Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution

The Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (German: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV)) is the Federal Republic of Germany's domestic security agency. Together with the Landesämter für Verfassungsschutz (LfV) at the state level, it is tasked with intelligence-gathering on threats concerning the democratic order, the existence and security of the federation or one of its states, and the peaceful coexistence of peoples; with counter-intelligence; and with protective security and counter-sabotage.^[1] The BfV reports to the Federal Ministry of the Interior. From 2000 to July 2012, Heinz Fromm (SPD) served as its president until his resignation in the wake of a scandal regarding the destruction of files related to the National Socialist Underground, a right-wing terror group.^[2] Since 1 August 2012, the agency has been headed by Hans-Georg Maaßen.^[3]

Oversight

The BfV is overseen by the Federal Ministry of the Interior as well as the Bundestag, the Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information and other federal institutions. The Federal Minister of the Interior has administrative and functional control of the BfV. Parliamentary control is exercised by the Bundestag in general debate, question times and urgent inquires, as well as by its committees, most notably the Parliamentary Control Commission and the G10 Commission. The BfV is also under judicial control and all its activities can be legally challenged in court. Based on the right of information, the general public can direct inquires and petitions at the BfV.

Unlike some intelligence agencies of other countries, like the USA, the agents of the German intelligence services, including the BfV, have no police authority. In particular, they are not allowed to arrest people and don't carry weapons.^[4]

Organisation

BfV headquarters in Cologne

BfV headquarters in Berlin

The BfV is based in Cologne. It is headed by a president (currently Hans-Georg Maaßen) and a vice-president (currently Alexander Eisvogel) and organised in eight departments:^[5]

• Department Z: Administration
• Department IT: IT and operational intelligence technology
• Department 1: Central services and support
• Department 2: Extremism (left- and right-wing)
• Department 4: Counter-espionage, protective security and counter-sabotage
• Department 5: Security threats posed to by foreign extremists or from abroad
• Department 6: Islamic extremism and terrorism

In 2013 federal funding for the BfV was € 207 million;^[6] with a total of 2,641 staff members employed.^[7]

Activities and operations

While the BfV uses all kinds of surveillance technology and infiltration, they mostly use open sources.^[1] The BfV publishes a yearly report (Verfassungsschutzbericht) which is intended to raise awareness about anti-constitutional activities.^[8]

Main concerns of the BfV are:

• Left-wing political extremists, platforms, movements and parties, notably certain factions within Die Linke, as well as other smaller parties and groups preaching communism
• Right-wing political extremists (mainly Neo-Nazis, including the NPD, DVU political parties and smaller groups preaching Nazism, fascism, racism and xenophobia).
• Extremist organisations of foreigners living in Germany (most prominently Islamist terrorists).
• Scientology (considered by the German government an authoritarian, anti-democratic commercial organisation rather than a religion).
• Organised crime is also mentioned as a threat to democracy, law and order, and free enterprise in the country's business economic system. However, organized crime is only marginally, if at all, actively combated by the BfV, as it falls into the responsibility of the normal police, especially the BKA.

History

In the course of drafting the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany the military governors of the Trizone outlined the competences of federal police and intelligence (Polizeibrief of 14 April 1949). In accordance with this outline the BfV was established on 7 November 1950. At first the BfV was mostly concerned with Neo-Nazism and communist revolutionary activities. Soon the BfV also became involved in counter-espionage.^[9]

From the beginning, the BfV was troubled by a number of affairs. First, in the Vulkan affair in April 1953, 44 suspects were arrested and charged with spying on behalf of East Germany (GDR), but were later released as the information provided by the BfV was insufficient to obtain court verdicts. Then, in 1954 the first president of the BfV, Otto John, fled to the GDR. Shortly after that it became public that a number of employees of the BfV had been with the Gestapo during the Third Reich. Nevertheless, material on the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) was essential for banning the party by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany in August 1956. Over the years, a number of associations and political groups were banned on material provided by the BfV.^[9]

Since 1972 the BfV is also concerned with activities of foreign nationals in Germany, especially extremists and so-called terrorists who operate in the country or plan their activities there, such as the Kurdistan Workers' Party. One of the major intelligence failures in this field were the riots by supporters of the PKK in 1998, which the BfV missed due to the Cologne carnival.^[9]

The counter-intelligence activities of the BfV were mostly directed against the Ministry for State Security (MfS) of the GDR. The MfS successfully penetrated the BfV and in a number of affairs destroyed its reputation as a counter-intelligence service by the early 1980s. In this, the MfS profited from the West German border regime which allowed any GDR citizen into the Federal Republic without restrictions.^[9]

Critique

The failure to detect the activities of the 9/11 conspirators questioned the capability of the BfV to protect the constitution and ultimately the population. The rise of "right-wing extremism", especially in the former GDR, was also partly blamed on the failure to establish working structures there.^[9][10]

Presidents

• 1 December 1950 – 20 July 1954 Otto John
• 26 July 1954 – 31 July 1955 Hanns Jess (Acting)
• 1 August 1955 – 30 April 1972 Hubert Schrübbers
• 1 May 1972 – 31 August 1975 Günther Nollau
• 1 September 1975 – 26 April 1982 Richard Meier
• 13 May 1983 – 31 July 1985 Heribert Hellenbroich
• 1 August 1985 – 1 April 1987 Ludwig-Holger Pfahls
• 9 April 1987 – 28 February 1991 Gerhard Boeden
• 28 February 1991 – 27 July 1995 Eckart Werthebach
• 1 August 1995 – 15 May 1996 Hansjörg Geiger
• 15 May 1996 – 10 April 2000 Peter Frisch
• 1 June 2000 – 31 July 2012 Heinz Fromm
• 1 August 2012 – Present Hans-Georg Maaßen

Vice Presidents

• 20 September 1950 – 31 July 1964 Albert Radtke
• 1 August 1964 – 30 November 1966 Ernst Brueckner
• 1 December 1966 – 31 August 1970 Günther Nollau
• 1 September 1970 – 30 April 1972 Werner Smoydzin
• 1 May 1972 – 11 May 1981 John Bardenhewer
• 25 June 1981 – 13 May 1983 Heribert Hellenbroich
• 16 May 1983 – 1 April 1987 Stefan Eckardt Pelny
• 9 April 1987 – 15 May 1996 Peter Frisch
• 7 October 1996 – 30 November 2005 Klaus-Dieter Fritsche
• 1 February 2006 – 28 February 2010 Elmar Remberg
• 3 May 2010 – Present Alexander Eisvogel

See also

• List of intelligence agencies of Germany

References

External links

• Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution
• Heinz Fromm – The Fighter Against Terrorists, Extremists and Russian Spies

Coordinates: 51°01′10″N 6°53′29″E / 51.01944°N 6.89139°E / 51.01944; 6.89139