Engelbert II of Berg

Saint Engelbert of Cologne
Archbishop of Cologne and Martyr
Born 1185 or 1186
Burg an der Wupper, Germany
Died 7 November 1225
Gevelsberg, near Schwelm, Germany
Venerated in Roman Catholicism
Major shrine Cologne, Germany
Feast 7 November
Attributes a crosier in one hand, with an upraised sword, in the other, piercing a crescent moon

Count Engelbert II of Berg, also known as Saint Engelbert, Engelbert of Cologne, Engelbert I, Archbishop of Cologne or Engelbert I of Berg, Archbishop of Cologne (1185 or 1186, Schloss Burg – 7 November 1225, Gevelsberg) was archbishop of Cologne and a saint;[lower-alpha 1] he was notoriously murdered by a member of his own family.

Early life

Engelbert was born in 1185 or 1186 in Schloss Burg (present Burg an der Wupper ), the younger son of Count Engelbert I of Berg and his wife Margarete of Guelders. He was educated at the cathedral school in Cologne. From 1198 (at the age of twelve or thirteen) he held the office of provost of St. George in Cologne and from 1199 to 1216 he also held the office of cathedral provost at Cologne Cathedral. He further acquired at various times a number of other provostships: in Cologne, Aachen, Deventer and Zutphen. He was elected Bishop of Münster in 1203 but he declined because of his age.

Engelbert was excommunicated by Pope Innocent III in 1206, on account of his support for his cousin Adolf of Altena, archbishop of Cologne, in the interests of Philip of Swabia against Otto of Brunswick but was pardoned in 1208. In 1212, as an act of penance for his earlier rebellion, he took part in the Albigensian Crusade. He gave his allegiance to the future Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, after the Battle of Bouvines in 1214.

Archbishop of Cologne and after

Statue of Archbishop Engelbert of Berg at Schloss Burg. Sculptor Paul Wynand

Engelbert was elected Archbishop of Cologne as Engelbert I on 29 February 1216 and was consecrated on 24 September 1217, in which office he remained until his violent death.

Engelbert came to enjoy the trust of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, becoming imperial administrator Reichsverweser in 1220 and guardian of the Emperor's son Henry. In 1222, Engelbert crowned twelve-years-old Henry as King of the Romans in Aachen. Engelbert remained Henry's tutor and guardian until his death.

It is not clear to what extent Engelbert was personally involved with the Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis, a treaty with the ecclesiastical princes, which Frederick signed on 26 April 1220, although as Administrator of the German Kingdom (Gubernator Regni Teutonici) he must have had at least some input. Clearly, however, in the increased powers it gave to all ecclesiastical princes it was of benefit also to the archbishops of Cologne, and the establishment and development of the new powers was part of Engelbert's archiepiscopal strategy.

When Engelbert succeeded, the rights and territories of the archdiocese were in bad order, following a long period of civil unrest in Germany. He engaged himself at once in a series of campaigns and strategies to win them back and safeguard them, principally against the Dukes of Limburg and their allies the County of Cleves. Engelbert in turn set up alliances with Brabant and Namur.

Engelbert also defended his personal inheritance against Duke Waleran III of Limburg. In 1218 Engelbert's brother Count Adolf VI of Berg died on the Fifth Crusade without a male heir. Waleran considered himself entitled to inherit the County of Berg because his son Henry was married to Irmgard of Berg, Adolf's only daughter. According to the Salic law, however, Engelbert was the heir. He won the dispute in two feuds. In 1220 a peace was concluded and Waleran's claim settled by the payment of a year's revenues.

Engelbert granted town privileges to many places, including Wipperfürth, Attendorn, Brilon, Siegen, Werl and Herford, Vianden, Hamm, Neuerburg and Manderscheid.

During his incumbency as archbishop, Engelbert continued to fight for the re-establishment and security of the Archdiocese of Cologne both as an ecclesiastical authority and also as a secular territory. (It was said of him that despite his personal piety he was more of a monarch than a churchman). Not only did he constantly battle, by all means necessary, for the secular well-being of the lands of the archdiocese, of which he may be counted the de facto founder as a significant state; he also took energetic measures for the effective regulation of the City of Cologne itself; and he was a zealous champion of the religious throughout his archdiocese.

Death

Memorial to the assassinated Archbishop in Gevelsberg

Engelbert earned the respect and affection of his subjects through his devotion to justice and his energy in maintaining law, and took great pains to ensure the well-being of the religious within his authority. However, his effectiveness in achieving his goals by all means necessary, including military action, his allegiance to the pope and the emperor, and his uncompromising defence of the law and the rights of religious persons and bodies, brought him into conflict with the nobility, including his own family, and this led to his death.

His cousin Count Frederick of Isenberg was vogt of Essen Abbey, and abused his position by defrauding the nuns. Engelbert was determined to protect the nuns interests and sought to bring Frederick to justice. On 7 November 1225 while they travelled together to Cologne from a judicial hearing in Soest, Engelbert was killed, possibly by Frederick, in a defile near present-day Gevelsberg near Schwelm.

It seems probable that a group of disaffected nobility was behind the attack which may have been intended to take Engelbert captive rather than kill him.

Engelbert's body was taken to Cologne on a dung-cart, and when examined, found to have forty-seven wounds.

Veneration

Engelbert's body was buried in Cologne Cathedral on 24 February 1226 on the order of Cardinal Conrad of Urach, the papal legate who declared him a martyr because he had died in defence of nuns. He is venerated by many as a saint. His successor, Heinrich von Müllenark, commissioned Caesar of Heisterbach to compose a biography, presumably in preparation for canonisation. The biography was written but he was never formally canonized. His remains are preserved today in a baroque shrine prepared on the authority of Ferdinand of Bavaria, archbishop of Cologne, who in 1618 also ordered the celebration of his feast on 7 November.

Notes

  1. ↑ The description "Engelbert I of Berg" can refer either to Count Engelbert I of Berg or to the subject of this article, his son, Count Engelbert II of Berg, if referred to by his ecclesiastical office, when the form "Engelbert I of Berg, Archbishop of Cologne" sometimes occurs besides the more usual "Engelbert I of Cologne".

References

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This article is in part based on a translation of the article in the German Wikipedia

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    Engelbert of Berg
    Born: 1185 or 1186 in Burg an der Wupper Died: 7 November 1225 in Gevelsberg
    Regnal titles
    Preceded by
    Adolf VI von Berg    		 Count of Berg
    as Engelbert II
    1218–1225     		Succeeded by
    Henry IV of Limburg
    Catholic Church titles
    Regnal titles
    Preceded by
    Bruno IV von Sayn and Dietrich I von Hengebach    		 Archbishop of Cologne and
    Duke of Westphalia and Angria
    as Engelbert I
    1220–1225     		Succeeded by
    Heinrich I von Müllenark