Elector of Trier

Coat of Arms of the Elector of Trier

Baldwin in the Balduinbrunnen, Trier.

Coat of arms of the elector of Trier in 1703

Archbishopric of Trier and County of Sponheim

The Elector of Trier was one of the Prince-Electors of the Holy Roman Empire and, in his capacity as archbishop, administered the archdiocese of Trier. The territories of the electorate and the archdiocese were not, however, equivalent.

History

The transient authority of archbishops was not gained without opposition. The German kings Otto IV and Conrad IV in 1308 granted charters to the city of Trier, authorizing the jurisdiction of its archbishop, Baldwin of Luxembourg. This prince, brother of Emperor Henry VII, who ruled from 1307 to 1354, was the real founder of the power of Trier. Although his predecessor, Diether III of Nassau, had left the electorate heavily encumbered with debt, Baldwin raised it to great prosperity with the help of the emperors Henry VII, Louis the Bavarian and Charles IV, to whom he had rendered active political and military support. He enlarged his territory almost to its ultimate extent. He assumed the title of Arch-Chancellor of Gaul and Aries (or Burgundy). In 1315 he accepted the claim of the Archbishop of Cologne, to hold the highest rank among the spiritual princes of the Empire after the Archbishop of Mainz, with the Elector of Trier holding third place in the electoral college. After Baldwin's death the prosperity of Trier was reduced by wars and disputes between rival claimants.

In 1456, the estates united for the purpose of restoring order and secured the right to elect their archbishop. Throughout the Middle Ages, the Sancta Civitas Trevirorum [Latin, “Holy City of Trier”] was a flourishing site of religious foundations and became a great center of monastic learning. In the latter half of the 16th century the supervision of the electorate's educational system was taken over by the Jesuits. The university, founded in 1473, continued in operation until 1797.

Archbishop-Elector Richard von Greiffenklau (1467-1531) successfully opposed the Reformation. One of his acts was the exhibition to the public of the Holy Robe of Trier, which is believed to have been worn by Jesus before His Crucifixion. Trier thereafter became one of the major destinations of Christian pilgrims.

During the Thirty Years' War the Archbishop-Elector Philip Christopher von Sotern favored France and accepted its protection in 1631. The following year, the French army drove all the Spanish and Swedish troops from the electorate, but in March 1635 the Spaniards returned, recaptured Trier and took the archbishop-elector prisoner. He remained in captivity for ten years, but in 1645 was reinstated by the French and confirmed in his authority by the Treaty of Westphalia. The French occupied Trier in 1674 and 1688, but each time their occupation was brief.

The last archbishop-elector, Clement Wenceslaus (1768-1802), granted toleration to the Protestants in 1782. He established his seat of power at Coblenz in 1786, but in 1794 he was forced to flee Napoleon and his Grand Army. Under the Peace of Luneville in 1801 France annexed all the territories of the Electorate of Trier to the west of the Rhine and, in 1802, the archbishop-elector abdicated. A new diocese was created for the French department of the Sarre with Trier as its seat. The electorate’s territories on the east side of the Rhine were secularized and given to Nassau-Weilburg in 1803. In 1814, at the end of the Napoleonic Wars, almost all the former lands of the electorate were allotted to Prussia together with the archdiocese. Another was founded in 1821 with virtually the same boundaries, but it was put under the control of the Archbishop of Cologne.

Archbishops of Trier

Radbod 883–915
Rudgar 915–930
Rudbrecht 930–956
Heinrich I 956–964
Dietrich I 965–977
Egbert 977–993
Ludolf 994–1008
Megingod 1008–1015
Poppo von Babenberg 1016–1047
Eberhard 1047–1066
Kuno I von Wetterau (Conrad) 1066-1066
Udo von Wetterau 1066–1078
Egilbert 1079–1101
Bruno 1101–1124
Gottfrid 1124–1127
Meginher 1127–1130
Adalberon von Munsterol 1131–1152
Hillin von Fallemanien 1152–1169
Arnold I 1169–1183
Fulmar 1183–1189

Archbishop-Electors of Trier

John I 1189–1212
Theodoric II (Dietrich von Wied) 1212–42
Arnold II von Isenburg 1242–59
Heinrich I von Finstingen 1260–86
Bohemond I von Warnesberg 1286–99
Diether von Nassau 1300–07
Heinrich II von Virneburg 1300–06 (in opposition)
Baldwin von Luxemburg 1307–54
Bohemond II von Saarbrücken 1354–61
Kuno II von Falkenstein 1362–88
Werner von Falkenstein 1388–1417
Lenihan von Weideburg 1417–1419
Otto von Ziegenhain 1419–30
Rhaban von Helmstadt 1430–38
Jakob von Sierk 1439–56
Johann II of Baden 1456–1503
Jakob von Baden 1503–11
Richard von Greiffenklau zu Vollrads 1511–31
Johann von Metzenhausen 1531–40
Johann Ludwig von Hagen 1540–47
John of Isenburg-Grenzau 1547–56
Johann von der Leyen 1556–67
Jakob von Eltz-Rübenach 1567–81
Johann von Schönenberg 1581–99
Lothar von Metternich 1599–1623
Philipp Christoph von Sötern 1623–52
Karl Kaspar von der Leyen-Hohengeroldseck 1652–76
Johann Hugo von Orsbeck 1676–1711
Charles Joseph of Lorraine 1711–15
Franz Ludwig of Palatinate-Neuburg 1716–29
Franz Georg von Schönborn-Buchheim 1729–56
Johann Philipp von Walderdorf 1756–68
Prince Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony 1768–1803^[1]

References

↑ From 1794, after the French conquest of the Imperial territories on the left-bank of the Rhine, Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony was Archbishop with effect on the right bank only.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.