Elizabeth Freeman

For other people named Elizabeth Freeman, see Elizabeth Freeman (disambiguation).
Elizabeth Freeman
(a.k.a. Mum Bett)

Miniature portrait, watercolor on ivory by Susan Anne Livingston Ridley Sedgwick, 1811

Elizabeth Freeman, aged 60 or 70
Born ca. 1742
Claverack, Province of New York
Died December 28, 1829 (aged 87)
Stockbridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Nationality American
Other names Bett, Mum Bett, Mumbet
Occupation Midwife, herbalist, servant
Known for Brom and Bett v. Ashley (1781), gained freedom based on constitutional right to liberty

Elizabeth Freeman (c. 1742 – December 28, 1829), in early life known as Bett and later Mum Bett, was among the first black slaves in Massachusetts to file a "freedom suit" and win in court under the 1780 constitution, with a ruling that slavery was illegal. Her county court case, Brom and Bett v. Ashley, decided in August 1781, was cited as a precedent in the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court appellate review of Quock Walker's "freedom suit". When the state Supreme Court upheld Walker's freedom under the constitution, the ruling was considered to have implicitly ended slavery in the state.

Any time, any time while I was a slave, if one minute's freedom had been offered to me, and I had been told I must die at the end of that minute, I would have taken it—just to stand one minute on God's airth [sic] a free woman— I would.
—Elizabeth Freeman[1]

Biography and trial

Freeman was illiterate and left no written records of her life. Her early history has been pieced together from the writings of contemporaries to whom she told her story or who heard it indirectly, as well as from historical records.[2][3]

Freeman was born into slavery about 1742 at the farm of Pieter Hogeboom in Claverack, New York, where she was given the name Bett. When Hogeboom's daughter Hannah married John Ashley of Sheffield, Massachusetts, Hogeboom gave Bett, then in her early teens, to Hannah and her husband. Freeman remained with them until 1781, during which time she had a child, Betsy. She is said to have married, though no marriage record has been located. Her husband (name unknown) is said to have never returned from service in the Revolutionary War.[4]

Throughout her life, Bett exhibited a strong spirit and sense of self. She came into conflict with Hannah Ashley, who was raised in the strict Dutch culture of the New York colony. In 1780, Bett prevented Hannah from striking her daughter Betsy[Notes 1] with a heated shovel; Elizabeth shielded her daughter and received a deep wound in her arm. As the wound healed, Bett left it uncovered as evidence of her harsh treatment.[1] Catharine Maria Sedgwick quotes Elizabeth saying, "Madam never again laid her hand on Lizzy [sic]. I had a bad arm all winter, but Madam had the worst of it. I never covered the wound, and when people said to me, before Madam, "Betty, what ails your arm?" I only answered - 'ask missis!' Which was the slave and which was the real misses?"[1]

John Ashley was a Yale-educated lawyer, wealthy landowner, businessman and leader in the community. His house was the site of many political discussions and the probable location of the signing of the Sheffield Resolves, which predated the Declaration of Independence.

Soon after the Revolutionary War, Freeman heard the newly adopted Massachusetts Constitution read at a public gathering in Sheffield, including the following:[1]

All men are born free and equal, and have certain natural, essential, and unalienable rights; among which may be reckoned the right of enjoying and defending their lives and liberties; that of acquiring, possessing, and protecting property; in fine, that of seeking and obtaining their safety and happiness.
—Massachusetts Constitution, Article 1.

Inspired by these words, Bett sought the counsel of Theodore Sedgwick, a young abolition-minded lawyer, to help her sue for freedom in court. She told him, "I heard that paper read yesterday, that says, all men are created equal, and that every man has a right to freedom. I'm not a dumb critter; won't the law give me my freedom?"[1] Sedgwick willingly accepted her case, as well as that of Brom, another of Ashley's slaves. He enlisted the aid of Tapping Reeve, the founder of one of America's earliest law schools, located at Litchfield, Connecticut.

The case of Brom and Bett v. Ashley was heard in August 1781 before the County Court of Common Pleas in Great Barrington.[5] Sedgwick and Reeve asserted that the constitutional provision that "all men are born free and equal" effectively abolished slavery in the state. When the jury ruled in Bett's favor, she became the first African-American woman to be set free under the Massachusetts state constitution.

The jury found that "...Brom & Bett are not, nor were they at the time of the purchase of the original writ the legal Negro of the said John Ashley..."[6] The court assessed damages of thirty shillings and awarded both plaintiffs compensation for their labor.

After the ruling, Bett took the name Elizabeth Freeman. Although Ashley asked her to return to his house and work for wages, she chose to work in attorney Sedgwick's household. She worked for his family until 1808 as senior servant and governess to the Sedgwick children, who called her "Mum Bett". The Sedgwick children included Catharine Sedgwick, who became a well-known author and wrote an account of her governess's life. Also working at the Sedgwick household during much of this time was Agrippa Hull, a free black who had served for years during the Revolutionary War.[7]

From the time Freeman gained her freedom, she became widely recognized and in demand for her skills as a healer, midwife and nurse. After the Sedgwick children were grown, Freeman and her daughter bought and moved into their own house in Stockbridge.

Death

Freeman's real age was never known, but an estimate on her tombstone puts her age at about 85. She died in December 1829 and was buried in the Sedgwick family plot in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. They provided a tombstone, inscribed as follows:

ELIZABETH FREEMAN, left behind 4 children but is also known by the name of MUMBET died Dec. 28th 1829. Her supposed age was 85 Years. She was born a slave and remained a slave for nearly thirty years; She could neither read nor write, yet in her own sphere she had no superior or equal. She neither wasted time nor property. She never violated a trust, nor failed to perform a duty. In every situation of domestic trial, she was the most efficient helper and the tenderest friend. Good mother, farewell.[2]

Legacy

The decision in the case of Elizabeth Freeman was cited as precedent when the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court heard the appeal of Quock Walker v. Jennison and Walker's freedom was upheld. These cases set the legal precedents that ended slavery in Massachusetts. Vermont had already abolished it explicitly in its constitution.[2][3][8][9]

Connection to W.E.B. Du Bois

Historian W.E.B. Du Bois claimed Freeman as his relative and wrote that she married his maternal great-grandfather, "Jack" Burghardt.[10][11] But, Freeman was 20 years senior to Burghardt, and no record of such a marriage has been found. It may have been Freeman's daughter, Betsy Humphrey, who married Burghardt after her first husband, Jonah Humphrey, left the area "around 1811", and after Burghardt's first wife died (c. 1810). If so, Freeman would have been Du Bois's step-great-great-grandmother. Anecdotal evidence supports Humphrey's marrying Burghardt; a close relationship of some form is likely.[2]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Note: Some versions of this event have the target of Hannah's wrath being Bett's sister Lizzie (see Segdwick, 1853), but no known historical record of such a person exists (see Piper and Levinson, 2010).

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Sedgwick, Catharine Maria (1853). "Slavery in New England". Bentley's Miscellany (London) 34: 417–424. Retrieved August 2010.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Piper, Emilie; Levinson, David (2010). One Minute a Free Woman: Elizabeth Freeman and the Struggle for Freedom. Salisbury, CT: Upper Housatonic Valley National Heritage Are. ISBN 978-0-9845492-0-7.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Rose, Ben Z. (2009). Mother of Freedom: Mum Bett and the Roots of Abolition. Waverly, Massachusetts: Treeline Press. ISBN 978-0-9789123-1-4.
  4. ↑ Wilds, Mary (1999). Mumbet: The Life and Times of Elizabeth Freeman: The True Story of a Slave Who Won Her Freedom. Greensboro, North Carolina: Avisson Press Inc. ISBN 1-888105-40-2.
  5. ↑ "Massachusetts Constitution, Judicial Review, and Slavery – The Mum Bett Case". mass.gov. 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  6. ↑ Transcript of Case No. 1, Brom & Bett vs. John Ashley Esq., Book 4A, p 55 Inferior Court of Common Pleas, Berkshire County, Great Barrington, MA, 1781, transcribed by Brady Barrows at Berkshire County Courthouse, 1998.
  7. ↑ Gary B. Nash, "Agrippa Hull" revolutionary patriot", Black Past, 2008, accessed 12 March 2012
  8. ↑ Zilversmit, Arthur (October 1968). "Quok Walker, Mumbet, and the Abolition of Slavery in Massachusetts". The William and Mary Quarterly. Third (Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture) 25 (44): 614–624. JSTOR 1916801.
  9. ↑ "Africans in America/Part 2/Elizabeth Freeman (Mum Bett)". pbs.org. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
  10. ↑ Du Bois, W. E. (1984). Dusk of Dawn. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 11. Originally published 1940.
  11. ↑ Levering, David (1993). W. E. Du Bois, Biography of a Race 1868–1919. New York City: Henry Holt and Co. p. 14.