European Broadcasting Union

"EBU" redirects here. For other uses, see EBU (disambiguation).
European Broadcasting Union
Union européenne de radio-télévision

Countries with one or more members are in dark blue. Associated members in light blue.
Formation 12 February 1950
Type Union of broadcasting organisations
Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland
Membership
  • 72 active members
  • (from 56 countries)
Official language
 English, French
President
 Jean-Paul Philippot[1]
Website www.ebu.ch

The European Broadcasting Union (EBU; French: Union européenne de radio-télévision (UER)) is an alliance of public service media entities, established on the 12 February 1950. As of 2014, the organisation comprises 72 Active Members in 56 countries,[2] and 37 Associate Members from a further 22 countries.[3] Most EU states are part of this organisation and therefore EBU has been subject to supranational legislation and regulation.[4] It also hosted debates between candidates for the European Commission presidency for the 2014 parliamentary elections but is unrelated to the institution itself.[5] It is best known for producing the Eurovision Song Contest.

General description

The classic opening ident that preceded all Eurovision network transmissions until the mid-1990s. The logotypes of both the sending and receiving company were shown in the middle. The pattern around the middle is based on the Flag of Europe. This sample shows the old logo of the BBC.

Members of the EBU are radio and television companies, most of which are government-owned public service broadcasters or privately owned stations with public service missions. Active Members come from as far north as Iceland and as far south as Egypt, from Ireland in the west and Azerbaijan in the east, and almost every nation from geographical Europe in between. Associate Members are from countries and territories beyond Europe, such as Canada, Japan, Mexico, India and Hong Kong. Associate Members from the United States include ABC, CBS, NBC, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Time Warner, and the only individual station, Chicago-based classical music station WFMT.

Active Members are those paying EBU members meeting all technical criteria for full membership, whose states are either within the European Broadcasting Area (EBA) or members of the Council of Europe.[6] Syria is an example of a country within the EBA not complying with all technical criteria for full membership, and thus it is currently only granted Associated Membership.

The EBU's highest profile production is the Eurovision Song Contest, organised by its Eurovision Network. The Eurovision Network also organises the Eurovision Dance Contest, the Junior Eurovision Song Contest, the Eurovision Young Dancers competition, and other competitions for young musicians and screenwriters, which are modelled along similar lines. The countries represented in the EBU also cooperate to create documentaries and (animated) children's programming.

Radio collaborations include Euroclassic Notturno – an overnight classical music stream, produced by BBC Radio 3 and broadcast in the United Kingdom as Through the Night – and special theme days, such as the annual Christmas music relays from around Europe.[7]

Most EBU broadcasters have a group deal to carry the Olympics[8] and FIFA World Cup (particularly, the games of their country and the Final). Another annually recurring event which is broadcast across Europe through the EBU is the Vienna New Year's Concert.

The theme music played before EBU broadcasts is Marc-Antoine Charpentier's Prelude to Te Deum. It is well known to Europeans as it is played before and after the Eurovision Song Contest and other important events.

History

EBU logo used from 1993 to 2012.

It was formed on 12 February 1950 by 23 broadcasting organisations from Europe and the Mediterranean at a conference in the coastal resort of Torquay in Devon, England. In 1993, the International Radio and Television Organisation (OIRT), an equivalent organisation of broadcasters from Central and Eastern Europe, was merged with the EBU.

The first co-production was the animated series The Animals of Farthing Wood from 1993 based on the books of the same title by Colin Dann. The second animated collaboration was Noah's Island from 1997 and more recently, Pitt and Kantrop. Another important EBU programme is Jeux Sans Frontières.

Technical activities

The objective of the EBU's technical activities is simply to assist EBU Members (see below) in this period of unprecedented technological changes. This includes provision of technical information to Members via conferences and workshops, as well as in written form (such as the EBU Technical Review, and the EBU tech-i magazine).

The EBU also encourages active collaboration between its Members on the basis that they can freely share their knowledge and experience, thus achieving considerably more than individual Members could achieve by themselves. Much of this collaboration is achieved through Project Groups which study specific technical issues of common interest: for example, EBU Members have long been preparing for the revision of the 1961 Stockholm Plan.

The EBU places great emphasis on the use of open standards. Widespread use of open standards (such as MPEG-2, DAB, DVB, etc.) ensures interoperability between products from different vendors, as well as facilitating the exchange of programme material between EBU Members and promoting "horizontal markets" for the benefit of all consumers.

EBU Members and the EBU Technical Department have long played an important role in the development of many systems used in radio and television broadcasting, such as:

The EBU has also actively encouraged the development and implementation of:

Greek state broadcaster controversy of 2013

The Greek government shut down the state broadcaster ERT on 11 June, at short notice, citing government spending concerns related to the Euro crisis.[10] In response, the European Broadcasting Union set up a makeshift studio on the same day, near the former ERT offices in Athens, in order to continue providing EBU members with news-gathering and broadcast relay services that had formerly been provided by ERT.[11]

The EBU put out a statement expressing its "profound dismay" at the shutdown, urged the Greek Prime Minister "to use all his powers to immediately reverse this decision" and offered the "advice, assistance and expertise necessary for ERT to be preserved".[12] As of 4 May 2014, the New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television (NERIT) broadcaster started nation wide transmissions, and overtook ERT's vacant Active Membership slot in EBU.

Members

Countries with Active EBU Membership coloured in order of accession from 1950.

The active member list as of May 2014, comprised the following 73 broadcasting companies from 56 countries.[13]

Country Broadcasting organisation National script Abbr. Year
 Albania Radio and Television of Albania Radio Televizioni Shqiptar RTSH 1999
 Algeria Etablissement public de Télévision Algérienne,
Enterprise nationale de radiodiffusion,
Télédiffusion d'Algérie 		المـؤسـسـة العمومية للتـلـفزيـون,
الإذاعة الجزائرية,
تلفزيون لجزائر 		EPTV-EPRS-TDA 1970
 Andorra Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra RTVA RTVA 2002
 Armenia Public Radio of Armenia, and
Public Television of Armenia 		Հայաստանի Հանրային Ռադիո,
Հայաստանի հանրային հեռուստաընկերություն 		AMPTV 2005
 Austria Austrian Broadcasting Österreichischer Rundfunk ORF 1953
 Azerbaijan Public TV and Radio İctimai Televiziya və Radio Yayımları Şirkəti İTV 2007
 Belarus Belarusian Radio and Television Company Нацыянальная дзяржаўная
тэлерадыёкампанія Рэспублікі Беларусь 		BTRC 1993
 Belgium Flemish Radio & Television Network and
Radio and Television of Belgian French		 Vlaamse Radio-en Televisieomroep,
Radio-Télévision Belge Francophone 		VRT-RTBF 1950
 Bosnia & Herzegovina Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina Radio-televizija Bosne i Hercegovine
Радио-телевизија Босне и Херцеговине		 BHRT 1993
 Bulgaria Bulgarian National Radio Българско национално радио BNR 1993
Bulgarian National Television Българска национална телевизия BNT 1993
 Croatia Croatian Radiotelevision Hrvatska radiotelevizija HRT 1993
 Cyprus Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation Ραδιοφωνικό Ίδρυμα Κύπρου (Greek)
Kıbrıs Radyo Yayın Kurumu (Turkish) 		CyBC/RIK
KRYK 		1969
 Czech Republic Czech Radio Český rozhlas ČR 1994
Czech Television Česká televize ČT 1994
 Denmark Danmarks Radio Danmarks Radio AS DR 1950
TV2 TV2 AS DK/TV2 1989
 Egypt Egyptian Radio and Television Union إتحاد الإذاعة و التليفزيون المصري ERTU 1985
 Estonia Estonian Public Broadcasting Eesti Rahvusringhääling ERR 1993
 Finland - Finnish Broadcasting Corporation
 Yleisradio Oy (Finnish)
Rundradion Ab (Swedish) 		Yle 1950
MTV MTV Oy FI/MTV 1993
 France - TF1
- France Télévisions
- Canal+
- Radio France
- Radio France Internationale		 Groupement des Radiodiffuseurs
Français de l'UER 		GRF 1950
Europe 1 Europe 1 E1 1978
 Georgia Georgian Public Broadcaster საქართველოს საზოგადოებრივი მაუწყებელი GPB 2005
 Germany German National Broadcasting Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen
Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 		ARD 1952
Second German Television Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen ZDF 1963
 Greece New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television Νέα Ελληνική Ραδιοφωνία, Ίντερνετ και Τηλεόραση NEPIT 2014
 Hungary Hungarian Media Group:
- Media Support and Asset Management Fund (MTVA)
- Hungarian Radio(MR)
- Hungarian Television(MTV)
- Duna TV		 Hungarian Media Group:
- Media Support and Asset Management Fund (MTVA)
- Magyar Rádió (MR)
- Magyar Televízió (MTV)
- Duna Televízió		 HMG 1993
(merged in 2014)
 Iceland National Broadcasting Service Ríkisútvarpið RÚV 1956
 Ireland Raidió Teilifís Éireann Raidió Teilifís Éireann RTÉ 1950
TG4 TG4 Teilifís na Gaeilge TG4 2007
 Israel Israel Broadcasting Authority רָשׁוּת השׁידוּר IBA 1957
 Italy Radio-Television of Italy Radiotelevisione Italiana RAI 1950
 Jordan Jordan Radio and Television Corporation التلفزيون الأردني JRTV 1970
 Latvia Latvian Television Latvijas Televīzija LT 1993
Latvian Radio Latvijas Radio LR 1993
 Lebanon Télé Liban تلفزيون لبنان TL 1950
 Libya Libya National Channel - LNC 2011
 Lithuania Lithuanian National Radio and Television Lietuvos Radijas ir Televizija LRT 1993
 Luxembourg CLT MultiMedia Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion CLT (RTL) 1950
Radio 100,7 Radio 100,7 ERSL 1996
 Macedonia Macedonian Radio-Television Македонска радио телевизија MKRTV 1993
 Malta Public Broadcasting Services Public Broadcasting Services MT/PBS 1970
 Moldova Teleradio-Moldova Teleradio-Moldova TRM 1993
 Monaco - Radio Monte Carlo (France)
- Radio Monte-Carlo (Italy)
- TMC Monte Carlo 		Groupement de Radiodiffuseurs Monégasques TMC/GRMC 1950
 Montenegro Radio & Television of Montenegro Radio televizija Crne Gore
Радио телевизија Црне Горе 		RTCG 2006
 Morocco Société Nationale de Radiodiffusion et de Télévision الشركة الوطنية للإذاعة والتلفزة SNRT 1969
 Netherlands Nederlandse Publieke Omroep Nederlandse Publieke Omroep NPO 1950
 Norway Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation Norsk Rikskringkasting AS NRK 1950
TV2 TV2 AS NO/TV2 1992
 Poland Polish Radio and Television:
- Polish Television (TVP)
- Polish Radio (PR) 		Polskie Radio i Telewizja:
- Telewizja Polska (TVP)
- Polskie Radio (PR)		 PRT 1993
 Portugal Radio and Television of Portugal Rádio e Televisão de Portugal RTP 1950
 Romania Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company Societatea Română de Radiodifuziune ROR 1993
Romanian Television Televiziunea Română RO/TVR 1993
 Russia Channel One Russia Первый канал C1R 1996
All-Russia State Television and Radio Company Всероссийская государственная телевизионная и радиовещательная компания RTR 1993
Radio Dom Ostankino:
- Radio Mayak (MK)
- Radio Orpheus (OP)
- Voice of Russia Radio (VOR) 		Radio Dom Ostankino:
- Radio Mayak (MK)
- Radio Orpheus (OP)
- Radio Voice of Russia (VOR) 		RDO 1996
 San Marino Radio-Television of San Marino Radiotelevisione della Repubblica di San Marino SMTV 1995
 Serbia Radio Television of Serbia Радио-телевизија Србије RTS 2001
 Slovakia Radio & Television of Slovakia Rozhlas a televízia Slovenska RTVS 2011
 Slovenia Radio-Television of Slovenia Radiotelevizija Slovenija RTVSLO 1993
 Spain Spanish Radio-Television Corporación Radiotelevisión Española RTVE 1955
Spanish Society of Radio Sociedad Española de Radiodifusión SER 1982
People's Radiowaves of Spain Cadena de Ondas Populares de España COPE 1998
 Sweden - Sveriges Television
- Sveriges Radio
- Swedish Educational Broadcasting Company 		Sveriges Television och Radio Grupp AB STR 1950
- TV4 TV4 Gruppen AB SE/TV4 2004
  Switzerland Swiss Broadcasting Corporation
- Swiss-German Radio and Television
- Radio télévision suisse
- Italian Radio and Television of Switzerland
- Swiss-Romansh Radio and Television 		SRG SSR
Radio- und Fernsehgesellschaft (German)
Société suisse de radiodiffusion et télévision (French)
Società svizzera di radiotelevisione (Italian)
Societad svizra da radio e televisiun (Romansh) 		SRG SSR 1950
 Tunisia Radiodifussion-Télévision Tunisienne مؤسسة الإذاعة والتلفزة التونسية RTTT 1950
 Turkey Turkish Radio and Television Corporation Türkiye Radyo-Televizyon Kurumu TRT 1950
 Ukraine National Television Company of Ukraine, and
National Radio Company of Ukraine 		Національна телекомпанія України,
Національна радіокомпанія України 		NTU/NRU 1993
 United Kingdom British Broadcasting Corporation - BBC 1950
United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting
- Independent Television
- Channel 4
- Sianel 4 Cymru
 Darlledu Annibynnol y Deyrnas Gyfunol (Welsh) UKIB 1960
  Vatican City Vatican Radio Radio Vaticana RV 1950

Past active members

Country Broadcasting organisation Abbr. Years
 Czechoslovakia Československá televize CST 1991–1992
 Greece Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation ERT 1950–2013
 Monaco  Italy Telemontecarlo TMC 1981–2001
 Libya Libyan Jamahiriya Broadcasting Corporation (الجماهيرية اللّيبيّة) LJBC 1974–2011
 Serbia and Montenegro Alliance of Public Radio and Television UJRT 2001–2006
 Slovakia Slovenský rozhlas SRo 1993–2011
Slovenská televízia STV 1993–2011
 Spain Antena 3 de Radio, S.A. A3R 1986–1993
  Vatican City Vatican Television Center CTV 1950–2012[14]
 Yugoslavia Yugoslav Radio Television JRT 1950–1992

EBU membership applications

Below is a table of broadcasting networks who have submitted applications for Active EBU Membership and are either still under review, or have had their applications rejected.[15]

Country Broadcasting organisation Abbr. Notes Years
 Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Radio and Television Corporation KRTC State Television Company awaits of satisfaction of request for Pending or Approved EBU membership since 2008.[16][17][18] Kazakhstan is outside of the European Broadcasting area, and thus cannot be granted Active Membership.[15] 2008
 Kosovo[note 1] Radio Television of Kosovo RTK RTK has shown interest into obtaining active EBU membership. However, they have yet to fulfil all the criteria set by the EBU for admission.[19][20][21] 2008
 Liechtenstein 1 Fürstentum Liechtenstein Television 1FLTV Liechtenstein's only television broadcaster which began broadcasting on 15 August 2008. In July 2009, Peter Kölbel, broadcaster's managing director officially announced its intent to apply to join the EBU by the end of July 2009.[22] 2009, 2010
 Morocco La deuxième Télévision 2M TV The second commercial channel of Morocco has asked for membership to the EBU.[15][23] 2011
 Palestine Palestine Broadcasting Corporation PBC The broadcasting corporation is a former Associate Member, and was alleged to have held negotiations with the EBU to become Active Members.[24] However, Palestine is not a member of the required organisations, and thus does not comply with the criteria.[15] 2007
 Qatar Qatar Radio QR Recently shown interest at Eurovision 2009, by sending delegates in the hope of applying for active membership.[25] However their application has been denied under the current rules, due to the Gulf State being completely outside of the European Broadcasting Area.[15] 2009

Associate members

Countries with Associate EBU Membership.

Any group or organisation member of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which provide a radio and/or television service outside of the European Broadcasting Area, are permitted to submit applications to the EBU for Associate Membership. Countries which have this status also pay an annual fee to maintain this status, if a fee is not paid, then their Associate Membership is revoked. It was also noted by the EBU that any country that is granted Associate Member status does not include any access into the Eurovision system.[26]

The list of Associate Members of EBU, comprised the following 37 broadcasting companies from 22 countries as of January 2014.[3]

Country Broadcasting organisation Abbr.
 Australia Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABC
FreeTV Australia Free
SBS Australia SBSC
 Bangladesh National Broadcasting Authority of Bangladesh NBAB
 Brazil TV Cultura(Fundação Padre Anchieta) FPA
 Canada Canadian Broadcasting Corporation(Societé Radio Canada) CBC/SRC
 Chile Canal 13 (Chile) UCCTV
 China China Central Television CCTV
 Cuba Cuban Institute of Radio and Television ICRT
 Georgia Teleimedi TEME
Rustavi 2 RB
 Hong Kong Radio Television Hong Kong RTHK
 India All India Radio AIR
 Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting IRIB
 Japan Fuji Television FTN
The Japan Commercial Broadcasters Association JBA
Nippon Hoso Kyokai NHK
Tokyo Broadcasting System TBS
Tokyo FM TFM
South Korea Republic of Korea Korean Broadcasting System KBS
 Malaysia Radio Television Malaysia RTM
 Mauritania TV de Mauritanie MR/TVM
 Mauritius Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation MBC
 New Zealand Radio New Zealand RNZ
Television New Zealand Ltd TVNZ
 Oman Public Authority for Radio and TV of Oman PARTO
 Philippines GMA Network DZBB
TV5 (Philippines) TV5
 South Africa South African Broadcasting Corporation SABC
 Syria Organisme de la Radio-Télévision Arabe Syrienne ORTAS
 United States American Broadcasting Company ABC
American Public Media APM
CBS Broadcasting Inc., CBS
National Public Radio NPR
National Broadcasting Company NBC
WFMT 98.7 FM, Chicago, Illinois WFMT
WGBH-TV and WGBH-FM, Boston, Massachusetts WGBH
New York Public Radio WNYC
WQXR
NJPR

Approved participant members

Any groups or organisations from a country with International Telecommunication Union (ITU) membership, which do not qualify for either the EBU's Active or Associate memberships, but still provide a broadcasting activity for the EBU, are granted a unique Approved Participants membership, which lasts approximately five years. An application for this status may be submitted to the EBU at any given time, providing an annual fee is paid.[27]

The following seven EBU broadcast members had status as Approved Participants in December 2014.[28]

Country Broadcasting organisation Abbr. Official website
 Spain Abertis ABERTIS Abertis
 Spain Catalunya Música CAT CatRadio
 France ARTE GEIE ARTE Arte
 France Euronews EURONEWS Euronews
 France TV5MONDE TV5 TV5 Monde
 Macedonia JP MRD (Macedonian Broadcasting) JP MRD JP MRD
 Russia Russian TV and Radio Broadcasting Network RTRN RTRN

Organised events

The EBU in cooperation with the respective host broadcaster, organises competitions and events in which its Members can participate, if they wish to do so. These include:

Eurovision Song Contest

The Eurovision Song Contest (French: Concours Eurovision de la Chanson)[29] is an annual international song competition, that was first held in Lugano, Switzerland, on 24 May 1956. Seven countries participated – each submitting two songs, for a total of 14. This was the only contest in which more than one song per country was performed: since 1957 all contests have allowed one entry per country. The 1956 contest was won by the host nation, Switzerland.[30] In this competition, only countries that are members of the EBU can participate. The first winner was Switzerland, and the most recent is Austria.

Junior Eurovision Song Contest

Junior Eurovision Song Contest (French: Concours Eurovision de la Chanson Junior),[31] is an annual international song competition, that was first held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 15 November 2003. Sixteen countries participated – each submitting one song, for a total of 16 entries. The 2003 Contest was won by Croatia and the current winner is Italy.

Eurovision Young Musicians

Eurovision Young Musicians is a competition for European musicians that are younger than 19 years old. It is organised by the EBU and is a member of EMCY.

The televised competition is held every two years, with some countries holding national heats. Since its foundation in 1982, the Eurovision Young Musicians competition has become one of the most important music competitions on an international level.

The first competition was held in Manchester, United Kingdom on 11 May 1982.

Eurovision Dance Contest

The Eurovision Dance Contest (not to be confused with the Eurovision Young Dancers Competition) was an international dancing competition that was held for the first time in London, United Kingdom on 1 September 2007. The competition was repeated in 2008, but has not been held since.

Eurovision Young Dancers

The Eurovision Young Dancers is a biennial dance showcase broadcast on television throughout Europe. The first competition was held in Reggio Emilia, Italy on 16 June 1985.

It uses a format similar to the Eurovision Song Contest, every country that is a member of the EBU has had the opportunity to send a dance act to compete for the title of "Eurovision Young Dancer". The act can be either a solo act or a dance couple, and all contestants must be between the ages of 16 and 21 years and not professionally engaged. The winner is chosen by television viewers across the EBU through a real-time, electronic and onscreen voting mechanism.

Let the Peoples Sing

Main article: Let the Peoples Sing

Let the Peoples Sing is a biennial choir competition, the participants of which are chosen from radio recordings entered by EBU radio members. The final, encompassing three categories and around ten choirs, is offered as a live broadcast to all EBU members. The overall winner is awarded the Silver Rose Bowl.

Jeux Sans Frontières

Main article: Jeux Sans Frontières

Jeux Sans Frontières (English: Games Without Frontiers, or Games Without Borders) was a Europe-wide television game show. In its original conception, it was broadcast from 1965 to 1999 under the auspices of the EBU. The original series run ended in 1982 but was revived in 1988 with a different complexion of nations and was hosted by smaller broadcasters.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "European Broadcasting Union (EBU)". Retrieved 2012-07-27.
  2. ↑ "EBU Active Members". EBU.ch. Retrieved 2012-01-15.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 European Broadcasting Union list of Associate Members. Ebu.ch. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
  4. ↑ Commission approves the EBU-Eurovision system
  5. ↑ http://www3.ebu.ch/calendar/the-eurovision-debate
  6. ↑ countries? "Which countries can take part in Eurovision?". Eurovision. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  7. ↑ "Joy to the World 2013: a Euroradio holiday music special on CBC Radio 2". CBC News.
  8. ↑ "Live Broadcasts Finally Okayed". Variety Asia Online. 10 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
  9. ↑ EBU Media portal. Ebu.ch. Retrieved on 2011-12-16.
  10. ↑ Greek public broadcaster ERT to be shut down, reopened with fewer employees. ekathimerini.com (2013-06-11). Retrieved on 2014-04-28.
  11. ↑ O'Carroll, Lisa (12 June 2013). "ERT (Greek state broadcaster),Media,Television industry (Media),Radio industry (Media),Greece (News),Europe (News),World news,Digital media,Internet,Social media". The Guardian (London).
  12. ↑ EBU - EBU urges Greek government to reverse decision on ERT. (2013-06-11). Retrieved on 2014-04-28.
  13. ↑ EBU Active Member list, EBU, last revised on 31 January 2014
  14. ↑ http://www.europeanjazzcompetition.nl/fileadmin/content/pdf/EBU-Active-Members-List_EN-FR.pdf
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Repo, Juha (6 June 2012). "New EBU members? Not very likely". esctoday.com. ESCToday. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  16. ↑ "Казахстан может стать членом Европейского вещательного союза".
  17. ↑ "Kazajistán negocia su incorporación a la UER. El país podría participar próximamente en el Festival de Eurovisión".
  18. ↑ "Kazajistán negocia su incorporación a la UER para participar en Eurovisión 2014".
  19. ↑ "EBU to launch Radio Television Kosovo from Pristina on 19 September 1999".
  20. ↑ "Radio Television Kosovo to go on air from Pristina on Sunday 19 September 1999".
  21. ↑ "Radio Television Kosovo launched successfully by EBU with Kouchner interview".
  22. ↑ Harley, Lee (21 July 2009). "Liechtenstein: Set to debut in Eurovision 2010?". Oikotimes. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  23. ↑ "Morocco: No Return In 2014".
  24. ↑ Karhapää, Ilari (11 May 2007). "Palestinians wants to tell a different story". esctoday.com. ESCToday. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  25. ↑ Repo, Juha (12 May 2009). "Gulf nation wants to join Eurovision". ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
  26. ↑ "Admission". EBU.ch. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
  27. ↑ "Approved Participants". ebu.ch. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  28. ↑ "EBU_Directory" (PDF). EBU.ch. Retrieved 2014-12-04.
  29. ↑ "Winners of the Eurovision Song Contest" (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 2007-12-26.
  30. ↑ "Historical Milestones". European Broadcasting Union. 2005. Archived from the original on 26 May 2006. Retrieved 2006-05-26.
  31. ↑ "Official information page" (in French). European Broadcasting Union. 10 December 2007. Retrieved 6 July 2008.

Notes

  1. ↑ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Kosovo. The latter declared independence on 17 February 2008, but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. Kosovo's independence has been recognised by 108 out of 193 United Nations member states.

External links