English cadence

Excerpt from O sacrum convivium by Thomas Tallis.  Play  (Incidentally, the editor has helpfully put a courtesy accidental on the tenor's G natural, which would not have been present in the original publication. See musica ficta.)

In conventional classical music theory, the English cadence is a distinctive contrapuntal pattern particular to the authentic or perfect cadence described as archaic[1] or old-fashioned[2] sounding. This pattern is so named because of its use primarily by English composers of the High Renaissance and Restoration periods. The hallmark of this device is the dissonant augmented octave (compound augmented unison) produced by a false relation between the split seventh scale degree.

Popular with English composers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries but named in the 20th-century, the English cadence is a type of full close featuring the blue seventh against the dominant chord[3] which in C would be B♭ and G-B♮-D.

Characteristics

For instance, observe beat 4 of the example shown at right; in the context of A minor (with Picardy third), the tenor's G natural sounds concurrently with the soprano's G sharp. This anomalous voice leading entails the seventh degree's dual functionality, or its capacity for opposing voice-leading tendencies. That is, a lowered seventh degree resolves downward to the sixth (e.g., G-F), while a raised seventh (i.e., a leading tone) resolves upward to the first degree (e.g., G♯-A).

English cadence on C with parallel fifth  Play . Split seventh: B♮ and B♭.

In harmonic terms, the basis of the English cadence is the authentic cadence, which follows the chord progression V-I. This variant is characterized by a penultimate, dominant chord with a split third, thereby creating a false relation between the germane parts.

The contrapuntal nature of the device dictates a minimum of three parts, though it is generally found in works with four or more parts. Where this musical device is used in music written in a minor key, it is common for it to be combined with a Picardy third, ultimately producing a major tonic.

Perfect authentic cadence (V-I with roots in the bass and tonic in the highest voice of the final chord): ii-V-I progression in C  Play .

The Corelli cadence is another "clash cadence".

History and usage

English cadence on F  Play .[4] Split seventh: E♮ and E♭.

The English cadence was primarily used in choral music, though it is also present in contemporaneous music for consorts of viols and other instruments.

The cadence is found as early as Machaut (c. 1300-1377).[5]

The origins of this cadential form are unclear. False relation was a common feature of English music of the sixteenth century. Its use cadentially, however, gives it a peculiar, recognizable framework, which in part defined the works containing it as specifically English. Amongst the composers to use the English cadence were Thomas Tallis, William Byrd, and Orlando Gibbons. For instance, the anthem "Hosanna to the Son of David" by Gibbons contains three discrete examples of the device in just 66 bars. The end of Tallis's Spem in alium contains an example.[6] Another example of an English Cadence is in William Byrd's 'Oh Lord make thy Servant Elizabeth' under the text 'and deny not the request of her lips' in the first alto line.

Described as "stale" by Morley in 1597,[7] the device fell out of use in the early part of the seventeenth century, though we still find many examples of it in Purcell's anthems ("My heart is inditing" or "Rejoice in the Lord alway" for instance). This was due partly to a period of decline for music and composition in England, as well as to the development of generally accepted rules of harmony in which the false relation was no longer acceptable. In the twentieth century, several composers used the English cadence for various effects, either in homage to earlier works or for humorous purposes.

Modern reception

Many works containing the English cadence are still performed regularly today. This is particularly true of choral music. Despite this, many (predominantly English) musicians consider the device humorous owing to the false relation which sounds unusual to the modern ear, being against the generally accepted rules of harmony. Several composers of the twentieth century have used the device in an effort to introduce humour to their work. Also, it is a common in-joke among church and cathedral choirs to insert spurious English cadences into any piece containing a suitable perfect cadence, especially hymns.

Sources

  1. ↑ Carver, Anthony (1988). The Development of Sacred Polychoral Music to the Time of Schütz, p.136. ISBN 0-521-30398-2. If the clash cadence is already, "archaic, [and/or] mannered," in the music of Heinrich Schütz (1585-1672) it must surely be so now.
  2. ↑ Herissone, Rebecca (2001). Music Theory in Seventeenth-Century England, p.170. ISBN 0-19-816700-8.
  3. ↑ van der Merwe, Peter (2005). Roots of the Classical: The Popular Origins of Western Music, p.492. ISBN 0-19-816647-8.
  4. ↑ Latham, Alison, ed. (2002). The Oxford Companion to Music, p.192. ISBN 0-19-866212-2.
  5. ↑ Apel, Willi and Binkley, Thomas (1990). Italian Violin Music of the Seventeenth Century, p.56. ISBN 0-253-30683-3.
  6. ↑ Diane Kelsey McColley (1998). Poetry and Music in Seventeenth-Century England, p.40. ISBN 0-521-59363-8.
  7. ↑ Curtis, Alan (1969). Sweelinck's Keyboard Music: A Study of English Elements in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Composition, p.155. 1987 edition: ISBN 90-04-08263-8.