Flat spline

A spline

A spline or the more modern term flexible curve consists of a long strip fixed in position at a number of points that relaxes to form and hold a smooth curve passing through those points for the purpose of transferring that curve to another material.

Before computers were used for creating engineering designs, drafting tools were employed by designers drawing by hand. To draw curves, especially for shipbuilding, draftsmen often used long, thin, flexible strips of wood, plastic, or metal called splines (or laths, not to be confused with lathes). The splines were held in place with lead weights (called ducks because of their duck-like shape). The elasticity of the spline material combined with the constraint of the control points, or knots, would cause the strip to take the shape that minimized the energy required for bending it between the fixed points, this being the smoothest possible shape.

A modern flexible curve

Splines are more recently referred to as flexible curves and perform much of the original function. The main difference between splines and flexible curves is that the control points of flexible curves are entirely internal in their housing. This has one advantage over splines: whereas the draftsman had to first set up the spline and control points before moving the object to be marked to the spline in that order only, with flexible curves the draftsman can also set up the flexible curve before carefully moving the flexible curve to the object to be marked.

One can recreate an original draftsman's spline device with weights and a length of thin stiff plastic or rubber tubing. The weights are attached to the tube (by gluing or pinning). The tubing is then placed over drawing paper. Crosses are marked on the paper to designate the knots or control points. The tube is then adjusted so that it passes over the control points.[1]

In 1946, mathematicians started studying the spline shape, and derived the piecewise polynomial formula known as the spline curve or spline function. This has led to the widespread use of such functions in computer-aided design, especially in the surface designs of vehicles. I. J. Schoenberg gave the spline function its name after its resemblance to the mechanical spline used by draftsmen.[2]

The origins of the spline in wood-working may show in the conjectured etymology which connects the word spline to the word splinter. Later craftsmen have made splines out of rubber, steel, and other elastomeric materials.

Spline devices help bend the wood for pianos, violins, violas, etc. The Wright brothers used one to shape the wings of their aircraft.

See also

References

  1. ↑ de Boor, Carl. "A draftman's [sic] spline". University of Wisconsin–Madison. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
  2. ↑ Schoenberg, I. J. (August 19, 1964). "Spline Functions and the Problem of Graduation" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (National Academy of Sciences) 52 (4): 947–950. doi:10.1073/pnas.52.4.947. Retrieved 2012-02-24.