Football hooliganism in the United Kingdom

Hooliganism incidents in the 1970s led to fences being built at football grounds, such as this at Kenilworth Road, Luton (1980 image).

Beginning in at least the 1960s, the UK had a reputation worldwide for football hooliganism; the phenomenon was often dubbed the English Disease.[1][2][3][4] However, since the 1980s and well into the 1990s the UK government has led a widescale crackdown on football related violence. While football hooliganism has been a growing concern in some other European countries in recent years, British football fans now tend to have a better reputation abroad. Although reports of British football hooliganism still surface, the instances now tend to occur at pre-arranged locations rather than at the matches themselves.

England

Early history

Football hooliganism in England dates back to the 1880s, when individuals referred to as roughs caused trouble at football matches.[5] Local derby matches would usually have the worst trouble, but in an era when fans did not often travel, roughs would sometimes attack the referees and the away team's players.[6]


1970s

A Leeds United Service Crew badge, featuring the British Rail symbol.

During the 1970s, organised hooligan firms started to emerge, associating themselves with clubs such as Arsenal (The Herd), Aston Villa (Villa Hardcore), Birmingham City (Birmingham Zulus), Blackpool (The Muckers), Burnley (Suicide Squad), Derby County (Derby Lunatic Fringe), Chelsea (Chelsea Headhunters), Everton (County Road Cutters), Leeds United (Leeds Service Crew), Leicester City (Baby Squad), Middlesbrough (Middlesbrough Frontline), Millwall (Millwall Bushwackers), Newcastle United (Gremlins), Manchester United (Red Army), Portsmouth (6.57 Crew), Tottenham Hotspur (Yid Army), Sheffield United (Blades Business Crew), Shrewsbury Town (English Border Front), Stoke City (Naughty Forty), West Ham United (Inter City Firm) and Wolverhampton Wanderers (Subway Army).

In 1973, when Manchester United were relegated to the Second Division, the Red Army hooligan firm caused mayhem at grounds up and down the country, and in the same year a Bolton Wanderers fan stabbed a young Blackpool fan to death behind the Kop at Bloomfield Road during a Second Division match.[7] These two events led to introduction of crowd segregation and the erection of fences at football grounds in England.[8]

A bad-tempered FA Cup quarter-final tie between Newcastle United and Nottingham Forest on 8 March 1974 was halted mid-match when "hundreds of fans" invaded the pitch, one of whom attacked Forest midfielder Dave Serella.[9]

The so-called "relegation battle", when Tottenham Hotspur and Chelsea fans fought on the pitch before Spurs relegated Chelsea in the return fixture in 1975, made national news when shown on the BBC television programme John Craven's Newsround. Leeds United were banned from Europe soon after, when their fans rioted after the 1975 European Cup Final against Bayern Munich in Paris.[10] Manchester United were banned in 1977 after rioting before, during and after their UEFA Cup game with Saint-Étienne, also in France.[11] In March 1978, a full-scale riot broke out at The Den during an FA Cup quarter-final between Millwall and Ipswich. Fighting began on the terraces and spilled out on to the pitch and into the narrow streets around the ground. Dozens of people were injured.

1980s

The [Inter-City Firm], like the sub-groups from other clubs, specialises in infiltrating the terraces reserved at games for rival fans. Its members wear no club colours, carry apparently inoffensive weapons like umbrellas or hardened hats and maintain their anonymity by avoiding official supporters' transport. [...] Once the game has started they lay into rival fans, cause havoc, and melt away into the crowd.

—Nick Davies, The anatomy of a Soccer slaying, The Sydney Morning Herald, 9 August 1983[12]

During the 1980s, clubs feared hooliganism coming to their towns, with Swansea City supporters anticipating violence after their promotion to the Football League First Division,[13] while those living in Milton Keynes were concerned when Luton Town announced plans to relocate to the town.[14]

On 1 May 1982, after a London derby between Arsenal and West Ham United, a supporter was killed in a skirmish between Gunners and Hammers supporters.[12]

In March 1985, Millwall supporters were involved in large-scale rioting in Luton when Millwall played Luton Town in the quarter final of the FA Cup. In response, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's government set up a "war cabinet" to combat football hooliganism.[15]

Certainly it is a long time since followers of the Scottish national team or [Scotland's] great club sides have caused the sickening mayhem which English fans have produced in Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Spain and Switzerland in the past three years. [...] English fans have come to be regarded in Continental football circles as by far and away the worst in Europe, if not the world.

—The Glasgow Herald on English hooliganism in Europe, 1 June 1984[16]

On 11 May 1985 (the same day as the Bradford City stadium fire) a 14-year-old boy died at St Andrews stadium when fans were pushed by Police onto a wall which subsequently collapsed following crowd violence at a match between Birmingham City and Leeds United.[nb 1][17] The fighting that day was described by Justice Popplewell, during the Popplewell Committee investigation into football in 1985, as more like "the Battle of Agincourt than a football match".[15][nb 2][18] Because of the other events in 1986 and the growing rise in football hooliganism during the early 1980s, an interim report from the committee stated that "football may not be able to continue in its present form much longer" unless hooliganism was reduced, perhaps by excluding "away" fans.[15]

On 29 May 1985, 39 Juventus fans were crushed to death during the European Cup Final between Liverpool and Juventus at Heysel Stadium in Brussels; an event that became known as the Heysel Stadium disaster. Just before kick-off, Liverpool fans broke through a line of police officers and ran towards opposing supporters in a section of the ground containing Italian fans. Many fans tried to escape the fighting, and a wall collapsed on them.[19][20] As a result of the Heysel Stadium disaster, English clubs were banned from all European competitions until 1990, with Liverpool banned for an additional year.[21]

On 8 August 1986 rival gangs of Manchester United and West Ham United hooligans were involved in violence on a Sealink ferry bound for Amsterdam. Eight football hooligans, all either Manchester United or West Ham United supporters, received prison sentences totalling 51 years at Chelmsford Crown Court.[22] Another incident was soon forthcoming: on 20 September 1986 Leeds United hooligans overturned and immolated a fish and chip van at Odsal Stadium, the temporary home of Bradford City.[23]

Millwall hooligans were involved in their third high profile incident in decade on January 1988, when in an FA Cup tie against Arsenal at Highbury, 41 people were arrested for rioting after the Herd and the Millwall Bushwackers clashed.

Margaret Thatcher, UK Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990, made a high-profile public call for the country's football hooligans to be given "stiff" prison sentences to act as a deterrent to others in a bid to clamp down on hooliganism. Her minister for sport, Colin Moynihan, attempted to bring in an ID card scheme for football supporters. This scheme, set out in Part I of the Football Spectators Act 1989, was however never implemented following criticism by the Taylor Report following the Hillsborough disaster in 1989, when 96 fans died.[19][20][24] Documents released in 2014 revealed that the Conservative government that reigned for the whole of the 1980s crafted a number of schemes to combat hooliganism: these included an initiative to be titled "Goalies against Hoolies"–consisting of getting "the more articulate goalkeepers, who are often first in line of hooligan fire" to speak out against the violence.[25] Daniel Taylor, writing in The Guardian in 2015, described the revelations as "a reminder about how hopelessly out of touch the establishment were when it came to football".[26]


1990s

This picture shows the West Yorkshire Police station's camera system, which they use to spot hooligans and rioters.

On 15 February 1995, England and Ireland played a friendly match. When Ireland scored the first goal and an English equaliser was disallowed, English fans started to throw items into the stand below and rip up seats and benches. Battles broke out between police and English fans, and several people were injured.[27]

After England's defeat to Germany in the Euro 96 semi-finals, a large-scale riot took place in Trafalgar Square, with a number of injuries, and a Russian youth was stabbed in Brighton after his attackers mistook him for a German.[28] Other occasional clashes have occurred with a few other teams since then.[29] France 98 was marred by violence as English fans clashed with the North African locals of Marseille, leading to up to 100 fans being arrested.[30] According to Colin Blaney in Hotshot: The Story of a Little Red Devil, many of Manchester United's football hooligans turned to serious crime during this period. He states that roughly half of the team's hooligans became involved in selling class A drugs, partly because of the wave of drugs that came with early 1990s rave culture, a scene that football hooligans were at the centre of.[31]

2000s

In the 2000s English football hooligans often adopted clothing styles associated with the casual subculture, such as items made by Shark and Burberry. Prada and Burberry withdrew some garments over fears that their brands were becoming linked with hooliganism.[32] English hooligans began using Internet forums, mobile phones and text messages to set up fights or provoke rival gangs into brawls.[33] Fight participants sometimes posted live commentaries on the Internet.[34]

Football violence in British stadiums declined after the introduction of the 1989 Football Spectators Act, and in the 2000s much of the trouble occurred away from stadiums or abroad at major international tournaments.[6] The England team was threatened with expulsion from Euro 2000 because of the poor behaviour of fans.[35] The English reputation improved as a result of good behaviour at the 2002 FIFA World Cup and the 2004 UEFA European Football Championship.[36]

At the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany there were limited incidences of violence. Over 200 preventative arrests were made in Stuttgart, although only three people were charged with criminal offences. Another 400 were taken into preventative custody.[37][38] Police believe that on average each rioter drank or threw 17 litres of beer on that day.[38]

Despite a decline in hooliganism in England, death threats from English hooligans became more common in the 2000s. Rio Ferdinand and Peter Ridsdale were targets of death threats from Leeds United fans.[39][40] Swedish referee Anders Frisk quit his position after receiving death threats from Chelsea fans.[41] Reading players Ibrahima Sonko and Stephen Hunt also received death threats from Chelsea fans in 2006.[42] Fernando Torres received death threats from Liverpool fans.[43] Sol Campbell received death threats from Tottenham fans.[44] A steward died after serious clashes between firms from Aston Villa and Queens Park Rangers after a League Cup game in September 2004.[45]

After some 20 years of improved behaviour among English football fans, extreme scenes of rioting and hooliganism took place at Upton Park on 25 August 2009 during a Football League Cup second round tie between London rivals West Ham United and Millwall. The pitch was invaded several times during the game and rioting in the streets followed. In one incident a man suffered stab wounds. The West Ham United-Millwall rivalry has led officials to threaten to hold fixtures between the two sides in private, although the threat has never been executed.[46][47]

2010s

There were minor disturbances during and after England's 4–1 defeat to Germany during the 2010 FIFA World Cup. A German flag was burned by English supporters in Leicester Square in London, and a nearby restaurant was damaged. A German fan was confronted by the mob, but there were no injuries.[48]

On 1 December 2010, supporters of rival West Midlands clubs Aston Villa and Birmingham City clashed at St Andrew's stadium after a Football League Cup match, and 14 people were injured. Missiles were hurled on to the pitch, a rocket flare was released in the stands, and there were scuffles in nearby streets.[49] By this stage, football hooliganism was rising dramatically, with 103 incidents of hooliganism involving under-19's in the 2009–10 season compared to 38 the season before. Cass Pennant, a former football hooligan, said that the rise in football hooliganism was the result of rising unemployment, poverty, and social discontent in the aftermath of the recent recession – a situation similar to that in Britain for much of the 1970s and 1980s when hooliganism was at its peak.[50]

Use of bovver boots in football hooliganism was countered in 2012 by warnings to fans that they would have to remove such boots in order to attend football matches.[51]

In a match between Sheffield Wednesday and Leeds United on 19 October 2012, a Leeds United fan attacked Sheffield Wednesday goalkeeper Chris Kirkland during a pitch invasion to celebrate a goal.[52] The hooligan was identified on social media sites as someone who had previously been banned from every football ground in the UK.[53]

At a FA Cup semi-final match between Millwall and Wigan Athletic at the new Wembley Stadium on 13 April 2013, Millwall fans fought amongst themselves, and 14 arrests were made.[54] The next day, Newcastle United fans rioted when their team lost 3–0 to Sunderland in their Premier League match. Bottles were thrown, bins were set on fire and a horse was punched as mounted officers tried to move crowds back to allow visiting fans to be escorted away. Twenty-nine arrests were made during the game itself.[55]

On the 7th March 2015 during a Quarter-Final match of the FA Cup between Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion, hundreds of Aston Villa fans invaded the pitch whilst the game was still in play. A further invasion took place at full time causing players from both teams to flee the pitch. Despite police officers and stewards best efforts to restrain the fans, it's is believed almost a thousand fans entered the pitch.[56]

In his autobiography 'Undesirables', Colin Blaney, a high-ranking member of Manchester United's Inter City Jibbers firm, claimed that one of the main developments of the 2010s was that football hooligans were no longer involved in acquisitive crimes overseas. Whereas they had once stolen designer clothing from abroad and used international games as an excuse to loot jewelry shops on the continent, the football firms of today solely engage in profit-oriented forms of crime within the UK.[57]

Northern Ireland

Northern Irish football suffered a major set-back in 1948, when supporters of Linfield F.C. invaded the pitch after a match against Belfast Celtic, attacking and seriously injuring three Celtic players.[58] A historical rivalry between Linfield and Glentoran F.C. has escalated somewhat in recent years: there were riots in 2005[59] and on Boxing Day in 2008.[60] In the 1970s, the political Troubles in Northern Ireland spilled onto the terraces of the football stadiums. This is seen as a major factor in Derry City leaving the Irish Football League to join the League of Ireland.[61][62]

Scotland

Rangers and Celtic [...] have the most partisan fans in Britain. Their following has not only sporting, but religious significance. Rangers represents the city's Protestant faction and Celtic's players are the idols of the Catholics. Today's incidents are usual when the teams meet and police always try to keep their respective factions apart on the terraces segregated in stadiums.

—United Press International report on clashes between Glasgow giants Rangers and Celtic during and after the 1969 Scottish Cup Final.[63]

One of the first recorded incidents of large-scale crowd violence took place after a 1909 match between Rangers and Celtic.[64] The Old Firm clubs clashed at Hampden Park at the 1969 Scottish Cup Final, with 50 arrests reported on the terrace relating to fighting and the throwing of objects onto the pitch.[63] More arrests followed, after post-match fighting between supporters and police.[63]

By the 1980s the Casual manifestation of football hooliganism was adopted by fans of many clubs in Scotland with Aberdeen being the first club with a "casual" following and the established skinhead/punk hooligan elements from Airdrie, Hearts and Rangers that had dominated prior to this were then challenged by casual firms (or 'mobs' as they were more popularly known as in Scotland). Casual firms were attached to clubs such as St. Mirren (Love Street Division), Clyde (Shawfield Shed End Boys), Aberdeen (Aberdeen Soccer Casuals), Dundee and Dundee United (Dundee Utility), Hibernian (Capital City Service), Motherwell (Saturday Service), Partick Thistle (North Glasgow Express), Falkirk (Fear) and Dunfermline (Carnegie Soccer Service). Aberdeen, under the name Aberdeen Soccer Casuals (ASC), becoming the best known.[65][66]

A firm supporter's t-shirt

From the 1980s onwards Aberdeen's ASC and Hibernian's CCS became the most feared casuals in Scotland, the CCS gaining particular notoriety. From the 2000s Hooliganism has declined in Scotland but Aberdeen, Dundee Utility, Celtic, Hibernian, Hearts, Motherwell, Partick Thistle, Airdrie, St. Mirren and Rangers still have a number of hooligans.[67]

While the Scotland national team's travelling supporters, the Tartan Army, are generally not violent these days, hooliganism does occur in other areas of Scottish football. Pre-arranged fights between firms on match days mostly take place away from the football grounds.[68] Most Scottish football fans are against this behaviour, and authorities have taken several measures to reduce football hooliganism.[67]

Celtic and Rangers are the two biggest teams in Scotland, and the Old Firm rivalry is one of the most heated football rivalries in the world. The Old Firm rivalry is largely motivated by religious sectarianism, and is related to the conflict between Loyalists and Republicans in Northern Ireland. Rangers' hooligan element (the ICF) have a strong rivalry with Celtic's CSC and Aberdeen's ASC, with Celtic being their traditional cultural enemy. They have also had major clashes with Motherwell, Hibs, Partick Thistle and Dundee's Utility. At the 2008 Uefa Cup final when Rangers reached the final, Rangers fans and the ICF rioted in Manchester with a huge media spotlight[69]

The oldest rivalry in Scotland is between Hibernian F.C. and Heart of Midlothian F.C. and contained a sectarian hatred from the outset as Hibernian were initially an Irish Catholics only club and Hearts represented the Scottish Protestant establishment[70] – however, this aspect of the rivalry is now almost non-existent. At the first-ever match between Heart of Midlothian and Hibernian on Christmas Day 1875 the Hibs fans chased the Hearts captain, Tom Purdie after allegations of foul play,[71] and since then the rivalry escalated into more serious crowd trouble at virtually every game between them over the next 15 years.[72] This continued as an issue between the clubs and the fans indefinitely.[73][74][75][76]

Hibernian Supporters (1984 image) show their flag at Waverly Station.

In the 1980s and 1990s these Hibernian hooligans had documented clashes across the UK with various mobs including notorious hooligan followers from such teams as Aberdeen, Leeds United, Millwall and Chelsea. In European competition the CCS also had clashes with Belgian hooligans and local residents in 1989 and in 1992, in 2005 in the Ukraine against Dnipro hooligans. The Hibernian CCS story has been told in books such as 'These Colours Don't Run' and 'Hibs Boy', and online by former notable members. In Scotland, the CCS had a particular hatred towards Aberdeen's ASC, Rangers ICF, Hearts CSF and Airdrie's Section B.[77][78][79][80][81]

During Euro '96 the CCS, along with Celtic's CSC, Dundee's Utility, Partick Thistle's NGE, Motherwell's SS, St. Mirren's LSD and Aberdeen's ASC organised a well publicised fight with Chelsea, Millwall, Rangers and Airdrie's Section B Hooligans in the Centre of Trafalgar Square. This incident attracted worldwide media attention with footage of both sets of casuals attacking each other and police.[81][82]

In the 2000s Aberdeen Soccer Casuals (ASC) had clashes in England at Bradford and Hartlepool and also in Europe.[83]

Wales

Cardiff City's hooligan firm, the Soul Crew, has been involved in full-scale riots since the 1970s. In January 2002, Leeds United and Cardiff City fans, players, and Cardiff chairman Sam Hammam were hit by missiles during a match, and hundreds of Cardiff fans invaded the pitch after the final whistle to celebrate knocking the then leaders of the Premier League out of the FA Cup.[84] Cardiff City were fined £40,000 by the Football Association of Wales for the events of that day. Hammam was criticised by the head of the English Police Spotting teams for encouraging the hooligans by saying before the game, "It's better for us to play them at Ninian because the intimidatory factor will be so big ... It's a bit like the old Den at Millwall except ten times more." Hammam at first blamed what he called a "racist English media" for exaggerating the trouble at the Leeds game, but he also launched "a war on hooliganism."[84] In October 2004 a BBC report stated that Cardiff had more fans banned than any other Football League club, with 160 banning orders against its fans, showing a willingness to stamp out hooliganism.[85]

Despite the club's small size, Wrexham Football Club has a significant football hooligan element known as the Frontline. It has been involved in major riots with many firms in the UK, such as those of Chester City,[86] Everton,[87] Port Vale,[88] Shrewsbury and Oldham.[89]

Notes

  1. ↑ Fans started fighting when Birmingham took the lead, and riot police were called in to stop Leeds fans pulling down fencing. It was estimated that more than 1,000 fans became involved in the ensuing riot, which saw seats and advertising hoardings being torn up and used as missiles, 96 policemen being injured and the collapsing wall also crushing several parked motor vehicles beyond repair.
  2. ↑ The Popplewell Committee was originally set up to investigate two incidents at English grounds on 11 May 1985 – the fire at Bradford City's Valley Parade (which was not hooligan-related) in which 56 people died, and the riot at the Birmingham City versus Leeds United match. The Bradford fire overshadowed media and public attention to the tragedy in Birmingham on the same day.

References

  1. ↑ "FIG FACT-SHEET FOUR: HOOLIGANISM". Football Industry Group, University of Liverpool. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
  2. ↑ Stott, Clifford; Pearson, Geoff (2007). 'Football Hooliganism: Policing the War on the English Disease'. Pennant Books. ISBN 978-1-906015-05-3.
  3. ↑ Cacciottolo, Mario (April 6, 2007). "The return of the English disease?". BBC. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
  4. ↑ "Another sorry outbreak of the English disease". London: The Independent on Sunday. June 17, 2004. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
  5. ↑ Ingle, Sean (2006-12-13). "When did football hooliganism start?". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Fact Sheet 1: Football and Football Hooliganism". University of Leicester. Archived from the original on October 11, 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  7. ↑ "Thirty Years Ago". Rothmans International plc. 1975. Retrieved 2005-08-13.
  8. ↑ Nicholls, Andy (2005). Hooligans A-L. Milo Books. p. 63. ISBN 1-903854-41-5.
  9. ↑ "Riot may close ground: Newcastle faces tough FA penalty". The Age (Melbourne). 12 March 1974. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
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  11. ↑ "banned from europe". banned from europe. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Davies, Nick (9 August 1983). "The anatomy of a Soccer slaying". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 7. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  13. ↑ Road, Alan (6 September 1981). "Will Swansea go bust in the top flight?". New Sunday Times (New Straits Times Press). p. 20. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
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  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Conservative Governments and Football Regulation". Urban75.org. Retrieved 2010-03-24.
  16. ↑ "Tackling the hooligans". The Herald (Glasgow). 1 June 1984. p. 12. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  17. ↑ James, Fiona (2004-04-04). "1985: English teams banned after Heysel". Sunday Mirror. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
  18. ↑ "A history of hooliganism in the trouble spots of Europe". The Independent. 1996-05-19. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
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  27. ↑ McCormack, Michael. "Scannal : More than a Game". RTÉ. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  28. ↑ Video on YouTube
  29. ↑ "People's Daily Online – Portuguese police arrest 34 after riots". English.people.com.cn. 2004-06-17. Retrieved 2010-03-24.
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  31. ↑ Colin Blaney, Hotshot: The Story of a Little Red Devil, Milo Books, pp. 157–167.
  32. ↑ Hamilton, Fiona (2004-09-26). "Prada joins the Burberry set in hooligan hell". London: The Times. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  33. ↑ Burke, Jason (2000-04-02). "Hooligans link up on the Net to plot mayhem at Euro 2000". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  34. ↑ "Soccer hooligans organise on the Net". BBC News. 1999-08-09. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
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  36. ↑ "Hosts singing England fans' praises". Soccernet. 2002-06-18. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  37. ↑ Ingle, Sean (2002-06-25). "Fan fears grow ahead of England match". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
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  39. ↑ "Rio death threat horror". Daily Star. 2006-10-04. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  40. ↑ "Report: Leeds chairman Ridsdale sent death threats". CNN Sports Illustrated. 2003-02-01. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  41. ↑ "Frisk retires after death threats". CNN. 2005-03-12. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  42. ↑ "Reading due receive death threats". BBC. 2006-11-16. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  43. ↑ "Chelsea's Fernando Torres receives death threats from Liverpool fans". Metro. 2011-02-01. Retrieved 2011-02-07.
  44. ↑ "Sol campbell exclusive day 2: surviving the hate mob: no regrets". The Mirror. 2002-11-19. Retrieved 2011-02-07.
  45. ↑ Wells, Tom (2004). "Steward dies after clash between rival firms". icBirmingham. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
  46. ↑ "Mass violence mars London derby". British Broadcasting Corporation. 25 August 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
  47. ↑ "'Bring your bats... but don't bring your kids': Thugs planned West Ham v Millwall rampage on internet chatrooms". Daily Mail (London). 26 August 2009. Retrieved 27 August 2009.
  48. ↑ "World Cup 2010 Disturbances". London: Daily Mail. 28 June 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  49. ↑ "Midlands derby marred by seat-throwing and flares ahead of World Cup vote after Birmingham beat Aston Villa in Carling Cup – News". MirrorFootball.co.uk. 2010-12-01. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
  50. ↑ Francis, Nick (2010-12-09). "This is more than people wanting a fight Britain today is a very angry place". The Sun (London).
  51. ↑ "Great Games: Chesterfield 2 Aston Villa 3". Birmingham Mail. March 14, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
  52. ↑ 20 Oct 2012 (2012-10-20). "Video: Sheffield Wednesday goalkeeper attacked by Leeds United fan". Telegraph. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
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  54. ↑ "BBC News – FA Cup: Fans arrested after Millwall violence". Bbc.co.uk. 2013-04-14. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
  55. ↑ "BBC News – Disorder after Sunderland beat Newcastle United". Bbc.co.uk. 2013-04-14. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
  56. ↑ "BBC News - Villa Park Scenes disgraceful - Tony Pulis". Bbc.co.uk. 2015-03-07. Retrieved 2015-03-07.
  57. ↑ Blaney, Colin (2014). Undesirables. John Blake. p. 288. ISBN 978-1782198970.
  58. ↑ "The History of the Grand Old Team". Belfast Celtic Society. Retrieved 2009-02-11.
  59. ↑ "Two charged over football rioting". BBC Sport. 2005-05-03. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
  60. ↑ "Two charged over football rioting". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
  61. ↑ Mahon, Eddie (1998). Derry City. Guildhall Press. p. 124. Trouble occurred at the start of the 2009–10 season, with a match between Portadown and Glentoran at Shamrock Park in Portadown seeing a Portadown fan breaking through temporary barriers in front of the stand and attempting to attack Glentoran player Gary Hamilton, a former Portadown player, after he scored the winner in a 2–1 win for the Glens in the last minute of the game. Glentoran fans then broke down a fence and flooded onto the pitch. Calm was restored quickly with the help of both Glentoran Players and both sets of stewards. Police were brought in and a 17-year-old was arrested and charged. Both clubs were fined for the incident.
  62. ↑ Hassan, David (2002). Soccer and Society. Routledge. vol. 3, no. 3, "People Apart: Soccer, Identity and Irish Nationalists in Northern Ireland", pp. 65–83. ISSN 1466-0970.
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  64. ↑ Buford, Bill (1993). Among the thugs (1st Vintage Departures ed. ed.). Vintage Departures. pp. 171–172. ISBN 0-679-74535-1.
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  66. ↑ Lowles N and Nicholls A (2007) Hooligans A-L Vol 1 (Wrea Green: Milo; Lowles N and Nicholls A (2007) Hooligans M-Z Vol 1 (Wrea Green: Milo)
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Police call for stadium ban on Soccer Casuals". The Evening Times. 2004-02-11. Archived from the original on 2006-04-20.
  68. ↑ Harry Reid (2005), The Final Whistle?, Birlinn, 104 ISBN 1-84158-362-6
  69. ↑ "Hooligans jailed after Rangers' UEFA Cup riot in Manchester". The Guardian (London). 2010-09-03.
  70. ↑ Lugton, Alan (1999). The Making of Hibernian 1. John Donald Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-85976-509-1
  71. ↑ history of Hibernian FC, from the official Hibs Website
  72. ↑ "Hibernian | Hibernian FC | History | Timeline | Timeline | Early Success". Hibernian FC. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
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  75. ↑ http://www.europeana.eu/portal/brief-doc.html?embedded=&start=1&view=table&query=hibs+v+hearts+trouble
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  77. ↑ "Hibs Casuals". The Herald. 2011-02-17.
  78. ↑ Giulianotti, R. (1994a). Keep it in the family: An outline of the social ontology of Hibs Casuals. In R. Giulianotti and J. Williams (eds), Football, Identity and Modernity: Fans and Players in the World Game. Manchester: Manchester University Press
  79. ↑ Dykes, Derek (26 May 2008). These Colours Don't Run: Inside the Hibs Capital City Service. Fort Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-905769-12-4.
  80. ↑ Blance, Andy (24 September 2009). Hibs Boy. Fort Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-905769-15-5.
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Lipscombe, Robert (01 May 2007). CCS: The Story. Unpublished Bebo page. http://www.bebo.com/Chapters.jsp?MemberId=4040181210
  82. ↑ "Casuals make it the battle of Trafalgar II – Anna Smith – Daily Record". 1996-06-16. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help);
  83. ↑ Jay Allan (1989), Bloody Casuals, Framedram, ISBN 0-905489-41-1 ISBN 978-0905489414
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  85. ↑ Robb, Stephen (23 October 2004). "Cardiff fans 'are not hooligans'". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
  86. ↑ "frontline". Urban Dictionary. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
  87. ↑ "UK | Wales | Police issue pictures of hooligans". BBC News. 2002-10-30. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
  88. ↑ "UK | Wales | North East Wales | 'Disgraceful' hooligans jailed". BBC News. 2004-04-07. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
  89. ↑ http://www.onttss.co.uk/cctv.htm[]

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