Elite pact

King John signing the Magna Carta — the charter of rights of the powerful barons which has been described as "the greatest constitutional document of all times — the foundation of the freedom of the individual against the arbitrary authority of the despot".[1]

An elite pact, settlement or political settlement is an agreement or understanding between political elites which moderates the violence and winner takes all nature of unrestrained conflict. Such settlements tend to transform government from an autocratic mode into more pluralistic, democratic form.[2][3]

This concept in political theory is part of elite theory and state-building. Joel Migdal has suggested that the concept of political settlements has a pedigree going back to the work of Barrington Moore. Political settlements are the frameworks for governing a state established by elites, either through formal processes or informally over time. There are numerous definitions of political settlements and elite pacts, often including an emphasis on understandings between elites that bring about the conditions to end conflict, or maintain peace. In 2011 the World Bank's World Development Report suggested a new terminology for this area of thought with the concept of `good enough coalitions.'

Elite pacts can be explicitly articulated (enshrined in an evolving document – usually a constitution). It has been suggested that in most states constitutional reform has become the metaphor for the renegotiation of power.

Verena Fritz and Alina Rocha Menocal published a paper in 2007 arguing that political settlements are a `domain' at the heart of all state processe. They relate the concept to broader state theory (including the issues of elections and legitimacy). They stress that political settlements are not one-off events but evolve over time.[4]

Important contributions on the establishing of political settlements in modern (particularly newly democratic) states have also been made by Thomas Carothers and Marina Ottaway of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Also of note is JC Scott's work `Seeing Like a State' which explores the routes through which political settlements in medieval Europe began to consolidate formal state structures.

In political science the concept of `political settlements' is distinct from short-term processes aimed at elite agreements, such as a `peace process' or `peace agreement.' Peace negotiations and agreements may be part of the process of achieving a political settlement, but the settlement itself is the period of time for which an elite agreement holds, which could last for days or centuries.

Controversially the political scientist Patrick Chabal has suggested that the concept of political settlements is often less useful than that of `political sedimentation,' the residue of elite accommodation that is left after a period of contestation or explicit conflict, (quoted from Whaites above) see also.[5]

References

  1. ↑ Danny Danziger, John Gillingham (2004), 1215: The Year of Magna Carta, p. 278
  2. ↑ John Higley, Michael Burton (1998), "Elite Settlements and the Taming of Politics", Government and Opposition (Blackwell Publishing Ltd.) 33 (1): 98, doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.1998.tb00785.x
  3. ↑ Albert Breton (1997), "Elite pacts", Understanding democracy, Cambridge University Press, p. 33, ISBN 978-0-521-58236-0
  4. ↑ http://www.odi.org.uk/pppg/politics_and_governance/publications/ODI_state_building_paper.pdf.
  5. ↑ http://www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/Expert-feedback.pdf