Françafrique

Meeting between Nicolas Sarkozy and Omar Bongo in Gabon (2007)

  Countries usually considered as Francophone Africa. These countries had a population of 363 million in 2013.^[1] Their population is projected to reach between 785 million^[2] and 814 million^[1] in 2050.

French is the fastest growing language on the continent (in terms of official or foreign language).^[3][4]

  Countries sometimes considered as Francophone Africa

  Countries that are not Francophone but are Members or Observers of the OIF

Françafrique (French pronunciation: ​[fʁɑ̃safʁik]) is France's relationship with its former African colonies.^[5] The term was first used in a positive sense by President Félix Houphouët-Boigny of Côte d'Ivoire, but it is now sometimes used to denounce the allegedly "neocolonial" relationship France has with its African former colonies. "Françafrique"'s sphere of influence took root in the time of colonization and leans upon both official and underground networks. But even since the independence of African states in 1960, France intervened militarily more than 30 times in Africa.^[6] This phenomenon is particularly present in the former French colonies such as the Republic of the Congo as well as in other French speaking countries including Burundi and Rwanda; it is also prevalent in other non-French speaking countries like Equatorial Guinea. France has military bases in Gabon,^[7] Senegal,^[8] Djibouti,^[9] Mayotte and Réunion.^[10] The French Army is also deployed in Mali,^[11] Chad,^[12] Central African Republic,^[13] Somalia^[14] and Ivory Coast.^[15] From a critical point of view, the term "Françafrique" is broadly used today in the media^[16] to describe the complex economic and diplomatic relationship France keeps with its former colonies which are sometimes seen as puppet states. Depending on the authors, "Françafrique" still existed^[17][18] or did not under Nicolas Sarkozy's government.^[19] Since 2012, many authors speak about a "return of Françafrique" under François Hollande's government.^[20][21] On 14 July 2013, troops from 13 African countries marched with the French military during the Bastille Day parade in Paris for the first time since French colonial troops were dissolved.^[22]

Definition of the concept

Origin of the expression

The term "Françafrique" seems to have been used for the first time, in a positive sense, in 1955, by President Félix Houphouët-Boigny of Côte d'Ivoire, who advocated maintaining a close relationship with France, while acceding to independence. Close cooperation between Houphouët-Boigny and Jacques Foccart, chief adviser on African policy in the Charles de Gaulle and Georges Pompidou governments (1958–1974) is thought to have contributed to the "Ivorian miracle" of economic and industrial progress.^[23]

The term was subsequently borrowed by François-Xavier Verschave as the title of his criticism of French policies in Africa: La Françafrique, le plus long scandale de la République (ISBN 2-234-04948-2). François-Xavier Verschave and the association Survie, of which he was president until his death in 2005, reused the expression of Houphouët-Boigny in order to name and denounce all the concealed bonds between France and Africa. He later defined Françafrique as "the secret criminality in the upper echelons of French politics and economy, where a kind of underground Republic is hidden from view". He said that it also means "France à fric" (fric is a slang word for "cash"), and that "Over the course of four decades, hundreds of thousands of euros misappropriated from debt, aid, oil, and cocoa or drained through French importing monopolies, have financed French political-business networks (all of them offshoots of the main neo-Gaullist network), shareholders' dividends, the secret services' major operations and mercenary expeditions."^[24]

Historical context

When French President Charles De Gaulle came back into power in 1958, anti-colonization movements and other international forces pressured France to give independence to the French colonies in Africa (except Algeria whose status was separate). In the meantime De Gaulle put Jacques Foccart, one of his close friends, in charge of maintaining a de facto dependency.^[25][26] Therefore, from 1960 to 1974, Jacques Foccart held the function of chief advisor for the government of France on African policy. He was re-selected in 1986 by the new Prime minister Jacques Chirac for two years and when Chirac finally gained the presidency in 1995 Foccart was brought back again to the Elysée palace as an advisor. Foccart never stopped being an influential person in the French-African diplomatic relationship and it is commonly considered that he and De Gaulle were the founding fathers of the neo-colonial relationship between France and Africa. Throughout the successive French governments until President Nicolas Sarkozy's appointment, the defence of the African backyard, despite the evolution of the forms and methods, has always remained a high strategic imperative.

Initially, the "Françafrique" policy was motivated by three strategic concerns:

• Economic  : provided and secured access to strategic raw materials (oil, uranium, etc.) and offered preferential investment outlets for French multinational companies.

• Diplomatic : Maintained the declining status of France as a global powerhouse with a network of ally countries supporting the French vote in international institutions.

• Political : Deterred the communist expansion in Africa by backing anti-communist regimes as well as increasing the presence of French military bases on the continent.

Countries concerned

All of French-speaking Africa, which includes Togo, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Gabon, Burkina Faso, Madagascar, Benin, Tunisia, Morocco, Guinea, Niger, Djibouti, Mali, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Algeria, but also other countries, like Equatorial Guinea, in which the French influence gained weight after independence.

All countries are not affected by "Françafrique" to the same extent. Indeed, petroleum dictatorships, like Gabon and the Democratic Republic of Congo, are the archetypes of "Françafrique". In such countries, the relationships between the leaders and the French authorities are very closely knit, given the prevalence of the Total group in the economy. The situation is similar in the other autocratic countries like Togo, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad and Central African Republic. On the other hand, in other former colonies like the Maghreb countries or Côte d'Ivoire that had a conflict relationship with France in the past, the French influence and networks are much less than in the countries mentioned above, even if the economic aspect shares some similarities with "Françafrique" practices. Lastly, democratic countries like Mali and Senegal are less concerned by this phenomenon, both for economic and historical reasons.

"Françafrique" Framework

African Elysee's cell

France's African policy has always been directed apart from the French foreign ministry: it is managed from the Palais de L'Elysee, and more precisely from the Elysee’s Africa cell (at 2 rue de l’Elysée, Paris), where the President and his advisors take decisions on military support for African countries or for the ruling governments.

The Elysee’s Africa cell cannot be differentiated from its founding father, Jacques Foccart, who was appointed by President de Gaulle and since then, became a specialist on African matters at the Elysee Palace. Between 1986 and 1992, Jean-Christophe Mitterrand, the son of President François Mitterrand and former journalist of the AFP in Africa, held the position of chief adviser on African policy at the Elysee, which got him nicknamed "Papamadi" (translated as "Daddy told me"). The suppression of this cell by President Nicolas Sarkozy (who replaced it by a mere diplomatic advisor on Africa) is only symbolic, as the new mentor on African matters at the Elysee is the general secretary Claude Guéant, a close aide to the president.

Underground diplomacy

The French consular network in Africa is extensive, although this is also generally the case in many other regions worldwide (France has the second most extensive consular network worldwide after the U.S.).^[27] But the "Françafrique" is more a matter of concealed networks and unofficial emissaries rather than a matter of "official" diplomacy. Around the official representative of the French interests, there is also a maze of power consisting of political leaders, businessmen, intelligence agents, and military corps or mercenaries.

Many players have combined official and unofficial activities: for example, Maurice Robert, former intelligence agent who became the chief executive of SDECE, the French External Documentation and Counter-Espionage Service (former DGSE, General Directorate for External Security) in Africa. In the ambit of his new appointment, he led many military actions in Africa, helping or deposing heads of state in accordance with the French interest in these countries (more particularly, he supervised operations for the notorious mercenary Bob Denard). In 1973, he was pushed aside from the intelligence services and was then directly employed by the petroleum company Elf. Eventually, in 1979, he was appointed French ambassador to Gabon, on the demand of President Omar Bongo of Gabon, whom he had helped to take power. In 1982, he changed position and came back to Elf where he finished his career before retirement.^[28]

Another of the most active unofficial intermediaries of the "Françafrique" is the Franco-Lebanese lawyer Robert Bourgi, close aide to the Bongo family and to many other African leaders, and also an informal advisor of President Nicolas Sarkozy. Robert Bourgi admitted that he supplanted the Secretary of State for Overseas Development, Jean-Marie Bockel. Bockel wanted to break away from the "Françafrique", and in response to a question from a journalist from Le Monde in January 2008, he said that he wanted to "sign the death certificate of Françafrique",^[29] which displeased the African dictators who preferred to address Robert Bourgi as an intermediary. In 2009, Bourgi, on behalf of the French government, supported the presidential election of Ali Bongo Ondimba, son of former President Omar Bongo.^[30]

Development aid

French Development Aid in Africa is based on two organizations: the AFD (French Development Agency) which handles the Government to Government funding and the PROPARCO (Promotion and Participation for Economic Cooperation, a subsidy of the AFD) which funds the private sector in developing countries.

The "Françafrique" today

The "Françafrique" policy came under the spotlight once more after the January 2010 attacks on Togo's national football team. France has been accused of meddling in Angolan affairs through backing of separatist groups such as Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda and harboring their leaders.^[31]

The former French African colonies' presidents were invited for lunch at the Elysée Palace with then-president Nicolas Sarkozy in July 2010. The invitation has brought a lot of criticism. President Sarkozy said that the African presidents were invited because the national day symbolizes 50 years of independence. French association "Survie" feels that France is still looking out for its own benefits, not Africa's, even though President Sarkozy has offered pension benefits to every former soldier in its African colonies.^[32]

Current President François Hollande, during a speech in Dakar, Senegal, said that he would end the Françafrique for good, and hailed a new era of relations between France and Africa.^[33]

On the 6th of February 2015, France launched AfricaFrance, a foundation headed by Lionel ZINSOU and endorsed by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs to 'relaunch' the relationship between France and Africa .^[34]

Quotes about 'Françafrique'

• Omar Bongo, former president of Gabon: "Gabon without France is like a car with no driver. France without Gabon is like a car with no fuel..." (18 September 1996) reported during an interview for the newspaper Libération
• François Mitterrand, then-minister of the Interior of France: "Without Africa, France will have no history in the 21st century" (1957)
• Jacques Godfrain, former French foreign minister: "A little country [France], with a small amount of strength, we can move a planet because [of our]…relations with 15 or 20 African countries…"

See also

Documentary:

• The French African Connection (2013), 3 part documentary series by Al Jazeera

Film:

• FRANÇAFRIQUE, movie by Patrick Benquet, (2010)
• Le Professionnel, action movie by Georges Lautner (1981)
• Fratricide in Burkina:Thomas Sankara and French Africa, movie by Didier Mauro and Thuy-Tiën Ho (2008)

Music:

• Françafrique, album and song by Tiken Jah Fakoly
• Pompafric, song by Tryo

Literature:

• Mme Bâ, novel by Erik Orsenna (2003)

References

External links

• The French African Connection (2013), 3 part documentary series by Al Jazeera
• François-Xavier Verschave about what Françafrique means.(English)
• 50 years later Françafrique is alive and well Christophe Boisbouvier, Radio France Internationale (English)
• Africa: 50 years of independence Radio France Internationale (English)
• French foreign policy in Africa: between pré carré and multilateralism by Sylvain Touati (English)