European emission standards

Simplified chart showing the progression of European emission standards for Diesel cars.

Simplified chart showing the progression of European emission standards for Petrol cars. Note that until Euro 5, there were no PM limits.

European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states. The emission standards are defined in a series of European Union directives staging the progressive introduction of increasingly stringent standards.

Currently, emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), total hydrocarbon (THC), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) are regulated for most vehicle types, including cars, lorries, trains, tractors and similar machinery, barges, but excluding seagoing ships and aeroplanes. For each vehicle type, different standards apply. Compliance is determined by running the engine at a standardised test cycle. Non-compliant vehicles cannot be sold in the EU, but new standards do not apply to vehicles already on the roads. No use of specific technologies is mandated to meet the standards, though available technology is considered when setting the standards. New models introduced must meet current or planned standards, but minor lifecycle model revisions may continue to be offered with pre-compliant engines.

In the early 2000s, Australia began harmonising Australian Design Rule certification for new motor vehicle emissions with Euro categories. Euro III was introduced on 1 January 2006 and is progressively being introduced to align with European introduction dates.

Also see the EU-mandated European on-board diagnostics.

CO₂ emission

Within the European Union, road transport is responsible for about 20% of all CO₂ emissions, with passenger cars contributing about 12%.^[1]

The target fixed at Kyoto Protocol was an 8% reduction of emissions in all sectors of the economy compared to 1990 levels by 2008-2012.

Relative CO₂ emissions from transport have risen rapidly in recent years, from 21% of the total in 1990 to 28% in 2004,^[1][2][3] but currently there are no standards for limits on CO₂ emissions from vehicles.

EU transport emissions of CO₂ currently account for about 3.5% of total global CO₂ emissions.

Obligatory labelling

The purpose of Directive 1999/94/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 13 December 1999 relating to the availability of consumer information on fuel economy and CO₂ emissions in respect of the marketing of new passenger cars^[4] is to ensure that information relating to the fuel economy and CO₂ emissions of new passenger cars offered for sale or lease in the Community is made available to consumers in order to enable consumers to make an informed choice.

In the United Kingdom, the initial approach was deemed ineffective. The way the information was presented was too complicated for consumers to understand. As a result, car manufacturers in the United Kingdom voluntarily agreed to put a more “consumer-friendly,” colour-coded label displaying CO₂ emissions on all new cars beginning in September 2005, with a letter from A (<100 CO₂ g/km) to F ( 186+ CO₂ g/km) . The goal of the new “green label” is to give consumers clear information about the environmental performance of different vehicles.^[5]

Other EU member countries are also in the process of introducing consumer-friendly labels.

Obligatory vehicle CO₂ emission limits

EU Regulation No 443/2009 sets an average CO₂ emissions target for new passenger cars of 130 grams per kilometre. The target is gradually being phased in between 2012 and 2015. A target of 95 grams per kilometre will apply from 2021.

For light commercial vehicle, an emissions target of 175 g/km applies from 2017, and 147 g/km from 2020.^[6]

Toxic emission: stages and legal framework

The stages are typically referred to as Euro 1, Euro 2, Euro 3, Euro 4 and Euro 5 for Light Duty Vehicle standards. The corresponding series of standards for Heavy Duty Vehicles use Roman, rather than Arabic numerals (Euro I, Euro II, etc.)

The legal framework consists in a series of directives, each amendments to the 1970 Directive 70/220/EEC.^[7] The following is a summary list of the standards, when they come into force, what they apply to, and which EU directives provide the definition of the standard.

• Euro 1 (1993):
  • For passenger cars - 91/441/EEC.^[8]
  • Also for passenger cars and light trucks - 93/59/EEC.
• Euro 2 (1996) for passenger cars - 94/12/EC (& 96/69/EC)
  • For motorcycle - 2002/51/EC (row A)^[9] - 2006/120/EC
• Euro 3 (2000) for any vehicle - 98/69/EC^[10]
  • For motorcycle - 2002/51/EC (row B)^[9] - 2006/120/EC
• Euro 4 (2005) for any vehicle - 98/69/EC (& 2002/80/EC)
• Euro 5 (2008/9) for light passenger and commercial vehicles - 715/2007/EC^[11]
• Euro 6 (2014) for light passenger and commercial vehicles - 715/2007/EC^[11]

These limits supersede the original directive on emission limits 70/220/EEC.

The classifications for vehicle category are defined by:^[12]

• Commission Directive 2001/116/EC of 20 December 2001, adapting to technical progress Council Directive 70/156/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers^[13][14]
• Directive 2002/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 March 2002 relating to the type-approval of two or three-wheeled motor vehicles and repealing Council Directive 92/61/EEC

In the area of fuels, the 2001 Biofuels Directive requires that 5.75% of all transport fossil fuels (petrol and diesel) should be replaced by biofuels by 31 December 2010, with an intermediate target of 2% by the end of 2005. However, MEPs have since voted to lower this target in the wake of new scientific evidence about the sustainability of biofuels and the impact on food prices. In a vote in Strasbourg, the European parliament’s environment committee supported a plan to curb the EU target for renewable sources in transport to 4% by 2015. They also said that a thorough review would be required in 2015 before the EU could progress to an 8-10% mark by 2020.

Emission standards for passenger cars

Exhaust gases are far less toxic than they were years ago.

Emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles are summarised in the following tables. Since the Euro 2 stage, EU regulations introduce different emission limits for diesel and petrol vehicles. Diesels have more stringent CO standards but are allowed higher NOx emissions. Petrol-powered vehicles are exempted from particulate matter (PM) standards through to the Euro 4 stage, but vehicles with direct injection engines will be subject to a limit of 0.005 g/km for Euro 5 and Euro 6. A particulate number standard (P) or (PN) has been introduced in 2011 with Euro 5b for diesel engines and in 2014 with Euro 6 for petrol engines. ^{[15] [16]}

All dates listed in the tables refer to new type approvals. The EC Directives also specify a second date — usually one year later — which applies to first registration (entry into service) of existing, previously type-approved vehicle models.

European emission standards for passenger cars (Category M*), g/km

Emission standards for light commercial vehicles

European emission standards for light commercial vehicles ≤1305 kg (Category N₁-I), g/km

European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305 kg – 1760 kg (Category N₁-II), g/km

European emission standards for light commercial vehicles >1760 kg max 3500 kg. (Category N₁-III & N₂), g/km

Emission standards for trucks and buses

Whereas for passenger cars, the standards are defined by vehicle driving distance, g/km, for lorries (trucks) they are defined by engine energy output, g/kWh, and are therefore in no way comparable. The following table contains a summary of the emission standards and their implementation dates. Dates in the tables refer to new type approvals; the dates for all type approvals are in most cases one year later (EU type approvals are valid longer than one year).

The official category name is heavy-duty diesel engines, which generally includes lorries and buses.

EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines, g/kWh (smoke in m⁻¹)

Emission standards for large goods vehicles

Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle

Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle or EEV is a term used in the European emission standards for the definition of a "clean vehicle" > 3.5 tonne in the category M2 and M3. The standard lies between the levels of Euro V and Euro VI.

Emission standards for non-road mobile machinery

The term non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) is a term used in the European emission standards to control emissions of engines that are not used primarily on public roadways. This definition included off-road vehicles as well as railway vehicles.

European standards for non-road diesel engines harmonize with the US EPA standards, and comprise gradually stringent tiers known as Stage I-IV standards. The Stage I/II was part of the 1997 directive (Directive 97/68/EC). It was implemented in two stages with Stage I implemented in 1999 and Stage II implemented between 2001 and 2004. In 2004, the European Parliament adopted Stage III/IV standards. The Stage III standards were further divided into Stage III A and III B were phased in between 2006 and 2013. Stage IV standards will be enforced in 2014.

As of 1 January 2015, EU Member States have to ensure that ships in the Baltic, the North Sea and the English Channel are using fuels with a sulphur content of no more than 0.10%. Higher sulphur contents are still possible, but only if the appropriate exhaust cleaning systems are in place.^[18]

Cycle beating

For the emission standards to deliver real emission reductions it is crucial to use a test cycle that reflects real-world driving style. It was discovered that engine manufacturers would engage in what was called 'cycle beating' to optimise emission performance to the test cycle, while emissions from typical driving conditions would be much higher than expected, undermining the standards and public health. In one particular instance, research from two German technology institutes found that for diesel cars no 'real' NOx reductions have been achieved after 13 years of stricter standards (2006 report).^[19]

An independent study in 2014 used portable emission measurement systems to measure NOx emissions during real world driving from fifteen Euro 6 compliant diesel passenger cars. The results showed that NOx emissions were on average as much as 7 times higher than the Euro 6 limit. However, some of the vehicles did show reduced emissions, suggesting that real world NOx emission control is possible. ^[20]

Electrification

As Europe's requirements for its vehicle fleets head toward a goal of 98 grams of CO₂ per kilometer by 2020, Christian Maloney of the German office of consulting group McKinsey & Co. says the only way the automakers can get there and make money is with plug-in vehicles.^[21][22]

Many EU member states have responded to this problem by exploring the possibility of including electric vehicle-related infrastructure into their existing road traffic system, with some even having begun implementation. The UK has begun its "plugged-in-places" scheme which sees funding go to several areas across the UK in order to create a network of charging points for electric vehicles.^[23]

See also

• ACEA agreement (the voluntary agreement with auto manufacturers to limit CO₂ emissions)
• Biofuels Directive
• Emission standards
• Energy policy of the European Union
• European Common Transport Policy
• European Federation for Transport and Environment
• European Union Emission Trading Scheme
• Life cycle assessment
• Motor vehicle emissions
• National Emission Ceiling
• Portable emissions measurement system
• Type approval
• World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE))

Notes

References

External links

Wikisource has original text related to this article: European Parliament resolution on Winning the Battle Against Global Climate Change

• European emission standards.
• European Environment Agency
  • EEA Glossary
  • EEA transport page.
• EurActiv.com - Euro 5 emissions standards for cars
• Dieselnet: EU emission standards
• Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency The Impact of Euro 5 - Facts and figures.
• Commission proposal for Euro 5
• T&E: No diesel NOX reduction in 13 years due to cycle beating
• COM 2007/19 Results of the review of the Community Strategy to reduce CO₂ emissions from passenger cars and light-commercial vehicles
• European Commission conference (2003): Options to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions due to Mobile Air Conditioning

In the media

• 2007-07-02, Auto Industry: ACEA welcomes EU Environment Council’s recognition of need for integrated approach to CO₂ reduction
• February 7, 2007, BBC: EU car CO₂ fight only beginning
• February 7, 2007, European Commission: EU plans legislation to cut CO₂ emissions from cars
• February 6, 2007, International Herald Tribune: EU to compromise on auto emissions
• January 31, 2007, Transport and Environment: Europe set to clean up fuels but stalls on cars
• January 31, 2007, European Commission: EU proposes stricter fuel standards to cut CO₂ emissions
• January 24, 2007, The Guardian: Grand plan for a low-carbon Europe goes up in smoke
• October 19, 2004: European Environment Agency: Poor European test standards understate air pollution from cars