Ethnic flag

An ethnic flag is a flag that symbolizes a certain ethnic group. Ethnic flags are often introduced to the ethnic community through the respective cultural or political ethnic movements. They are popular among ethnic minorities and some ethnic majorities, especially in multiethnic countries.

The concept of an "ethnic flag" is a thoroughly modern one, derived from the idea of a national flag. Strictly speaking, the national flags of nation states are also "ethnic flags", and often so used by ethnic minorities in neighbouring states, especially in the context of irredentism (e.g. the flag of the Republic of Albania used as an "ethnic Albanian flag" by Kosovar Albanians).

The first ethnic flags (for non-existing states) were designed at the end of the 19th century, such as the Basque flag (1894) or the "Flag of Zion" used to symbolize Zionism from 1898, which became the national flag of Israel 50 years later. Most early ethnic flags imply a connection with an unrecognized state claimed by the respective ethnicities, such as the flag of Kurdistan which originates as the flag of the Republic of Ararat (1927), or the Arab flag which originates as the flag of the Arab Revolt during World War I. A flag of the Hispanic People was designed in 1932. The use of national flags became popular during the 19th century along with the spread of nationalism. The concept of using ethnic flags to symbolize ethnic groups within a multiethnic state, not necessarily connected with irredentism, became popular in the later 20th century, such as the Australian Aboriginal flag (1971), the Assyrian flag (1971), the flag of the Romani people (1971), the Berber flag (1970s), the Sami flag (1986) or the Maori flag (1990). Designing ethnic or tribal flags has become very popular since the 1990s, especially for online use, and mostly do not have any kind of "official" status and must be judged based on de facto use. Since the 1990s, this trend has also extended to designing ad-hoc "cultural flags" for all sorts of organizations, subcultures or ideologies not necessarily ethnic or irredentist, such as "sexuality flags", flags of micronations, etc.

Africa

North Africa and West Asia

[1]

Berbers or Amazigh people[2] (North Africa)
Copts (Egypt)
"The Coptic flag, created in 2005, is not officially recognised by the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, but it is commonly accepted by Coptic community as a representative symbol of its identity".
Fur (Darfur)
Dinka or Jieng (Southern Sudan)
Arabs (Arab World)[note 1]
Palestinians (Palestine)
Druze[note 2] (Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan)
Jews (Israel and countries of the diaspora)
Assyrians (Assyria)
"The Assyrian flag was designed by George Atanos in 1968. The flag has a white background with a golden circle at the center (which represents the sun), surrounded by a four-pointed blue star (which symbolizes the land). Four triple wavy stripes start from the center and represent the three major rivers of the Assyrian territory: the Tigris, the Euphrates and the Great Zab".
Aramaic-Syriacs (Middle East)
"The flag chosen by the Aramaeanist faction to represent the Syriac nation is based upon a relief retrieved in Tell Halaf representing a winged sun disk. In the flag, the sun was replaced by a flame symbolizing the Holy Spirit".

Horn of Africa

Somalis[3] (Somalia, Ogaden, Northern Frontier District and Djibouti)
Amhara[4] (Amhara Region)
Afar[5] (Afar Region)
Harari[6] (Harari Region)
Oromo[7] (Oromia Region, Northern Frontier District and Somalia)
Tigray[8] (Tigray Region)

Eastern, Central and Western Africa

BaKonjo and BaAmba[9] (Rwenzururu)
Maasai (Kenya and Tanzania)
Adamawa (Bamileke National Movement) (Cameroon)
Bubis (Otcho or Bioko Island)
Kongo (Republic of Congo and DRC)
Ashanti[10] (Ashanti Region)
Ewe (Ghana, Togo and Benin)
Ogoni (Rivers State)
Igbo people[11] (Igboland)
Hausa (Niger and Nigeria)
Yoruba (Nigeria, Togo and Benin)

Southern Africa

Swazi (Swaziland, South Africa, and Mozambique)
Basotho (Lesotho and South Africa)
Afrikaners/Boers[12] (South Africa)

Americas

North America

Anishinaabe people (Canada and United States).
Danes of Greenland
Inuit people of Nunavut (Nunavut, Canada)
Inuit people of Greenland (Greenland)
Haida (British Columbia, Canada and Alaska, United States)
Mi'kmaq (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Quebec, Canada and Maine, United States)
Natuaqanek (Eel Ground) First Nation of the Mi'kmaq (New Brunswick, Canada)
Quebecois, Canada
Iroquois (New York, United States)
Crow Tribe (Montana, United States)
Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation (Montana, United States)
Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation (Montana, United States)
Arapaho Tribe of the Wind River Reservation (Wyoming, United States)
Oglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation (South Dakota, United States)
Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa (Iowa, United States)
Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma (Oklahoma, United States)
Cherokees (Oklahoma, United States)
Cajun flag[13] (United States)
Vietnamese Americans (United States)
Mulattoes[14] (United States, Hispanic America and Brazil)
Flag of Hispanic America including also North American Hispanic Americans (Hispanic America and United States)
Cross of Burgundy flag used by Criollos (Euro-Hispanic Americans (including White Hispanic and Latino Americans of the United States)) (Majority in Argentina, Uruguay, and Costa Rica and significant minority in Chile, Bolivia and other Hispanic nations) (Hispanic America and United States)
Flag of African-Americans[13]
(United States)
Métis flag Blue or French variant, Metis people
Métis flag Red or English variant, Metis people
Flag of Acadia, Acadians

Central America and Caribbean

Flag of Maya (Mexico, Guatemala)
Flag of the Jatibonicu Taíno Tribal Nation of Borikén (Puerto Rico)
Garifuna (Honduras, Belize, Guatemala)
Kuna (Panama, Colombia)

South America

Indigenous peoples in Colombia[15]
Quechua[16] (Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador)
Aymara (Bolivia, Peru, Chile and Argentina)
Mapuche[17] (Chile and Argentina)

Asia

Northern, Central and Eastern Asia

Tuvans[18] (Tuva)
Buryats (Buryatia, Russia)
Yakuts or Sakha (Sakha Republic)
Li and Miao[19] (Hainan)
Ainu people[20] (Hokkaidō, Kuril Islands and Sakhalin)
Salars (Xunhua Salar Autonomous County, Qinghai, China)

Southern Asia

Iraqi Turkmens[21] (Turkmeneli)
Zazas[22] (Turkey)
Kurds (Kurdistan)
Yazidis (Iraq)
Azerbaijanis of Southern Azarbaijan[23]
Khuzestani Arabs[24] (Khuzestan)
Pashtuns (Pashtunistan)
Balochis[25] (Balochistan)
Sindhis[note 3] (Sindh and West India)
Burusho-Hunzakuts[26] (Hunza)
Kashmiris (Kashmir and Jammu)
Ladakhis[27] (Ladakh)
Muhajir people (Pakistan)
Chagossians or Îlois[28] (Chagos Islands and Mauritius)
Assamese
Bodos (Bodoland)
Kannada people (Karnataka)
Telugu people (Telangana)
Malayali people (Kerala)
Sri Lankan Tamils
Bnei Menashe (Manipur, Mizoram, Chin State, Southern Sagaing Division and Chittagong Division)[note 4]

Southeastern Asia

Akha[29] (China,[note 5] Burma, Laos and Northern Thailand)
Khmer Krom[30] (Mekong Delta)
Acehnese people[31] (Aceh)
Minangkabau people (West Sumatra, the western part of Riau and Jambi, the western coast of Aceh and North Sumatra, the northern part of Bengkulu, and Negeri Sembilan)

Melanesia

Kanak[32] (Kanaky)
Torres Strait Islanders (Torres Strait Islands, Australia)

Australasia and Polynesia

Australian Aborigines (Australia)
"The Australian Aboriginal flag, created by Harold Thomas in 1971, was first flown as a symbol of protest, becoming then the emblem of the Indigenous peoples of Australia. In 1995 (and then in 2008), this flag was officially recognized and proclaimed as one of the national flags of Australia under the Flags Act 1953.[33] Each color has a peculiar symbolism: black represents the people, red represents the land and the yellow disc represents the Sun[34]".
Moriori of Chatham Islands[35]".
Native Hawaiians or Kanaka Maoli[36] (Hawaii)
Tahitians and some other Indigenous Peoples of French Polynesia
Indigenous Peoples of Austral Islands
Indigenous Peoples of Marquesas Islands
Rapanui (Easter Island)

Europe

Northern Europe

Faroese (Faroe Islands)
Orcadians (Orkney Islands)
Shetlanders (Shetland)
Scots (Scotland)
Irish (Island of Ireland)
Welsh or Cymry (Wales or Cymru)
Cornish [37] (Cornwall)
Manx (Isle of Man)
Bretons [37] (Brittany)
Normans[38] (Normandy)
Walloons (Wallonia)
Flemish (Flanders)
West Frisians (Friesland and Province of Groningen)
East Frisians (East Frisia)
North Frisians (North Frisia)
Inter-Frisian Flag of the Interfrisian Council
"The Inter-Frisian Flag (Ynterfryske Flagge), not accepted by the Inter-Frisian Council, was launched by the Groep fan Auwerk to represent the four regions make up Frisia: Friesland and the Province of Groningen in the Netherlands and East Frisia and North Frisia in Germany".
English (England)
Germans of Northern Schleswig
Danes of Southern Schleswig
Finland-Swedes[39] (Åland Islands, Ostrobothnia, Uusimaa and Eastern Uusimaa)
Sweden-Finns (Eastern Svealand)
Sami people[37] (Sápmi)
"The Sami flag, inaugurated during the 13th Nordic Sami Conference in Åre, Sweden, on 15 August 1986, was created by Astrid Båhl . It is based upon a previous project by Synnøve Persenthe and upon the poem "Paiven parneh" ("Sons of the Sun"), written by Anders Fjellner, describing the Sami as sons and daughters of the sun".
Tornedalians[40] (Meänmaa)
Karelians[41][42] (Republic of Karelia, Tver Oblast and Novgorod Oblast)
Veps[43] (Karelia, Leningrad Oblast and Vologda Oblast)
Ingrians[44][45] (Leningrad Oblast)
Izhorians (Leningrad Oblast)
Votes[46] (Leningrad Oblast and Estonia)
Setos[47] (Setomaa)
Võros (Võrumaa) older version
Võros (Võrumaa) since February 2013
Livonians[48] (Livonia and Curlandia)

Central Europe

Czechs (/Bohemians) (Bohemia)
Germans of Belgium[49] (Eastern part of the province of Liège)
Luxembourgers (Luxembourg, Belgium, France and Germany) [50]
Alsatians (Alsace)
Tyroleans of South Tyrol
Kashubians[37] (Pomerelia)
Sorbs[32] (Lusatia)
Silesians (Silesia)
Moravians (Moravia)

Southwestern Europe

Canarians[51] (Canary Islands)
Galicians (Galicia)
Asturians (Asturias)
Basques (Basque Country, Navarre and Iparralde)
Castilians (Castile, La Mancha and La Rioja)
Aragonese[52] (Aragon)
Valencians (Valencian Community and El Carche)
Balearics (Balearic Islands)
Catalans (Catalonia, La Franja and Northern Catalonia)
Occitans[53] (Occitania)
Corsicans (Corsica)
Arpitans[54] (Arpitania)
Savoyards (Savoy)
Ladinia[54] (Some valleys in Northeastern Italy)
Maltese (Malta)

Southeastern Europe

Serbs (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,[55] Macedonia, Montenegro, Slovenia)
Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Macedonians [56] (Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Albania, Greece and Bulgaria)
Bosniaks of Sandžak[57]
Bosniaks of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Pomaks (Bulgaria, Greece)
Albanians (Albania, Kosovo, Western part of the Republic of Macedonia, Epirus[58] and Arbëria)
Greeks (Greece, Cyprus, Albania)

Eastern Europe, Caucasia and Anatolia

Rusyns[59] (Carpathian Ruthenia)
Gagauzes (Gagauzia)
Crimean Tatars[60] (Crimea, Turkey, Uzbekistan and Dobruja)
Lipka Tatars (Belarus, Lithuania and Poland)
Komis (Komi Republic)
Maris (Mari El)
Erzyans[61] (Mordovia, Samara Oblast and Tataristan)
Mordvins (Mordovia)
Udmurts (Udmurtia)
Chuvashes (Chuvashia)
Volga Tatars (Tatarstan and the historical region of Idel-Ural; Ryazan Oblast, Tambov Oblast, Astrakhan Oblast Kazakhstan and Central Asia)
Bashkirs (Bashkortostan, Chelyabinsk Oblast and Orenburg Oblast)
Don Cossacks (southern Russia)
Circassians: Adyghe, Cherkess and Kabardins[62] (Adyghea, Karachay–Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Krasnodar Krai, Turkey and Middle East)
Abazins (Abazinia)
Abkhazians[63] (Abkhazia and Turkey)
Balkars (Kabardino-Balkaria)
Karachays (Karachay–Cherkessia)
Ossetians (South Ossetia and North Ossetia–Alania)
Ingush (Ingushetia, Eastern part of Prigorodny District, Chechnya and Turkey)
Chechens (Chechnya, Ingushetia and Dagestan)
Kalmyks (Kalmykia)
Kumyks[64] (Dagestan)
Lezgins[65] (Dagestan and Azerbaijan)
Meskhetians[66] (Samtskhe-Javakheti, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Krasnodar Krai, Turkey and Kyrgyzstan)
Adjarians[67] (Adjaria, Guria, Kvemo Kartli, Kakheti and Northeastern Turkey)
Greeks of Pontus
Romani people[37] (Europe and Brazil)
“The Romani flag (O Styago le Romengo), approved during the first World Romani Congress, was created by the General Union of the Roma of Romania (Uniunea Generala a Romilor din Romania), in 1933. The flag contains a red Chakra, in the centre, representing the migratory heritage of the Romani people”.
Yiddish originally from Central and Eastern Europe

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ This is the flag of the Arab Revolt.
  2. ↑ To be precise, the Druze are a religious and cultural group rather than a distinct ethnic group.
  3. ↑ See also the concept of Sindhudesh.
  4. ↑ This is just one of several flags used by groups that make up this macro-group.
  5. ↑ Akha are considered part of the Hani by the government of People's Republic of China, though this is a subject of some dispute among the Akha themselves.

Citations

  1. ↑ Smith, Whitney. "Flag of Israel". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  2. ↑ "Berbers". Flags of the World. April 24, 2009. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
  3. ↑ "History of the flag". Flags of the World. June 26, 2006. Retrieved April 25, 2010. The Flag of Somalia, created by Mohammed Awale Liban, was designed to represent pan-Somali territories.
  4. ↑ "Amhara (Ethiopia)". Flags of the World. September 13, 2003. Retrieved October 25, 2010.
  5. ↑ "Afar (Ethiopia)". Flags of the World. September 13, 2003. Retrieved October 25, 2010.
  6. ↑ "Harari (Ethiopia)". Flags of the World. June 24, 2006. Retrieved October 25, 2010.
  7. ↑ "Oromo traditional colours". Flags of the World. May 29, 2003. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
  8. ↑ "Tigray (Ethiopia)". Flags of the World. April 29, 2004. Retrieved October 25, 2010.
  9. ↑ "Bakonjo People". Flags of the World. July 12, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
  10. ↑ "Ashanti People". Flags of the World. November 4, 2006. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
  11. ↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 762. ISBN 0-313-32384-4. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  12. ↑ "Afrikaner". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Znamierowski, p236
  14. ↑ Miller, Richard. "From History to Destiny". The Mulatto People. Archived from the original on February 15, 2001. Retrieved April 22, 2010.
  15. ↑ "Native Peoples of Colombia". Flags of the World. July 3, 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2010. According to FOTW, this flag represent primarily the Guambiano or Misak tribe, but it also represents Native peoples of Southwestern Colombia.
  16. ↑ "Inca (Quechua/Aymara) people". Flags of the World. June 16, 2007. Retrieved April 23, 2010. The term Wiphala is refrered to flags of Inca origin, today used by the Native Andean peoples to represent themselves.
  17. ↑ "Mapuche". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  18. ↑ "Tuva". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
  19. ↑ "Hainan". Flags of the World. February 10, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
  20. ↑ Poisson, Barbara Aoki (2002). The Ainu of Japan. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications. ISBN 978-0-8225-4176-9.
  21. ↑ "Iraqi Turkmen". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
  22. ↑ "Zazaistan". Flags of the World. April 24, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2010. FOTW shows this banner as the alleged flag of Zazas. Moreover, according to an article published in Le Monde, signed by Lucien Philippe, the site states that the flag has been used in several ethnic riots until 1980. Finally FOTW shows other three flags that are not supported by any source definable as reliable.
  23. ↑ Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
  24. ↑ "Ahwazi". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
  25. ↑ "Flag of the Baloch people". Flags of the World. April 25, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2010. There are different variants of the flag used by Baloch independentists to represent their people.
  26. ↑ "Hunza". Flags of the World. June 7, 2008. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
  27. ↑ "Ladakh". Flags of the World. February 14, 2007. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
  28. ↑ "Chagossians at UNO". chagos.org. January 30, 2003. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
  29. ↑ "Akha People". Flags of the World. August 9, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
  30. ↑ "Khmer Krom". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
  31. ↑ "Free Aceh Movement". Flags of the World. December 13, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Znamierowski, p238
  33. ↑ "Proclamation under the Flags Act 1953" (PDF). ComLaw — Commonwealth of Australia Law. January 25, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
  34. ↑ "Harold Thomas – Creator of the Aboriginal Flag". ABC Online. May 23, 2002. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
  35. ↑ "Denise Davis: Moriori. Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Solomon, Māui. Retrieved June 9, 2006.
  36. ↑ "'Original' flag raises debate". Honolulu Advertiser. February 12, 2001. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 Znamierowski, p237
  38. ↑ "Mouvement Normand". Flags of the World. June 14, 2003. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
  39. ↑ "Svenska Brevmärken 1922" (in Swedish). Svenska Centralarkivet. Retrieved April 5, 2010. The flag of Finland-Swedes appears on some stamps issued by the Swedish People's Party in 1922.
  40. ↑ "Meänkieliset ottavat käyttöön Meän maan lipun" (in Finnish). Kaleva Online. July 13, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
  41. ↑ "East Karelia". Flags of the World. September 12, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  42. ↑ "Lyydi people". Flags of the World. September 12, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  43. ↑ "Vepsia". Flags of the World. April 14, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  44. ↑ "Inkeri". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
  45. ↑ "Ingria". Flags of the World. April 14, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
  46. ↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 2018. ISBN 0-313-32384-4. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
  47. ↑ "In pictures: The Seto people — Anthem and flag". BBC News Online. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
  48. ↑ "Livonian People". Flags of the World. February 18, 2006. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
  49. ↑ "German-speaking Community (Belgium)". Flags of the World. January 17, 2009. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  50. ↑ "The Red Lion is the Civil Ensign of the Gran Duchy of Luxemburg. In 2006, the banner was proposed as the new national flag. On 6 July 2007, the Government of Luxembourg refused the proposal, but, at the same time, established the equal status of this flag and the Official Tricolor. Instead, in the Belgian province of Luxemburg, the Red Lion has not an official status, but it (with a different shade of blue) is of common use: it is used even by the Provincial Council on public buildings or in official occurrences". http://www.province.luxembourg.be/provlux/provlux_fr_profils_province_lux/l-institution-provinciale/blason-palais-logo-drapeau-et-chant-provincial/drapeau/drapeau.htm http://www.gouvernement.lu/dossiers/viepol/drapeau/index.html
  51. ↑ "Estatuto de Autonomía de Canarias" (PDF) (in Spanish). Gobierno de Canarias. Retrieved June 13, 2010. The flag, which was made official by the Organic Law 10/82 on 16 August 1982, is based upon the original design attributed to Carmen Sarmiento, Jesús Cantero and Arturo Cantero and adopted by the Canarias Libre movement in 1961.
  52. ↑ "Estatuto de Autonomía de Aragón" (PDF) (in Spanish). Boletín Oficial de Aragón. April 23, 2007. Retrieved April 10, 2010. The Statute defines Aragonese People as an "historical nationality".
  53. ↑ "Occitania". Flags of the World. December 26, 2009. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 "Legge 15 Dicembre 1999, n. 482 - Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche" (in Italian). Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana. December 20, 1999. Retrieved April 5, 2010.
  55. ↑ http://www.skdprosvjeta.com/news.php?id=66
  56. ↑ Danforth, Loring (1995), The Macedonian Conflict, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, p. 164, ISBN 978-0-691-04356-2
  57. ↑ "Symbols of the Bosniaks of Sandžak". Flags of the World. March 18–19, 2005. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
  58. ↑ Vickers, Miranda (2007), The Cham Issue — Where to Now?, ARAG Balkan Series, Swindon, United Kingdom: Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, p. 21, ISBN 978-1-905962-01-3
  59. ↑ "Rusyn Symbols". Academy of Rusyn Culture in the Slovak Republic. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
  60. ↑ "Crimean Tatars". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
  61. ↑ "Erzian ethnic flag". Flags of the World. February 2, 2002. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
  62. ↑ "Circassia". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
  63. ↑ "Abkhazia". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
  64. ↑ "Flags of daghestanian ethnic groups". Flags of the World. January 8, 2003. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  65. ↑ История Лезгинского народа (in Russian). Lezgini Kultuuriühing Eestis. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  66. ↑ "Meshtekistan". Flags of the World. January 30, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
  67. ↑ "Ajaria". Flags of the World. April 24, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.

Bibliography and references

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of ethnic groups.

Northern Africa

Western Africa

Middle Africa

Southern Asia

Notes and citations for external links

  1. ↑ A flag of Hausa people was proposed in 1966. It is a banner with five horizontal stripes: red, yellow, indigo blue, green, and khaki beige.
  2. ↑ "Asia: flags of the ethnic minorities and stateless nations". Encyclopædia Heraldica. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  3. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas, Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth, and Neo-Nazism (New York University Press, 1998, hardcover: ISBN 0-8147-3110-4, paperback: ISBN 0-8147-3111-2 Plate 3, between Pages 80 and 81, shows a picture of the Hindi ethnic flag (“Pan Hindu National Flag”)