Environmental movement in Australia

A climate change rally in Melbourne on 5 July 2008.

Beginning as a conservation movement, the environmental movement in Australia was the first in the world to become a political movement and Australia was home to the world's first Green party.[1]

The normal environmental movement is represented by a wide range of organizations sometimes called non-governmental organizations. These organizations exist on local, national, and international scales. Environmental NGOs vary widely in political views and in the amount they seek to influence environmental policy in Australia and elsewhere. The environmental movement today consists of both large national groups and also many smaller local groups with local concerns. There are also 5,000 Landcare groups in the six states and two mainland territories.

In Australia, the movement has seen a growth in popularity through prominent Australian environmentalists such as Bob Brown, Peter Garrett, Steve Irwin, Tim Flannery and David Fleay.

Scope of the movement

At a political level, the most influential organisation is the Australian Greens. In recent years the Greens have at times held the balance of power in the Australian Senate. The strongest areas of focus are Landcare, conservation in Australia, and also clean energy and the Australian anti-nuclear movement. The largest and most influential and active environmental organizations in Australia are World Wildlife Fund, The Wilderness Society (Australia), Greenpeace, and the Australian Conservation Foundation. There are also a large number of smaller conservation and advocacy groups. Many groups are involved in active acquisition for conservation as non-profit trusts or covenants to protect of environmentally sensitive land against inappropriate use. The largest of which, in terms of total land area, is Bush Heritage Australia.

History

The first European Settlers of Australia had little regard for the environment of the continent and the early focus was to use the abundant resources and convert the environment into a less hostile and European setting to make settlers feel more at home.

The first signs of the environmental movement in Australia began with the growing naturalism movement at the turn of the 19th Century.

Early field naturalists

The first naturalists arrived in Australia very early. Joseph Banks, a botanist and naturalist was a member of First voyage of James Cook and the First Fleet. Despite some significant discoveries by botanists such as Joseph Maiden it wasn't for many decades and with the rapid deterioration of native habitat and growing understanding of the native environment that the first organised clubs began to form. The Field Naturalists Club of Victoria was formed in 1880, followed shortly after by the New South Wales Naturalists Club and a similar organisation was established in Tasmania in 1904.

Despite the existence of a strong Victorian era zoological movement, there was little emphasis on conservation or management of the environment and in the early days these naturalists were primarily concerned with cataloguing and academia.

The first national parks

The idea of land conservation began 1879, when the Royal National Park in Sydney was proclaimed.[2] Previously it had been a recreational area, however it followed the lead of Yellowstone National Park in the United States as a conservation park.

As the conservation movement grew, so too did the number of national parks.

Response to endangered species

The thylacine, hunted to extinction in the wild by 1930, sparked public concern for other Australian mammals

In 1908 the Victorian Naturalists Society and the Wilsons Promontory management committee were involved in advocating for the preservation of the Thylacine, a species being hunted to extinction in Tasmania. Members of that group went on to establish Healesville Sanctuary.

The environmental movement became mainstream with public outcry following extensive culling of koalas. Between 1915 and 1927, nearly 4 million koalas were killed the largest cullings occurring in Queensland.[3][4] By 1924 koalas had officially become extinct in South Australia and endangered elsewhere. In response to the threat of extinction, Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary was opened.

Native fauna advisory committees began to be established to address the concern of rapidly dwindling populations of a number of mammal species. In 1928, the Tasmanian Advisory Committee for Native Fauna had recommended a reserve to protect any remaining Thylacines, with potential sites of suitable habitat including the Arthur-Pieman area of western Tasmania. This was also the beginning of a Tasmanian wilderness movement.

While the movement was too little to late to save the thylacine from extinction with the last thylacine dying in captivity in 1936, other species were saved with official protection orders. The koala was declared a protected species in all states in 1937. The Tasmanian Devil, another iconic species hunted to the brink of extinction was protected in 1941.

The landcare movement

While threats to iconic species stimulated the public to act the conservation movement took some time to grow. Vast areas of Australia were set aside as crown land, however these were seen as areas of potential development and land use rather than for conservation. Private land use was in general insensitive to native wildlife.

The landcare movement in Australia was begun by farmers has its root in the 1960s to combat the growing problem of soil erosion and soil salinity which was having an increasing impact in Australia[5] but later also embraced benefits of native biodiversity. Groups of volunteers were formed for projects which promoted revegetation and better resource management. Many of these projects were funded by community groups such as the Returned Services Leagues and Rotary International or official government programs, such as Land for Wildlife in Victoria or protection of remnant native vegetation through trusts and covenants. Having started locally, the landcare movement gained a national voice in the late 1980s with the foundation of Landcare (organisation) and later Landcare Australia. Despite increasing awareness of greater environmental issues, however a growing conflict was occurring between conservationists and farmers.[6]

The anti-litter movement

The anti-litter movement also had its roots in the 1960s due to the growing problem in Australia of litter as a form of visual pollution. Keep Australia Beautiful was founded in 1969 and became popular in the 1980s with its "Do the right thing" campaign against littering and its Tidy Towns competition became well known in Australia due to it being a very competitive expression of civic pride.

The rise of the green movement

The first rumblings of the Australian green movement as a political force came with protests over the Lake Pedder damming project in 1972. The project caused worldwide publicity and brought the environmental movement to the mainstream in Australia. The movement escalated with the Franklin Dam project and Bob Brown was made a martyr for the cause when he was jailed for environmental activism.

The protests included the United Tasmania Group who were the precursor to the Tasmanian Greens and are now recognised as the world's first green party. The group that preceded the Tasmanian Wilderness Society - the South West Tasmania Action Committee continued after the flooding.

Anti-nuclear movement

Nuclear testing, uranium mining and export, and nuclear energy have often been the subject of public debate in Australia, and the anti-nuclear movement has a long history. Its origins date back to the 1972–73 debate over French nuclear testing in the Pacific and the 1976–77 debate about uranium mining in Australia.[7][8]

Several groups specifically concerned with nuclear issues were established in the mid-1970s, including the Movement Against Uranium Mining and Campaign Against Nuclear Energy (CANE), cooperating with other environmental groups such as Friends of the Earth and the Australian Conservation Foundation.[9] But by the late 1980s, the price of uranium had fallen, and the costs of nuclear power had risen, and the anti-nuclear movement seemed to have won its case. CANE disbanded itself in 1988.[10]

About 2003, proponents of nuclear power advocated it as a solution to global warming and the Australian government began taking an interest. Anti-nuclear campaigners and some scientists in Australia emphasised that nuclear power could not significantly substitute for other power sources, and that uranium mining itself could become a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions.

Indigenous land

An increasing consciousness in Indigenous Australian culture and the practices of sustainable landcare also contributed to an overall increase in popularity of the environmental movement and concern for indigenous species. Additionally the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 which granted indigenous people ownership based on traditional occupation, which effectively locked away large tracts of land from overdevelopment.

1980s - Major government action

The environmental movement reached a peak in Australia in the 1980s. Popular Australian culture began to embrace the environmental messages of rock bands like Midnight Oil.

The sinking of the Rainbow Warrior in New Zealand polarised the community on the green movement. Greenpeace became a symbol to many of the entire movement and was seen at once by many in the community as both intrepid and radical. Nuclear testing and whaling in the Pacific region had major impacts on the social consciousness of Australia.

The environmental movement also became a hot political issue. The Australian Labor Party, in particular, began to capitalise on the popularity in its election campaigning with a national conservation and soil conservation strategy.

In July 1989, Bob Hawke made a famous "Our Country, Our Future" speech that the Australian Labor Party would plant a billion trees to combat soil erosion and declared the 1990s the "Decade of Landcare".[11] This was a widely popular decision vindicated by the environmental movement.

In the same year, the government introduced the Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Act 1989, the focus of which was to eliminate the use of Chlorofluorocarbons. The widening hole in the ozone layer was of high concern due to Australia's growing rate of skin cancer incidence.

However with the shift to the conservative Keating Government the economy became the dominant issue and government environmental policy was not a mainstream political issue for over a decade.

Issues

Climate change

Growing concern in Australia about climate change reached its peak in 2006 largely in response to climate change campaigner Al Gore's An Inconvenient Truth and once again pushed environmental issues to the forefront. The Howard Government stirred the environmental movement by refusing to acknowledge the Kyoto Protocol and pushing a strongly pro-nuclear power stance. In addition, Howard created controversy by refusing to meet with Al Gore during his visit to Australia. In contrast, opposition leader Kevin Rudd proclaimed climate change as "the greatest moral, economic and social challenge of our time" and called for a cut to greenhouse gas emissions by 60% before 2050.[12] A Newspoll released prior to the Australian federal election, 2007 found that the environment was the fourth most important issue to voters behind Medicare, education and the economy.[13]

The Rudd Government began on 3 December 2007, and as his first official act after being sworn in, Kevin Rudd signed the Kyoto Protocol.[14] Rudd stated that:

Australia's official declaration today that we will become a member of the Kyoto Protocol is a significant step forward in our country's efforts to fight climate change domestically - and with the international community.

However, the Rudd Government's environmental credentials suffered some negative perception from environmental groups when post-Kyoto cuts to emissions were subsequently scaled back[15] and the fallout of the public embarrassing Energy Efficient Homes Package scheme which included the much criticized insulation and Green Loans programs.[16]

Criticism of government policy caused delays to the introduction of a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme including an abandoned Emission trading scheme. It was finally replaced with the Gillard Government's passed Clean Energy Bill 2011.

Criticisms of the environmental movement

Some key critics of the environmental movement in Australia include former prime minister John Howard and media personalities Andrew Bolt and Christian Kerr.

See also


References

  1. ↑ "History". Australian Greens. May 2010. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  2. ↑ "NSW Office of Environment and Heritage". Office of Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
  3. ↑ Evans, Raymond (2007). A History of Queensland. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-521-87692-6.
  4. ↑ Koala research collaboration project
  5. ↑
  6. ↑ pg 4
  7. ↑ Jim Green. Australia's anti-nuclear movement: a short history Green Left Online, 26 August 1998. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
  8. ↑ Jason Koutsoukis. Rudd romps to historic win The Age, 25 November 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
  9. ↑ Roy McLeod (1995). "Resistance to Nuclear Technology: Optimists, Opportunists and Opposition in Australian Nuclear History" in Martin Bauer (ed) Resistance to New Technology, Cambridge University Press, pp. 171-173.
  10. ↑ Roy McLeod (1995). "Resistance to Nuclear Technology: Optimists, Opportunists and Opposition in Australian Nuclear History" in Martin Bauer (ed) Resistance to New Technology, Cambridge University Press, pp. 175-177.
  11. ↑ (22 July 1989) Hawke calls up a billion trees in the battle against soil erosion. News Scientist. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  12. ↑ Rule of reckless vows The Weekend Australian 27/28 December 2008 page 20
  13. ↑ "Importance and best party to handle major issues" (PDF). Newspoll/The Australian. 6 June 2006. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
  14. ↑ "Australia ratifies Kyoto Protocol". The Sydney Morning Herald. 3 December 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2007.
  15. ↑ Lenore Taylor (29 April 2010). Rudd's ETS flip-flop sparks climate chaos. Sydney Morning Herald.
  16. ↑ I'm to blame for the lot in bungled insulation scheme, Kevin Rudd declares Matthew Franklin and Nicola Berkovic. The Australian. 26 February 2010.