2014.[34] That said, some stalled projects have recently shown progress: after many years and a dismissal, Gehry was recently reinstated as architect for the Grand Avenue Project in Los Angeles and, though Gehry's controversial[35][36] [37] design of the National Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial in Washington, D.C., has been subject to numerous delays during the approval process with the United States Congress, the project was finally approved in 2014 with a modified design.

In 2014, two significant, long-awaited museums designed by Gehry opened: the Biomuseo,[38] a biodiversity museum in Panama City, Panama, and the Louis Vuitton Foundation,[39][40][41] a modern art museum in the Bois de Boulogne park in Paris, France, which opened to some rave reviews.[42]

Architectural style

Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati
The tower at 8 Spruce Street in Lower Manhattan, completed in February 2011, has a stainless steel and glass exterior and is 76 stories high.
The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain
Neuer Zollhof in Düsseldorf, Germany

Much of Gehry's work falls within the style of Deconstructivism, which is often referred to as post-structuralist in nature for its ability to go beyond current modalities of structural definition. This can be seen in Gehry's house in Santa Monica. In architecture, its application tends to depart from modernism in its inherent criticism of culturally inherited givens such as societal goals and functional necessity. Because of this, unlike early modernist structures, Deconstructivist structures are not required to reflect specific social or universal ideas, such as speed or universality of form, and they do not reflect a belief that form follows function. Gehry's own Santa Monica residence is a commonly cited example of deconstructivist architecture, as it was so drastically divorced from its original context, and in such a manner as to subvert its original spatial intention.

Gehry is sometimes associated with what is known as the "Los Angeles School" or the "Santa Monica School" of architecture. The appropriateness of this designation and the existence of such a school, however, remains controversial due to the lack of a unifying philosophy or theory. This designation stems from the Los Angeles area's producing a group of the most influential postmodern architects, including such notable Gehry contemporaries as Eric Owen Moss and Pritzker Prize-winner Thom Mayne of Morphosis, as well as the famous schools of architecture at the Southern California Institute of Architecture (co‑founded by Mayne), UCLA, and USC where Gehry is a member of the Board of Directors.

Gehry’s style at times seems unfinished or even crude, but his work is consistent with the California "funk" art movement in the 1960s and early 1970s, which featured the use of inexpensive found objects and non-traditional media such as clay to make serious art. Gehry has been called "the apostle of chain-link fencing and corrugated metal siding".[43] However, a retrospective exhibit at New York's Whitney Museum in 1988 revealed that he is also a sophisticated classical artist, who knows European art history and contemporary sculpture and painting.

Bilbao Effect

After the colossal success of Gehry's design for the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, critics began referring to the economic and cultural revitalization of cities through iconic, innovative architecture as the "Bilbao Effect".[44] In subsequent years there have been many attempts to replicate this effect through large-scale eye-catching architectural commissions that have been both successful and unsuccessful, such as Daniel Libeskind's expansion of the Denver Art Museum and buildings by Gehry himself such as the almost universally well-received Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles and the more controversial EMP Museum in Seattle.[45] Though some link the concept of the Bilbao Effect to the notion of starchitecture, Gehry has consistently rejected the label of a starchitect.[46]

Criticism

Though much of Gehry's work has been well-received, reception of Gehry's work is not always positive. Art historian Hal Foster reads Gehry's architecture as, primarily, in the service of corporate branding.[47] Criticism of his work includes complaints that the buildings waste structural resources by creating functionless forms, do not seem to belong in their surroundings and are apparently designed without accounting for the local climate.[48] Additionally some of his designs have gone over budget, such as the Walt Disney Concert Hall in downtown Los Angeles, which resulted in over 10,000 RFIs (requests for information) and was $174 million over budget. Furthermore, there was a dispute that ended with a $17.8 million settlement.[49]

Other aspects of career

Academia

In January 2011, Gehry joined the University of Southern California (USC) faculty, as the Judge Widney Professor of Architecture.[50] He has since continued in this role at his alma mater.

As of December 2013, Gehry has received over a dozen honorary degrees from various universities (see #Honorary doctorates).

Cultural image

In 2004, he voiced himself on the children's TV show Arthur, where he helped Arthur and his friends design a new treehouse.[51] Gehry also voiced himself in the 2005 episode of The Simpsons called "The Seven-Beer Snitch", in which he designs a concert hall for the fictional city of Springfield. Gehry has since voiced that he regrets his appearance since a joke about his design technique has led people to misunderstand his architectural process.[52]

Though Gehry is often referred to as a "starchitect", Gehry has repeatedly expressed his disdain for the term, insisting instead that he is only an architect.[46][53] Steve Sample, President of the University of Southern California, told Gehry that "...After George Lucas, you are our most prominent graduate".

In 2006, filmmaker Sydney Pollack made a documentary about Gehry's work called Sketches of Frank Gehry. The film, which followed Gehry over the course of five years and painted a positive portrait of his character, was well-received critically.[54]

In 2009, architecturally-inspired ice cream sandwich upstart Coolhaus named a cookie and ice cream combination after Gehry. Dubbed the "Frank Behry", it features Strawberries & Cream gelato and snickerdoodle cookies.[55][56]

Gehry is also known for his sometimes cantankerous personality. During a trip to Oviedo, Spain, to accept the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award in October 2014, he received a significant amount of attention, both positive and negative, for publicly flipping off a reporter at a press conference who accused him of being a "showy" architect.[57][58]

Exhibition and set design

In 1991/92, Gehry designed the installation of the landmark exhibition "Degenerate Art: The Fate of the Avant-Garde in Nazi Germany", which opened at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and traveled to the Art Institute of Chicago, the Smithsonian Institution in Washington and the Altes Museum in Berlin.[59][60]

In 2014, Gehry was asked to design an exhibition on the work of Alexander Calder at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art's Resnick Pavilion, again invited by the museum's curator Stephanie Barron.[61] The exhibition began on November 24, 2013, and ran through July 27, 2014.

In 2014, he also curated an exhibition of photography by his close friend and businessman Peter Arnell that ran from March 5 through April 1 at Milk Studios Gallery in Los Angeles.[62]

In April 2014, it was announced that that Gehry would design a set for an "exploration of the life and career of Pierre Boulez" by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra that November.[63]

Furniture, clothing, jewelry and sculpture design

In addition to architecture, Gehry has made a line of furniture, jewelry for Tiffany & Co., various household items, sculptures, and even a glass bottle for Wyborowa Vodka. His first line of furniture, produced from 1969 to 1973, was called "Easy Edges", constructed out of cardboard. Another line of furniture released in the spring of 1992 is "Bentwood Furniture". Each piece is named after a different hockey term. He was first introduced to making furniture in 1954 while serving in the U.S. Army, where he designed furniture for the enlisted soldiers. Gehry claims that making furniture is his "quick fix".[64]

In many of his designs, Gehry is inspired by fish. "It was by accident I got into the fish image", claimed Gehry. One thing that sparked his interest in fish was the fact that his colleagues are recreating Greek temples. He said, "Three hundred million years before man was fish....if you gotta go back, and you're insecure about going forward...go back three hundred million years ago. Why are you stopping at the Greeks? So I started drawing fish in my sketchbook, and then I started to realize that there was something in it."[65]

As a result of his fascination, the first Fish Lamps were fabricated between 1984 and 1986. They employed wire armatures molded into fish shapes, onto which shards of plastic laminate ColorCore are individually glued. Since the creation of the first lamp in 1984, the fish has become a recurrent motif in Gehry's work, most notably in the Fish Sculpture at La Vila Olímpica del Poblenou in Barcelona (1989–92) and Standing Glass Fish for the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden (1986).[66]

Gehry has previously collaborated with luxury jewelry company Tiffany & Co creating six distinct jewelry collections. In addition to jewelry, Gehry designed a distinctive collector's chess set for the company.[67]

In 2004, Gehry designed the idiosyncratic official trophy for the World Cup of Hockey.[68]

In 2009, Gehry designed a hat worn fabricated by Prada and publicly by pop star Lady Gaga, reportedly by using his iPhone.[69] He was asked by fellow artist Francesco Vezzoli to design the headpiece for a performance with dancers from the Bolshoi Ballet at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles.[70]

Software development

Gehry's firm was responsible for innovation in architectural software.[71] His firm spun off another firm called Gehry Technologies which developed Digital Project, acquired in 2014 by software company Trimble Navigation.

Exhibitions of Gehry's work

In October 2014, the first major European exhibition of Gehry's work debuted at the Centre Pompidou in Paris, France.[72] Other museums or major galleries that have done exhibitions on Gehry's architecture or design include the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Jewish Museum in Manhattan, and the Gagosian Gallery.

Works

Awards and honors

Gehry was elected to the College of Fellows of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in 1974, and he has received many national, regional and local AIA awards. He is a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council and serves on the steering committee of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture.

Honorary doctorates

Personal life

In 1952, Gehry (then Goldberg) married Anita Snyder. He changed his name in 1956 to Frank O. Gehry at Snyder's suggestion, in part because of the antisemitism he had experienced as a child and as an undergraduate at USC. Gehry and Snyder divorced in 1966.

He married his current wife, Panamanian Berta Isabel Aguilera, in 1975. He has two daughters from his first marriage and two sons from his second marriage.

Having grown up in Canada, Gehry is an avid fan of ice hockey. He began a hockey league in his office, FOG (which stands for Frank Owen Gehry), though he no longer plays with them. In 2004, he designed the trophy for the World Cup of Hockey.[76] Gehry holds dual citizenship in Canada and the United States. He lives in Santa Monica, California, and continues to practice out of Los Angeles.

Gehry also is a member of the California Yacht Club in Marina Del Rey, California, and enjoys sailing with his fiberglass-hulled yacht, "Foggy."[77]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Frank Gehry clears the air", Globe and Mail, July 28, 2010
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Tyrnauer, Matt (30 June 2010). "Architecture in the Age of Gehry". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
  3. ↑ for the design, see: http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/design.htm
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Chollet, Laurence B. (2001). The Essential Frank O. Gehry. New York: The Wonderland Press. p. 112. ISBN 0-8109-5829-5.
  5. ↑ "In the News: Warsaw Jewish Museum In Poland". Isurvived.org. 2005-06-30. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
  6. ↑ Karen Templer (1999-12-05). "Frank Gehry". Salon. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
  7. ↑ Lacayo, Richard; Levy, Daniel S. (June 26, 2000). "Architecture: The Frank Gehry Experience". Time 155 (26). p. 64. Archived from the original on January 5, 2013. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  8. ↑ "Congratulating the Alpha Epsilon Pi International Fraternity -- (Extensions of Remarks - August 02, 2013)". Library of Congress. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  9. ↑ Biography and Video Interview of Frank Gehry at Academy of Achievement
  10. ↑ [Gehry Partners, LLP Website http://www.foga.com/]
  11. ↑ "AD Classic: Norton House / Frank Gehry". ArchDaily. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
  12. ↑ Jeffrey Head (October 21, 2009), 'Frank Gehry: The Houses,' a thoughtful retrospective Los Angeles Times.
  13. ↑ "Gehry House - Frank Gehry - Great Buildings Online". Greatbuildings.com. Retrieved 2010-06-03.
  14. ↑ [Pritzker Architecture Prize jury citation: Frank Gehry http://www.pritzkerprize.com/1989/jury]
  15. ↑ The Frederick Weisman Museum of Art at www.weisman.umn.edu
  16. ↑ Cinémathèque Française at www.galinsky.com
  17. ↑ “Dancing House”, last modified March 26, 2012
  18. ↑ Tyrnauer, Matt. "Architecture in the Age of Gehry", Vanity Fair, August 2010, accessed March 27, 2012
  19. ↑ story
  20. ↑ Roston, Eric (2004-10-11). "Windy City Redux". Time (Time Inc.). Retrieved 2008-07-30.
  21. ↑ Hawthorne, Christopher (2013-09-21). "Frank Gehry's Walt Disney Concert Hall is inextricably of L.A.". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013-12-09.
  22. ↑ Christopher Hawthorne (January 24, 2011). "Architecture review: Frank Gehry's New World Center in Miami Beach". Los Angeles Times.
  23. ↑ The Stata Center at mit.edu
  24. ↑ The Peter B. Lewis Library at www.princeton.edu
  25. ↑ "Experience Music Project". Fodors. Archived from the original on August 18, 2010. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  26. ↑ Nicolai Ouroussoff (2007-03-22). "Gehry’s New York Debut: Subdued Tower of Light". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
  27. ↑ Ouroussoff, Nicolai (2011-02-09). "8 Spruce Street by the Architect Frank Gehry – Review". The New York Times.
  28. ↑ "UTS City Campus Master Plan". http://www.uts.edu.au''. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
  29. ↑ Gilmore, Heath (30 August 2014). "Frank Gehry's Sydney building sculpture revealed". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
  30. ↑ "Projects by Nouvel and Gehry Finally Moving Forward on Saadiyat Island | News | Architectural Record". Archrecord.construction.com. 2011-01-26. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
  31. ↑ "Frank Gehry and David Mirvish's Tall Order in Toronto". The Globe & Mail. 2013-12-07. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
  32. ↑ "What Facebook's New Frank Gehry-Designed Headquarters Will Look Like". businessinsider.com. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
  33. ↑ "Superstar Architects Gehry and Foster to design Battersea Power Station's High Street". Retrieved 2013-10-23.
  34. ↑ Tommasini, Anthony (2013-12-07). "Arts Hub for All May Work for None". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
  35. ↑ Pogrebin, Robin (2012-02-06). "Eisenhower as Barefoot Boy? Family Objects to a Memorial". New York Times.
  36. ↑ Campbell, Robert (October 13, 2012). "Pressing Pause, for Cause, On the Eisenhower Memorial". Boston Globe.
  37. ↑ Kennicott, Philip (2011-12-17). "Review: Frank Gehry’s Eisenhower Memorial reinvigorates the genre". Washington Post. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  38. ↑ "The Biomuseo, the great works of Frank Gehry". Visitpanama.com. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
  39. ↑ "Eliasson show due to open Paris’s Louis Vuitton museum". The Art Newspaper. 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
  40. ↑ "www.arcspace.com". www.arcspace.com. 2007-01-08. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
  41. ↑ Riding, Alan (2006-10-03). "www.nytimes.com". www.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
  42. ↑ Kennicott, Philip (September 2014). "Gehry's Paris Coup". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  43. ↑ (B. Adams)
  44. ↑ Witold Rybczynski, "The Bilbao Effect", The Atlantic Monthly, September 2002.
  45. ↑ Rybczynski, Witold. When Buildings Try Too Hard, Wall Street Journal, November 22, 2008.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Frank Gehry: "I'm Not a Starchitect"". Archdaily. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
  47. ↑ "Hal Foster reviews ‘Frank Gehry’ edited by Jean-Louis Cohen et al · LRB 23 August 2001". Lrb.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
  48. ↑ Favermann, Mark. "MIT Sues Architect Frank Gehry Over Flaws at Stata Center". Berkshire Fine Arts. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
  49. ↑ Post, Nadine M. (24 March 2010). "New York’s Tallest Residential Tower Is Frank Gehry ‘Demystified’". ENR.com. Engineering News-Record. Archived from the original on 28 March 2010.
  50. ↑ USC News (2011-01-18). "Architect Frank Gehry Named Judge Widney Professor". Retrieved 2011-01-18.
  51. ↑ Booth, John (2011-10-10). "The 15 Geekiest Episodes of PBS’s Arthur". Wired. Retrieved 2013-08-14.
  52. ↑ Chaban, Matt (2011-09-05). "Frank Gehry Really, Really Regrets His Guest Appearance on The Simpsons". The New York Observer. Retrieved 2011-09-10.
  53. ↑ "Frank Gehry: "Don't Call Me a Starchitect"". London: The Independent. 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
  54. ↑ [Sketches of Frank Gehry on Rotten Tomatoes http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/sketches_of_frank_gehry/]
  55. ↑ "How to Construct an Epic Ice Cream Sandwich Like an Architect". Food & Wine. Time Inc. Affluent Media Group. 2014-05-20. Retrieved 2014-10-29.
  56. ↑ Coolhaus (2009-12-02). "Frank Behry Tribute Video!". Blogspot. Retrieved 2014-10-29.
  57. ↑ Schledahl, Peter (2014-10-27). "Frank Gehry's Digital Defiance". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2014-10-27.
  58. ↑ McKenny, Leesha (2014-10-27). "Frank Gehry gives the finger in response to accusations of "showy architecture"". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2014-10-27.
  59. ↑ Suzanne Muchnic (February 6, 1992), LACMA 'Degenerate' Exhibit to Make a Stop in Germany Los Angeles Times.
  60. ↑ William Wilson (February 15, 1991), Revisiting the Unthinkable: Nazi Germany's 'Degenerate Art' Show at LACMA Los Angeles Times.
  61. ↑ Jeffrey Fleishman (February 28, 2014), Frank Gehry and Alexander Calder, a captivating union at LACMA Los Angeles Times.
  62. ↑ When Architects Curate: Frank Gehry’s Peter Arnell Retrospective at Milk Studios
  63. ↑ Architect Frank Gehry to Create Set Design for Chicago Symphony Orchestra Focused on Pierre Boulez
  64. ↑ "Furniture designs". Retrieved 2008-11-17.
  65. ↑ "American Masters: Frank Gehry". Retrieved 2008-11-17.
  66. ↑ Frank Gehry: Fish Lamps, November 7 - December 21, 2013 Gagosian Gallery, London.
  67. ↑ Gizmodo: Frank Gehry's Tiffany chess set is a miniature architectural marvel
  68. ↑ Adams, Noah (2004-09-03). "Frank Gehry's World Cup of Hockey Trophy". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-10-24.
  69. ↑ Greiner, Andrew (2009-12-08). "Frank Gehry Designed Lady Gaga's hat". NBC Chicago. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
  70. ↑ Dana Goodyear (November 30, 2009), Celebromatic The New Yorker.
  71. ↑ Appelbaum, Alec (2009-02-11). "New York Times: Frank Gehry's Software Keeps Buildings on Budget". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
  72. ↑ Giovannini, Joseph (2014-10-20). "An Architect’s Big Parisian Moment Two Shows for Frank Gehry, as His Vuitton Foundation Opens". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-10-24.
  73. ↑ "Lifetime Honors - National Medal of Arts". Nea.gov. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
  74. ↑ "Lifetime Achievement Winner: Frank Gehry". Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum.
  75. ↑ http://www.gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=8141&t=12&ln=Gehry
  76. ↑ Baurick, Tristan (May 13, 2004). "Architect's love of the game inspiration behind Cup trophy", Ottawa Citizen, p. C2.
  77. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/19/style/tmagazine/19boats.html

References

ISBN 978-0810969292.

Further reading

External links

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