Fort William First Nation
Fort William First Nation is an Ojibway First Nation south of and adjacent to Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. As of January 2008, the First Nation had a registered population of 1,798 people, of which their on-Reserve population was 832 people.
Fort William First Nation has a two rink arena which is home to the Thunder Bay Bearcats of the Superior International Junior Hockey League and has a fitness centre overlooking rink 1. A business park in the eastern end of the community is home to the head offices of Wasaya Airways and the band offices, among others.
Reserve
The First Nation have reserved for themselves the 5,815.1 hectares (14,369 acres) Fort William Indian Reserve 52, which serves as the land base for the First Nation.
History
The Fort William Reserve, located on the western end of Lake Superior adjacent to the city of Thunder Bay was set aside under the provisions of the Robinson-Superior Treaty in 1850. The north shore of Lake Superior is the southern edge of the Canadian Shield, vast country of rock scraped clean by glaciers and waterways. The traditional territories occupied and used by the Chippewa’s at Fort William and their residence stretch from Pigeon River to the south, north to Treaty 9 boundary and east to Lake Nipigon.
The Fort William Reserve was created in 1853, as a condition of the 1850 Robinson-Superior Treaty. The Chief and Headmen who signed the Treaty intended that the Reserve would provide not just for their children, but for their grandchildren’s grandchildren. However, most of the best Reserve land was taken within about three generations.
In the negotiations of the Robinson-Superior Treaty, Fort William agreed not to interfere with foreign settlers. In return, the Crown promised cash payments and trade goods, annuities beginning in 1851, complete freedom to continue to hunt and fish as before (except on private land) and a Reserve at Fort William.
At that time, Fort William First Nation was a thriving community. Most people made their living in traditional ways, but took advantage of the nearby Hudson’s Bay Post to sell furs and buy supplies. About ten families were employed in the commercial fishery, exporting many barrels of salted fish annually to Detroit and points east.
These were about half of the Fort William Indians who gathered on the Lake Shore seasonally, but spent most of their winters in the interior on their hunting grounds. Unlike the Mission Indians who lived in and around the Jesuit Mission “the Immaculate Conception”, the interior Indians were not Christian. They were referred to by officials later as “the pagan branch”.
The Indians referred to this aquatic territory on Lake Superior, ecompassing the islands off Pie Island, Flatland south to Sturgeon Bay as “The Grand Fishery”. These Fishing grounds were not a part of the original treaty of 1850 in several Petitions sent after the treaty (between 1852-1895) by the Fort William Indians to the Crown requesting that their fishery be protected.
Since the treaty of 1850, Fort William has developed an excellent track record in it dealings with government and private industry in its efforts to become self- sustaining and the hub to Northwestern Ontario aboriginal business and communities.
Geography
Fort William First Nation has a contrasting geography on the shore of Lake Superior. Much of the reserve is swampland near the lake, while the western portion of the reserve is home to the Nor'Wester mountains and Loch Lomond.
Most homes on the First Nation are located in a village on Mission Road. A trailer park is located on reserve land near Chippewa Park, and many cottages are located along Sandy Beach Road.
Mount McKay
Mount McKay is a mafic sill located south of Thunder Bay, Ontario on the Indian Reserve of the Fort William First Nation. It formed during a period of magmatic activity associated with the large Midcontinent Rift system about 1,100 million years ago.
McKay was originally known as the “Thunder Mountain” (Animikii-wajiw in the Ojibwe language and locally written as “Anemki-waucheu”). The mountain is used by the Ojibwe for sacred ceremonies. Only with the construction of the road were non-First Nations allowed on this land.
A lookout exists on the lower eastern plateau at an elevation of 300 metres (980 ft), providing a view of Thunder Bay and the city’s harbour. A small memorial commemorates Aboriginal people that fought in wars. There is a path on the eastern face of the mountain that can be used for hiking. Plants on the mountain include red and sugar maple and poison ivy (animikiibag—“thunder-leaf” in the Ojibwe language). The top of the mountain has glacial erratics and jack pines. A small grove of yellow birch grows just south of the entrance gate.
A small, unmaintained trail can be used to reach the top from the lookout via the north face, with a heavy gauge steel cable that can be used for support. However, due to the grade and geology (mostly shale) of the face, this unsanctioned hike is considered dangerous, and is not recommended for novice hikers.
There is also somewhat of a trail on the west side of the mountain. Shale is predominant in this area, making the western climb considerably less dangerous than the north face.
Mount McKay is the northernmost peak in a range known as the Nor’Wester Mountains.
Transportation
The main roads in Fort William First Nation are Mission Road and Squaw Bay Road. The community on Mission Road has local bus service provided by Thunder Bay Transit. Route 6 Mission serves the community eleven times between 7:30 am and 6:40 pm, Monday to Friday.
Governance
As a signatory to Robinson-Superior Treaty, Fort William First Nation is a member of Union of Ontario Indians, a Tribal Political Organization that represents many of the Anishinaabe First Nation governments in Ontario located about Lake Superior and Lake Huron.
- Current Chief and Councilors
The First Nation elect their officials through the Act Electoral System, consisting of a Chief and twelve councillors. The current Chief is Georjann Morriseau, whose two-year term began on April 15, 2013. The councillors are, Leo Bannon Sr., Leo Bannon Jr., Val Chapman, Sherry Pelletier, Catherine Rodger, Wyatt Bannon, Dwight Boucher, Yvette Greenwald, Jenelle Charlie, Phillip Benedict Solomon and Trevor Wells.
- Past Chiefs and Councilors
| CHIEFS | COUNCILORS | DATE |
|---|---|---|
| Joseph Lapouche Chat | Prior to 1821 | |
| The Spaniard? | Prior to 1824? | |
| John L’Illinois (Ininway) | Prior to 1828 | |
| Joseph Peau de Chat | Prior to 1848 | |
| Jacob Wassabe | 1852? | |
| William Crow (brother) | Jacob Magatanah | Prior to 1869 |
| John Baptiste Penaisse | Louis Captain Jawani Binens Alexie Debakouang | 17 Mar. 1880 |
| John Pierre | Alexie Debakouang Michael St. German | 23 Feb. 1883 |
| Thomas Bouche | Andrew Paddy Clement Cyrette | 18 Mar. 1886 |
| Andrew Banan | John Baptiste Penasse Alex Singleton | 18 Mar. 1889 |
| Alex Singleton | Ambrose Cyrette Andrew Bannon | 18 Mar. 1892 |
| Thomas Bushe | Moses McCoy Louis Deachamp | 1 July 1895 |
| Joseph Singleton | 05 Apr. 1897 | |
| Moses McCoy | Thomas Bushe Joseph Singleton | 5 July 1898 |
| Moses McCoy | Frank Williams John Baptiste Penassie | 6 July 1901 |
| John Baptiste Penassie | Henry Scott Simon Webobikesige | July 1904 |
| Moses McCoy | John Baptiste Panassie Simon Waybooslsiki | July 1907 |
| Henry Scott | Frank Williams Xavier McLaren | July 1910 |
| Luke Bouchie Sr. | Louis Cadieux Luke Bouchie Jr | 8 July 1913 |
| James Louis | Frank Pelletier Alex McCoy | 20 Aug. 1915 |
| Peter Louis | Frank Williams Joseph Belanger | 1 July 1918 |
| Frank Pelletier | Alex McCoy Edward Louis | July 1921 |
| Andrew Bannon Sr. | Frank Williams Edward Louis | 7 July 1924 |
| Alex McCoy | Edward Louis Charles Collins | 1927 |
| Frank Pelletier | Edward Louis Charles Collins | July 1930 |
| Frank Pelletier | Laurence Bannon Zeno Singleton | 21 June 1933 |
| Frank Pelletier | Thomas Penassie Patrick Bannon | 8 June 1936 |
| Frank Pelletier | Moses Pelletier Charles Collins | 30 May 1939 |
| Frank Pelletier | Raymond Bannon Patrick Bannon | 8 June 1946 |
| Frank Pelletier | Raymond Bannon Patrick Bannon | 12 May 1949 |
| Frank Pelletier | Martin Bannon Howard Bannon | 9 June 1960 |
| Frank Pelletier | Richard Bannon John Pelletier | 6 June 1962 |
| Frank Pelletier | Catherine Collins Leonard Pelletier Ralph Bannon | 8 June 1964 14 Apr. 1965 |
| Frank Pelletier | Leonard Pelltier Catherine Collins Howard Bannon | 31 May 1966 |
| Louis Pelletier | Howard Bannon Catherine Collins Sam Pervais | 17 June 1968 |
| Howard Bannon | Leonard Pelletier Sam Pervais Harvey Charlie Richard Bannon | 11 June 1970 26 Feb. 1971 |
| Leonard Pelletier | Louis Pelletier Sam Pervais Harvey Charlie Richard Bannon | 5 June 1972 |
| Leonard Pelletier | Sam Pervais Louis Pelletier Harvey Charlie Leo Bannon | 5 June 1974 |
| Leonard Pelletier | Sam Pervais Howard Bannon Harvey Charlie Leo Bannon | 17 June 1976 |
| Leonard Pelletier | Sam Pervais Thomas Pelletier Harvey Charlie Leo Bannon | 31 May 1978 |
| Leo Bannon | Martin Bannon Jr. | 8 June 1979 22 Aug. 1979 |
| Harvey Charlie | Marcel Pelletier Tom Pelletier Martin Bannon Tim Bannon Carolyn MacLaurin | 28 May 1980 |
| Harvey Charlie | Marcel Pelletier Louis Pelletier Brian Bannon Gordon Bannon Dennis Charlie | 10 June 1982 |
| Harvey Charlie | Christine Bannon Louis Pelletier Glen Arthur Bannon Peter Wayne Collins Jr. Dennis Charlie | 30 May 1984 |
| Harvey Charlie | Richard Morriseau Louis Pelletier Ian Bannon Peter Wayne Collins Jr. Dennis Charlie | 28 May 1986 |
| Christi Pervais | Gordon Bannon Leo Bannon Dennis Charlie Guy Collins Gary Pelletier Louis Pelletier Myles Pervais | 26 May 1988 |
| Christi Pervais | Pat Charlie Tim Bannon Dennis Charles Gordon Bannon Peter Collins Jr. Gary Pelletier Louis Pelltetier Maurice Pelletier Thomas Pelletier | 31 May 1990 03 Mar. 1991 |
| Leo Lawrence Bannon | Harvey Charlie Thomas Pelletier Dennie Charles Sherry Lynn Pelletier Martin Bannon Patricia Ann Charlie Maurice Pelletier Murray Pelletier Lyle Charlie Sr. Marvin Pelletier | 4 June 1992 |
Environmental Stewardship - Anishinabek Gitchi Gami Environmental Programs
Due to multiple past and present industrial pollution issues affecting Fort William First Nation, citizens developed their own form of civil society to improve the health of the community through grassroots projects. As individuals working together, between 2007 and 2009, they formed a not-for-profit environmental group called Anishinabek Gitchi Gami Environmental Programs (AGG) to address these threats to human and environmental health. The AGG was the first environmental not-for-profit organization in an Ontario First Nation community. The name of this group was derived from the original name for the community (Chippewas of the Gitchigami). "Anishinabek Gitchi Gami" (from Anishinaabeg Gichigami) is Ojibwa for "the people of 'Lake Superior'".
References
External links
Coordinates: 48°18′29″N 89°15′58″W / 48.30806°N 89.26611°W
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