Felix Hoffmann

For the Swiss graphic designer and illustrator, see Felix Hoffmann (illustrator).
Felix Hoffmann

Felix Hoffmann (January 21, 1868 – February 8, 1946) was a German chemist, credited for the first synthesized medically useful forms of heroin and aspirin, while he was employed as a chemist at BayerAG.

Biography

Felix Hoffmann was born on January 21, 1868 in Ludwigsburg, the son of an industrialist. In 1889 he started studying chemistry at the Ludwig- Maximilians- University of Munich to study pharmacy and ended it in 1890 with the pharmaceutical state exam. In 1891 he graduated magna cum laude from the University of Munich. Two years later he earned his doctorate, also magna cum laude, after completing his thesis entitled "On certain derivatives of dihydroanthracene".[1] In 1894, he joined Bayer as a research chemist.

Hoffman sought to find an alternate way to treat arthritis without utilizing sodium salicylate, the standard anti-arthritis drug of the time. The large doses, 6 - 8 grams, of sodium salicylate that was used to treat arthritis commonly irritated the stomach lining and caused patients considerable pain and irritation. Since acidity made salicylates hard on the stomach, he began looking for a less acidic formation which led him to synthesize acetylsalicylic acid, a compound that shared the therapeutic properties of other salicylates but not the strong acidity that he believed caused stomach irritations.[2]

This was achieved by putting the compound through a series of chemical reactions that covered up one of the acidic portions, leaving the carboxylic acid group, with an ACETYL group converting it into acetylsalicylic acid. Thus by acetylating salicylic acid with acetic acid, he succeeded in creating acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in a chemically pure and stable form.

On August 10, 1897, Hoffmann synthesized acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) for the first time in a stable form usable for medical applications. By acetylating salicylic acid with acetic acid, he succeeded in creating acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in a chemically pure and stable form. The pharmacologist responsible for verifying these results was skeptical at first, yet once several large-scale studies to investigate the substance's efficacy and tolerability had been completed, it was found Hoffmann had discovered a pain-relieving, fever-lowering and anti-inflammatory substance. The company then worked to develop a cost-effective production process that would facilitate the promising active ingredient to be supplied as a pharmaceutical product. In 1899 it was marketed for the first time under the trade name Aspirin, initially as a powder supplied in glass bottles.[2]

He was also the first to create a stable version of Diacetylmorphine or Heroin, but he was not its original inventor.[2]

Following the synthesis of aspirin, Hoffmann moved to the pharmaceutical marketing department, where he stayed until his retirement in 1928. He was granted full power of attorney, over Aspirin[3]

Hoffman was never married and died without issue on February 8, 1946 in Switzerland.

Controversy

An alternative credit for developing aspirin has also been offered. In 1949, ex-Bayer employee Arthur Eichengrün published a paper in which he claimed to have planned and directed Hoffman's synthesis of aspirin along with the synthesis of several related compounds. He also claimed to be responsible for aspirin's initial surreptitious clinical testing. Finally, he claimed that Hoffmann's role was restricted to the initial lab synthesis using his (Eichengrün's) process and nothing more.[4]

The Eichengrün version was ignored by historians and chemists until 1999, when Walter Sneader of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow re-examined the case and came to the conclusion that indeed Eichengrün's account was convincing and correct and that Eichengrün deserved credit for the invention of aspirin.[5] Bayer denied this speculation in a press release, confirming that the invention of aspirin was due to Hoffmann.

Legacy

In 2002, he was inducted into the US National Inventors Hall of Fame.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ http://www.bayer.com/en/felix-hoffmann.aspx
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Chemical Heritage Foundation Felix Hoffmann biography Page accessed April 26, 2015
  3. ↑ http://www.bayer.com/en/felix-hoffmann.aspx
  4. ↑ Eichengrün A. 50 Jahre Aspirin. Pharmazie 1949;4:582-4. (in German)
  5. ↑ Sneader, W (2000). "The discovery of aspirin: a reappraisal". BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 321 (7276): 1591–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7276.1591. PMC 1119266. PMID 11124191.