Firman of Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey
Mehmet Bey's firman was the decree of Mehmet I of Karaman (Karamanoğlu Mehmet) who was a vizier of Suljuks which stated that the official language of Seljuks was Turkish.
Mehmet Beg or Mehmet Bey of Karaman (Turkish: Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey), also known as Shams al-Din Mehmed Beg[1] was the third ruler of the Karamanids. His father was Karaman Bey.
Mehmet Fuat Köprülü suggested that the government officials, who had been educated under the influence of the Persian culture, had used the Persian language in their state's official business, and this strong compulsory of using Persian as official language had lasted until the Karamanids lord Mehmed Bey's invasion of Konya.[2]
Agop Dilaçar, who is known for his works on the Sun Language Theory, claimed that Mehmed Bey might have declared Turkish language the official language of the state.[3][4] According to Dilaçar, in his firman dated 13 May (15 May ?) 1277, he ordered that "from that day forward, in the council, in the dervish lodge, in the court, in the assembly, in the square, no language but Turkish should be spoken".
[3][5]
Before him, the Seljuq elite in Anatolia used Persian in literature and Arabic in government and science. The Turkmen however could not understand these languages.
After his failed rebellion in Ankara, he died in a conflict against Seljuq-Mongol troops.
See also
- Old Anatolian Turkish language
- Jimri
References
- ↑ The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume 4, Brill, 1954, p. 620.
- ↑ Acem kültürünün te'sirleri altında yetişen me'murlar devlet işlerinde de Fars dilini kullanmakta idiler; Farsçanın resmî dil olarak bu kuvvetli tehakkümü, Karaman Beyi Mehmed Bey'in Konya'yı istilâsına kadar sürdü., Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, Türk Edebiyatında ilk Mutasavvıflar, 6. Basım, Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı, 1987, p. 234. (Turkish)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Agop Dilaçar, Devlet Dili Olarak Türkçe, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, 1962, p. 14. (Turkish)
- ↑ Taqī Āzādarmakī, T. Azadarmaki, Contact Des Langues Dans L'Espace Arabo - Turco - Persan I: Arabo - Turco - Persan I, Peeters Publishers, 2005, ISBN 978-2-909961-35-4, p. 90. (French)
- ↑ Carter Vaughn Findley, The Turks in World History, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-19-517726-8, pp. 74-75.
External links
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- Ağzıkara Han caravanserai near Aksaray (1237)
- Ak Han caravanserai near Denizli (1254)
- Alaca Han caravanserai in Alacahan (~1280)
- Alara Han caravanserai near Manavgat
- Alay Han caravanserai near Aksaray (1190)
- Altınapa Han caravanserai between Beyşehir and Konya (1201)
- Angit Han caravanserai between Konya and Akşehir (1201)
- Burma Han caravanserai in Divriği (13th century)
- Çakallı Han caravanserai near Samsun (~1250)
- Çardak Han (Hanabad) caravanserai in Çardak (1230)
- Çay Han caravanserai in Çay (1279)
- Dokuzun Han caravanserai in Konya (1210)
- Eğirdir Han caravanserai in Eğirdir (1238)
- Ertokuş Han caravanserai near Eğirdir (1224)
- Eshab-i Kehf Han caravanserai near Afşin–Elbistan (~1225)
- Evdir Han caravanserai near Antalya (1224)
- Ezinepazar Han caravanserai near Amasya (1246)
- Goncalı Akhan caravanserai between Konya and Aksaray
- Hatun Han caravanserai between Amasya and Tokat
- Hekim Han caravanserai in Hekimhan (1220)
- Horozlu Han caravanserai near Konya (1249)
- Incir Han caravanserai near Bucak (1239)
- Kadın Han caravanserai in Kadınhanı (1223)
- Karatay Han caravanserai near Pınarbaşı (1241)
- Kargı Han caravanserai near Antalya (1246)
- Kesikköprü Han caravanserai near Kırşehir (1268)
- Kırkgöz Han caravanserai near Antalya (1246)
- Kızılören Han caravanserai near Konya (1206)
- Kuruçeşme Han caravanserai near Konya (1210)
- Melleç Han caravanserai near Anamur (13th century)
- Mirçinge Han caravanserai near Divriği (13th century)
- Obruk Han caravanserai near Konya (1230)
- Öresin Han caravanserai near Aksaray (~1275)
- Pazar Han caravanserai near Tokat (1239)
- Zazadın Han caravanserai near Konya (1236)
- Şarapsa Han caravanserai near Alanya (1246)
- Sarı Han caravanserai near Ürgüp (1249)
- Sevserek Han caravanserai between Malatya and Pötürge (13th century)
- Sultan Han caravanserai between Konya and Aksaray (1229)
- Sultan Han caravanserai near Bünyan between Kayseri and Sivas (1236)
- Susuz Han caravanserai near Bucak (1246)
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- Founder
- Sökmen el Kutbi
- Capital
- Ahlat
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- Sökmen el Kutbi (1100–1112)
- Ibrahim bin Sökmen (? - ?)
- Ahmed bin Ibrahim (? - ?)
- Sökmen the Second (1128–1185)
- Seyfeddin Begtimur (1185–1193)
- Aksungur (1193–1197)
- Muhammed bin Begtimur (1185–1207)
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- Ancestors
- Eksük and his son Artuk, from Döğer Oghuz Türkmen clan
- Founder
- Muinüddin Sökmen Bey
- Capitals
- Three branches in Hasankeyf, Mardin and Harput
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| | Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty: |
- Müinüddin Sökmen Bey (1102–1104)
- Sökmenli Ibrahim Bey (1104–1131)
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| | Mardin Dynasty or Ilgazi Dynasty: |
- Necmeddin Ilgazi (1106–1122)
- Hüsameddin Timurtaş (1122–1154)
- Necmeddin Alp (1154–1176)
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| | Harput Dynasty: |
- Belek Bey (1112–1124)
- Nureddin Muhammed (? - ?)
- Sökmen the Second (? - ?)
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| | Important works: |
- Artuqid Palace in Diyarbakır
- Widescale extension of Diyarbakır City Walls
- Malabadi Bridge
- Hasankeyf Bridge
- Sökmenli Nasirüddevle Bîmaristan-ı Farukî Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Silvan (1108)
- Emineddin (brother of Ilgazi) Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Mardin (built between 1122)
- Great Mosque of Silvan
- Great Mosque of Mardin
- Older Great Mosque of Midyat (Cami-i Kebir)
- Great Mosque of Kızıltepe
- Great Mosque of Harput
- Artuqid Caravanserai in Mardin
- Ibrahim Shah Caravanserai near Keban between Elazığ and Çemişgezek
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- Danishmend Gazi (1071–1105)
- Emir Gazi Gümüştekin (1105–1134)
- Melik Mehmed (1134–1146)
- Yağıbasan (1146–1164)
- Melik Ismail (1164–1175)
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| | Important works: |
- Great Mosque of Niksar
- Great Mosque of Kayseri
- Kayseri Kölük Mosque
- Danishmend Gazi Tomb (Melik Gazi Tomb) in Niksar
- Denishmend Melik Mehmed Gazi Tomb in Kayseri
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| | Dynasty: |
- Mengücek Bey (1071–1118)
- Mengücekli Ishak Bey (1118–1120)
- 1120–1142
- Temporarily incorporated into the Beylik of Danishmends
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| | Erzincan and Kemah Branch | |
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| | Divriği Branch |
- Mengücekli Süleyman Shah (1142- ?)
- 1277
- Beylik destroyed by Abaka
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| | Important works: |
- Divriği Great Mosque and Divriği Turan Melek Sultan Medical Center (Darüşşifa) (1229)
- Kale Mosque in Divriği
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| | Important centers and extension: | |
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| | Dynasty: |
- Saltuk Bey (1072–1102)
- Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım (1102 - ~1124)
- Ziyâüddin Gazi (~1124–1132)
- Izzeddin Saltuk (1132–1168)
- Nâsırüddin Muhammed (1168–1191)
- Mama Hatun (1191–1200)
- Melikshah bin Muhammed (1200–1202)
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| | Important works: |
- Great Mosque of Erzurum
- Emir Saltuk Tomb in Erzurum
- Mama Hatun Caravanserai in Tercan
- Mama Hatun Tomb in Tercan
- Kale Mosque in Erzurum
- Erzurum Medical Center (Darüşşifa) (1147)
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| | | Aydinids (1307–1425) |
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- Founder
- Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey
- Capitals
- Birgi, later Ayasluğ
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- Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307–1334)
- Umur Beg (1334–1348)
- Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
- Aydınoğlu Isa Bey ( - 1390)
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| | Events |
- 1390
- First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1414
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402–1403)
- Aydınoğlu Umur Bey the Second (1403–1405)
- İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405–1425 with intervals)
- 1425
- Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
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| | Important works: |
- Isabey Mosque in Selçuk (1375)
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| | Dynasty: |
- Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha (1309 - ~1340)
- Candaroğlu Ibrahim Bey (1340–1345)
- Candaroğlu Adil Bey (1340–1361)
- Celaleddin Bayezid (1361–1385)
- Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second (1384–1392)
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| | Sinop Dynasty or Isfendiyarid Dynasty : |
- Isfendiyar Bey (1385–1440)
- Taceddin Ibrahim Bey (1440–1443)
- Kemaleddin Ismail Bey (1443–1461)
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| | Chronology |
- 1461
- Incorporation (by surrender) of Sinop branch into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II
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| | Important centers and extension: | |
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| | Dynasty: |
- Hüsamettin Çoban Bey (1309 - ?)
- Alp Yürek (? - ?)
- Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan (? - ?)
- Çobanoğlu Mahmud Bey (? - 1309)
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- Ancestor
- Hasan Dulkadir
- Founder
- Zeyneddin Karaca Bey
- Capital
- Elbistan
| | | Chronology |
- 1443–1525
- Increasingly tributary and gradually incorporated into the Ottoman Empire
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| | Important centers and extension: | |
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| | Dynasty: |
- Zeyneddin Karaca Bey (1348–1348)
- Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey (1348–1386)
- Sûli Bey (1386–1396)
- Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey (1396–1443)
- Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey (1443–1454)
- Melik Arslan (?-?)
- Shah Budak (?-1492)
- Şahsuvar (?-?)
- Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey (1492–1507)
- Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey (1507- ~1525)
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- Founder
- Eretna Bey, brother-in-law of the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia, Timurtash
- Capital
- Sivas, later Kayseri
| | | Chronology |
- 1326
- Beylik replaced by Mehmed Bey's chancellor Kadı Burhaneddin
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| | Important centers and extension: | |
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| | Dynasty: |
- Eretna Bey (1328–1352)
- Gıyasüddin Mehmed Bey (1352–1365)
- Alâeddin Ali Bey (1365–1380)
- Mehmed Bey the Second (1380–1381)
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| | | | Chronology | |
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| | Important centers and extension: | |
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| | Dynasty: |
- Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1288–1302)
- Eşrefoğlu Mehmed Bey (1302–1320)
- Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the Second (1320–1326)
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| | Important works: | |
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- Ancestor
- Kerimüddin Alişir
- Founder
- Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First
- Capital
- Kütahya
| | | Important centers and extension: | |
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| | Dynasty: |
- Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First (1300–1340)
- Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey (1340–1361)
- Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah (1361–1387)
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| | Chronology |
- 1390
- First period of incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I
- 1402–1414
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second (1402–1429)
- 1414
- Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty by Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second under Mehmed I
- 1429
- Second and last incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
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| | | | Chronology |
- 1374
- Incorporation (by sale of territories) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I and also partially to Karamanid dynasty.
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| | Important centers and extension: | |
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| | Dynasty: |
- Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey (~1280–1324)
- Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey (1324–1330)
- Hamidoğlu Necmeddin Ishak Bey (? - ?)
- Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey (? - ?)
- Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin Ilyas Bey (? - ?)
- Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey (? - 1391)
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| | | | Chronology | |
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| | Dynasty: |
- Kerimeddin Karaman Bey (1256–1261)
- Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey (1261–1283)
- Güneri Bey (1283–1300)
- Bedreddin Mahmud Bey (1300–1308)
- Yahşı Han Bey (1308–1312)
- Bedreddin Ibrahim Bey (1312–1333)
- Alâeddin Halil Mirza Bey (1333–1348)
- Bedreddin Ibrahim Bey, 2nd reign (1348–1349)
- Fahreddin Ahmed Bey (1349–1350)
- Şemdeddin Bey the Second (1350–1351)
- Burhaneddin Musa Bey (1351–1356)
- Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1356–1357)
- Alâeddin Ali Bey (1357–1398)
- Nasreddin Mehmed Bey (1398–1399)
- Bengi Alâeddin Ali Bey (1418–1424)
- Damat Ibrahim Bey (1424–1464)
- Sultanzade Ishak Bey (1464)
- Sultanzade Pir Ahmed Bey (1464–1469)
- Karamanoğlu Kasım Bey (1469–1483)
- Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey (1483–1487)
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- Ancestor
- Melik Danişmend Gazi
- Founder
- Karesi Bey
- Capital
- Balıkesir
| | | Chronology | |
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| | Important centers and extension: | |
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| | Dynasty: |
- Karesi Bey (1307–1328)
- Demir Han (1328–1345)
- Yahşı Han (1328–1345)
- Süleyman Bey (1345–1360)
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- Ancestor
- Germiyanlı Ali Bey
- Founder
- Inanç Bey
- Capital
- Denizli
| | | Chronology |
- 1368
- Re-incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Germiyan
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| | Important centers and extension: | |
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| | Dynasty: |
- Inanç Bey (~1300 - ~1314)
- Murad Arslan (~1314 - ?)
- Inançoğlu Ishak Bey (? - ~1360)
- Süleyman Bey (1345–1368)
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- Founder
- Menteşe Bey
- Capitals
- Beçin castle and nearby Milas, later also Balat
| | | Important centers and extension | |
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| | Dynasty: |
- Menteşe Bey (~1261 - ~1282)
- Menteşeoğlu Mesud Bey (~1282 - ~1320)
- Menteşeoğlu Şücaüddin Orhan Bey (~1320 - ~1340)
- Menteşeoğlu Ibrahim Bey (~1340 - ~1360)
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| | Chronology |
- 1360
- Division between the three sons of Menteşeoğlu Ibrahim Bey; Musa, Mehmed, Ahmed
- 1390
- First period of incorporation into the Ottoman Empire (by submission) under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1414
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Menteşeoğlu Ilyas Bey
- 1414
- Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty under Mehmed I
- 1424
- Second and last incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
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| | Important works: | |
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| | | | Chronology | |
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| | Important centers and extension: | |
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| | Dynasty: |
- Süleyman Pervâne (1261–1277)
- Pervâneoğlu Mehmed Bey (1277–1296)
- Pervâneoğlu Mesud Bey (1296–1300)
- Pervâneoğlu Gazi Çelebi (1300–1326)
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| | Important works | |
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| | | | Chronology |
- 1516
- Icorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Selim I
- 1516–1608
- Dynasty members as Beys of Ottoman sanjak of Adana until 1608.
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| | Important centers and extension: | |
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| | Dynasty: |
- Ibrahim Bey (1344-?)
- Ahmed Bey (?-1416)
- Ibrahim Bey (1416–1417)
- Hamza Bey (1417–1427)
- Mehmed Bey (1427-?)
- Eyluk Bey (? - ?)
- Dündar Bey (? - ?)
- Omer Bey (?-1490)
- Giyas al-Din Halil Bey (1490–1511)
- Hahmud Bey (1511–1516)
- Selim Bey (?-?)
- Kubad Bey (1517-?)
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| | | | Chronology |
- 1341
- Incorporation into the Beylik of Germiyan
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| | Important centers and extension: | |
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| | Dynasty |
- Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali (1275–1288) and sons
- Nusreddin Ahmed (1288–1341)
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| | Important works: | |
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| | | | Important centers and extension: | |
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| | Dynasty |
- Saruhan Bey (1302–1345)
- Fahreddin Ilyas Bey
- Muzafferuddin Ishak Bey ( -1388)
- Hızır Shah (1388–1390)
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| | Chronology |
- 1390
- First period of incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1410
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Saruhanoğlu Orhan Bey (1402–1403)
- Hızır Shah (1403–1410)
- 1410
- Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Mehmed I
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| | | |
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| | | | Important centers and extension: | |
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| | Dynasty: |
- Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey (1301-?)
- Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey (?-1327)
- Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
- Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey (?-?)
- Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey (~1360 - ~1375)
- Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (~1375–1390)
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| | Chronology |
- 1390
- First period of incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1423
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (1402–1423)
- 1423
- Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
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| | Important works: |
- Yivli Minare Mosque in Antalya (~1375)
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