Elliptic cylindrical coordinates

Coordinate surfaces of elliptic cylindrical coordinates. The yellow sheet is the prism of a half-hyperbola corresponding to ν=-45°, whereas the red tube is an elliptical prism corresponding to μ=1. The blue sheet corresponds to z=1. The three surfaces intersect at the point P (shown as a black sphere) with Cartesian coordinates roughly (2.182, -1.661, 1.0). The foci of the ellipse and hyperbola lie at x = ±2.0.

Elliptic cylindrical coordinates are a three-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system that results from projecting the two-dimensional elliptic coordinate system in the perpendicular z-direction. Hence, the coordinate surfaces are prisms of confocal ellipses and hyperbolae. The two foci F_{1} and F_{2} are generally taken to be fixed at -a and +a, respectively, on the x-axis of the Cartesian coordinate system.

Basic definition

The most common definition of elliptic cylindrical coordinates (\mu, \nu, z) is

x = a \ \cosh \mu \ \cos \nu
y = a \ \sinh \mu \ \sin \nu
z = z \!

where \mu is a nonnegative real number and \nu \in [0, 2\pi).

These definitions correspond to ellipses and hyperbolae. The trigonometric identity

\frac{x^{2}}{a^{2} \cosh^{2} \mu} + \frac{y^{2}}{a^{2} \sinh^{2} \mu} = \cos^{2} \nu + \sin^{2} \nu = 1

shows that curves of constant \mu form ellipses, whereas the hyperbolic trigonometric identity

\frac{x^{2}}{a^{2} \cos^{2} \nu} - \frac{y^{2}}{a^{2} \sin^{2} \nu} = \cosh^{2} \mu - \sinh^{2} \mu = 1

shows that curves of constant \nu form hyperbolae.

Scale factors

The scale factors for the elliptic cylindrical coordinates \mu and \nu are equal

h_{\mu} = h_{\nu} = a\sqrt{\sinh^{2}\mu + \sin^{2}\nu}

whereas the remaining scale factor h_{z}=1. Consequently, an infinitesimal volume element equals

dV = a^{2} \left( \sinh^{2}\mu + \sin^{2}\nu \right) d\mu d\nu dz

and the Laplacian equals

\nabla^{2} \Phi = \frac{1}{a^{2} \left( \sinh^{2}\mu + \sin^{2}\nu \right)} \left( \frac{\partial^{2} \Phi}{\partial \mu^{2}} + \frac{\partial^{2} \Phi}{\partial \nu^{2}} \right) + \frac{\partial^{2} \Phi}{\partial z^{2}}

Other differential operators such as \nabla \cdot \mathbf{F} and \nabla \times \mathbf{F} can be expressed in the coordinates (\mu, \nu, z) by substituting the scale factors into the general formulae found in orthogonal coordinates.

Alternative definition

An alternative and geometrically intuitive set of elliptic coordinates (\sigma, \tau, z) are sometimes used, where \sigma = \cosh \mu and \tau = \cos \nu. Hence, the curves of constant \sigma are ellipses, whereas the curves of constant \tau are hyperbolae. The coordinate \tau must belong to the interval [-1, 1], whereas the \sigma coordinate must be greater than or equal to one.

The coordinates (\sigma, \tau, z) have a simple relation to the distances to the foci F_{1} and F_{2}. For any point in the (x,y) plane, the sum d_{1}+d_{2} of its distances to the foci equals 2a\sigma, whereas their difference d_{1}-d_{2} equals 2a\tau. Thus, the distance to F_{1} is a(\sigma+\tau), whereas the distance to F_{2} is a(\sigma-\tau). (Recall that F_{1} and F_{2} are located at x=-a and x=+a, respectively.)

A drawback of these coordinates is that they do not have a 1-to-1 transformation to the Cartesian coordinates

x = a\sigma\tau \!
y^{2} = a^{2} \left( \sigma^{2} - 1 \right) \left(1 - \tau^{2} \right)

Alternative scale factors

The scale factors for the alternative elliptic coordinates (\sigma, \tau, z) are

h_{\sigma} = a\sqrt{\frac{\sigma^{2} - \tau^{2}}{\sigma^{2} - 1}}
h_{\tau} = a\sqrt{\frac{\sigma^{2} - \tau^{2}}{1 - \tau^{2}}}

and, of course, h_{z}=1. Hence, the infinitesimal volume element becomes

dV = a^{2} \frac{\sigma^{2} - \tau^{2}}{\sqrt{\left( \sigma^{2} - 1 \right) \left( 1 - \tau^{2} \right)}} d\sigma d\tau dz

and the Laplacian equals

\nabla^{2} \Phi = \frac{1}{a^{2} \left( \sigma^{2} - \tau^{2} \right) } \left[ \sqrt{\sigma^{2} - 1} \frac{\partial}{\partial \sigma} \left( \sqrt{\sigma^{2} - 1} \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial \sigma} \right) + \sqrt{1 - \tau^{2}} \frac{\partial}{\partial \tau} \left( \sqrt{1 - \tau^{2}} \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial \tau} \right) \right] + \frac{\partial^{2} \Phi}{\partial z^{2}}

Other differential operators such as \nabla \cdot \mathbf{F} and \nabla \times \mathbf{F} can be expressed in the coordinates (\sigma, \tau) by substituting the scale factors into the general formulae found in orthogonal coordinates.

Applications

The classic applications of elliptic cylindrical coordinates are in solving partial differential equations, e.g., Laplace's equation or the Helmholtz equation, for which elliptic cylindrical coordinates allow a separation of variables. A typical example would be the electric field surrounding a flat conducting plate of width 2a.

The three-dimensional wave equation, when expressed in elliptic cylindrical coordinates, may be solved by separation of variables, leading to the Mathieu differential equations.

The geometric properties of elliptic coordinates can also be useful. A typical example might involve an integration over all pairs of vectors \mathbf{p} and \mathbf{q} that sum to a fixed vector \mathbf{r} = \mathbf{p} + \mathbf{q}, where the integrand was a function of the vector lengths \left| \mathbf{p} \right| and \left| \mathbf{q} \right|. (In such a case, one would position \mathbf{r} between the two foci and aligned with the x-axis, i.e., \mathbf{r} = 2a \mathbf{\hat{x}}.) For concreteness, \mathbf{r}, \mathbf{p} and \mathbf{q} could represent the momenta of a particle and its decomposition products, respectively, and the integrand might involve the kinetic energies of the products (which are proportional to the squared lengths of the momenta).

Bibliography

External links