Federal republic

A federal republic is a federation of states with a republican form of government. Usage of the term republic is inconsistent; [1] however, at its core, the literal meaning of the word republic when used to reference a form of government means: "a state where sovereignty rests with the people or their representatives, rather than with a monarch or emperor; a country with no monarchy".[2]

In a federal republic, there is a division of powers between the federal government and the government of the individual subdivisions. While each federal republic manages this division of powers differently, common matters relating to security and defense, and monetary policy are usually handled at the federal level, while matters such as infrastructure maintenance and education policy are usually handled at the regional or local level. However, views differ on what issues should be a federal competence, and subdivisions usually have sovereignty in some matters where the federal government does not have jurisdiction. A federal republic is thus best defined in contrast to a unitary republic, whereby the central government has complete sovereignty over all aspects of political life. As in the United States,[3] most federal republics codify the division of powers between orders of government in a written constitutional document.

The political differences between a federal republic and other federal states, especially federal monarchies under a parliamentary system of government, are largely a matter of legal form rather than political substance, as most federal states are democratic in structure if not practice. However, some federal monarchies, such as the United Arab Emirates are based upon principles other than democracy.

Contemporary

Federal StateOfficial Name and StyleSubdivisionsHead of state
 Argentina Republic of Argentina Provinces President
 Austria[4] Republic of Austria States President
 Bosnia and Herzegovina[5] Bosnia and Herzegovina Entities, Cantons and one federal District Collective Presidency
 Brazil[6] Federative Republic of Brazil States President
 Comoros Union of the Comoros Autonomous islands President
 Ethiopia[7] Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Regions President
 Germany[8] Federal Republic of Germany States President
 India[9] Republic of India States President
 Iraq Republic of Iraq Provinces President
 Mexico[10] United Mexican States States and one federal district President
 Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia States President
   Nepal[11] Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal Development Regions President
 Nigeria[12] Federal Republic of Nigeria States President
 Pakistan[13] Islamic Republic of Pakistan Provinces President
 Russia[14] Russian Federation Federal subjects President
 Somalia Federal Republic of Somalia States President
 South Sudan Republic of South Sudan States President
 Sudan Republic of the Sudan States President
  Switzerland[15] Swiss Confederation Cantons Federal Council
 United States[16] United States of America States President
 Venezuela[17] Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela States President

Historic

FederationOfficial Name and StylePeriodSubdivisions
 Dutch Republic Republic of the Seven United Netherlands 1581–1795 Provinces
 Colombia Republic of Colombia
United States of Colombia 		1819-1831
1863–1886 		States
Federal Republic of Central America United Provinces of Central America
Federal Republic of Central America 		1823–1838
 Germany German Reich (Weimar Republic) 1919-1933 States
 Russian SFSR Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1917-1991 Federal Subjects
 Soviet Union Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1922-1991 Republics
 Yugoslavia[18] Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 		1945-1992 Republics
 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
 Serbia and Montenegro 		Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
State Union of Serbia and Montenegro 		1992-2003
2003-2006 		Republics
 Burma Union of Burma 1948-1962 States
 Indonesia Republic of the United States of Indonesia 1949-1950[19] States
 Cameroon Federal Republic of Cameroon 1961-1972
 Czechoslovakia[18] Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
Czech and Slovak Federative Republic 		1969-1990
1990-1993		 Socialist Republics
Republics

See also

Notes and references

  1. ↑ Merriam Webster Dictionary: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/republic
  2. ↑ http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/republic
  3. ↑ Forum of Federations: , Schram, Sanford. Handbook of Federal Countries: United States, pg 373-391, 2005.
  4. ↑ CIA World Factbook: Austria, 14 May 2009
  5. ↑ CIA World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina, 14 May 2009
  6. ↑ CIA World Factbook: Brazil, 14 May 2009
  7. ↑ CIA World Factbook: Ethiopia, 14 May 2009
  8. ↑ CIA World Factbook: Germany, 14 May 2009
  9. ↑ CIA World Factbook: India, 14 May 2009
  10. ↑ CIA World Factbook: Mexico, 14 May 2009
  11. ↑ CIA World Factbook: Nepal, 14 May 2009
  12. ↑ CIA World Factbook: Nigeria, 14 May 2009
  13. ↑ CIA World Factbook: Pakistan, 14 May 2009
  14. ↑ CIA World Factbook: Russia, 14 May 2009
  15. ↑ CIA World Factbook: Switzerland, 14 May 2009
  16. ↑ CIA World Factbook: United States, 14 May 2009
  17. ↑ CIA World Factbook: Venezuela, 14 May 2009
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 The CIA World Factbook officially dated October 15, 1991
  19. ↑ The states lived on until a final treaty in 1956 in which Republic of South Maluku and the State of Eastern Sumatra agreed to devolve into the Republic of Indonesia.