Eurico Gaspar Dutra

His Excellency Eurico Gaspar Dutra
16th President of Brazil
In office January 31, 1946 – January 31, 1951
Vice President	Nereu Ramos
Preceded by	José Linhares
Succeeded by	Getúlio Vargas
Minister of War
In office December 5, 1936 – August 3, 1945
President	Getúlio Vargas
Preceded by	Ribeiro Filho
Succeeded by	Nereu Ramos
Personal details
Born	(1883-05-18)May 18, 1883 Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazilian Empire
Died	June 11, 1974(1974-06-11) (aged 91) Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara, Brazil
Nationality	Brazilian
Political party	Social Democratic Party (PSD)
Spouse(s)	Carmela Teles Dutra
Children	2; Emília and Antônio
Profession	Military, politician
Military service
Allegiance	Brazil
Service/branch	Brazilian Army
Years of service	1922–1974
Rank	Field marshal
Commands	1st Military Region

Eurico Gaspar Dutra (Portuguese: [ewˈɾiku ɡasˈpaɾ ˈdutrɐ]; 1883–1974), was a Brazilian marshal, politician and president of Brazil from 1946–1951.

Biography

Military, born in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. He later falsified his birth year to 1885, at age 19, so that he would have a physical compatible with the age, in order to facilitate his entry into the Army. He studied at the Preparatory and Tactical School of Rio Grande do Sul (1902-1904) and at the Military Academy of Brazil (Military School of ‘’Praia Vermelha’’ in Rio de Janeiro) in 1904, of which he was expelled for taking part in an uprising that same year, related to the Vaccine Revolt, but pardoned, returned to school, now based in Realengo, completing the course in 1906. He was also a student of the School of War in Porto Alegre (1906), the School of Artillery and Engineering, where perfected in mechanics, ballistics and metallurgy (1908-1910), and the School of General Staff, where he graduated as the 1st in class and received the rare mention "très bien" (1922), acting shortly after, in the repression of the São Paulo Revolution of 1924.

Helped found the National Defense magazine in 1918, fought the uprising known as the "18 Fort" in 1922, in Rio de Janeiro, and participated, integrateing the North Detachment, under the command of General Mena Barreto, of the fighting against an insurgency erupted in Manaus that radiated to Pará. By having fought the Revolution of 1930, he was sent to the command of the 11th Cavalry Independent Regiment in Ponta Porã.

Promoted to colonel, Dutra took command of the 4th Cavalry Divisional Regiment (1931-1933) in Três Corações, where he fought the Constitutionalist Revolution in São Paulo in 1932. Defended the government of President Washington Luís against the rebels of 1930s, but already in 1932, fought the Constitutionalist Revolution in São Paulo. Appointed commander of the 1st Military Region (1935-1936), stood out in reaction to the communist movement in 1935, episode known as “Intentona Comunista”, occupying the post of Minister of War (1936-1945).

Minister of War

During World War II, he was among the Brazilian military leaders who were against an alignment with allies and a deeper involvement of the country in the conflict. With, although modest, Brazil's participation in the war on the Allied side, and the growing pressure from civil society for democratization of the country, Dutra formally adhered to the idea of the end of the regime that started in 1930, participating in the following deposition of Getúlio Vargas in October 1945, continuing the interventionist doctrine, practiced at the time by the Brazilian army.^[1]

1945 Presidential election

In this context, the deposed leader announced the following month his support for Dutra, candidate of the Army, at the expense of the candidate of the Air Force, Eduardo Gomes, in the elections that followed.

Presidency

Dutra with U.S. President Harry S. Truman and First Lady Bess Truman on 18 May 1949.

Americans greet Dutra with a gesture of welcome, 1950s.

On September 18, 1946, the fifth constitution of Brazil was enacted, marking the country's return to democratic rule. That same year, the government created the Social Service of Industry (SESI) and Social Service of Commerce (SESC), and the General Staff, the future General Staff of the Armed Forces (EMFA). Still in 1946, the president ordered the closing of casinos and prohibited "gambling" in the country.

In 1947, he registered the appointment of Osvaldo Aranha delegate of Brazil to the United Nations (UN), the forfeiture of the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), breaking off diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union (USSR) and achieved, in Petrópolis, the Inter-American Conference of Peacekeeping and Security of the Continent, which was attended by the U.S. president, Harry Truman. Closer relations with the Americans, too, was evidenced in the formation of the Joint Commission Brazil-United States, known as Abbink Mission, headed by John Abbink and Minister Octavio Gouveia de Bouillon. Assignment was to diagnose the main problems of the Brazilian economy and, as a special recommendation, the use of external resources in the oil sector.

Still in 1947, saw the intervention of the Ministry of Labour in many unions, continuing the guardianship of the state over union activities guaranteed by ordinance in 9.070, of March 1946, policy which limited the right to strike.

Concomitant with the union repression and wage restraint, economic policy has gone through two phases: first, liberal, which sought to break with previous forms of intervention in the economy. However, imports of goods led to a rapid depletion of the country's foreign exchange reserves. In 1947, under the guidance of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) began a second phase, in which the exchange control was retaken, keeping the cruise at high levels compared to the U.S. currency. This policy discouraged exports, encouraging, on the other hand, the import of equipment, machinery and other inputs, excluding consumer goods, and favored the expansion of the manufacturing sector.

The development strategy of the government included the “Salte Plan”, which meant Health, Food, Transportation and Energy. Proposed in 1947, was aimed at the management of public spending and investment in key sectors in the country. However, the project only began to participate in the budget planning in 1949, being forgotten in 1951. Well date from this period in measuring the country's economic growth by calculating the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The average growing of the Brazilian economy under his administration was 7,6%.

During the Dutra government started the construction of the hydroelectric plant of Paulo Afonso, Bahia, and the President Dutra highway linking Rio to São Paulo, known as Dutra. In his government was also created, in October 1948, the Superior School of War (ESG), with the American support.

Later Life

Upon leaving the presidency, he remained active in politics until he ran again for president in the indirect elections for president of 1964. Facing a difficult election against military-backed General Castelo Branco, Dutra received only 0.54% of the vote.

He died away from public life in Rio de Janeiro on June 11, 1974.

References