Egyptian presidential election, 2014

Egyptian presidential election, 2014
Egypt
26–28 May 2014
 
Candidate Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Hamdeen Sabahi
Party Independent Popular Current
Popular vote 23,780,104[1] 757,511[1]
Percentage 96.91%[1] 3.09%[1][2]
President before election

Adly Mansour
(Acting)
Independent

 Elected President

Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Independent

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A presidential election in Egypt took place between 26 and 28 May 2014. There were only two candidates, former Egyptian defence minister Abdel Fattah el-Sisi and Egyptian Popular Current candidate Hamdeen Sabahi.[3] The elections came almost a year after the June 2013 protests that prompted el-Sisi to depose Egypt's then-president Mohamed Morsi in a military-led coup.[3] The elections, which were planned to take place for two days were extended to a third day.[4] Official figures showed 25,578,233 voted in the elections, a turnout of 47.5%, with el-Sisi winning with 23.78 million votes, 96.91%,[1] ten million more votes than former president Mohamed Morsi (who garnered 13 million votes against his opponent in the runoff of the 2012 Egyptian presidential elections).[5][6] The election was held without participation of the Muslim Brotherhood's banned Freedom & Justice Party, which had won every prior post-Mubarak electoral contest.

Background

Further information: 2013 Egyptian coup d'état

Presidential elections were set after the Egyptian protests of 30 June 2013, in which President Mohamed Morsi was overthrown, and following the January 2014 Egyptian constitutional referendum. Interim president Adly Mansour announced on 26 January 2014 that the presidential election would be held before the parliamentary election.[7] A five-member commission was formed to monitor the election.[8] The deadline for proposals regarding the elections law was 9 February.[9] The presidential elections law was issued by the president on 8 March.[10]

Regulations

Candidates were able to apply for nomination to the presidency between 31 March and 20 April 2014.[11] The final list of candidates approved by the Supreme Election Committee was announced on 2 May.[12] Candidates were allowed to spend a maximum of LE20 million for campaigning.[13] The final results of the election were officially scheduled to be announced on 5 June;[12] however, the official announcement of the results took place earlier, on 3 June.[1]

Timetable

Date Legal action Duration
31 March 2014 – 20 April 2014 Candidates can be nominated[11] 21 days
Approximately 21 April 2014 Announcing the initial list and number of supporters per candidate[12] 1 day
22 April 2014 – 23 April 2014 Receiving objections to candidates[12] 2 days
24 April 2014 – 26 April 2014 Reviewing objections[12] 3 days
27 April 2014 Notifying the rejected candidates 1 day
28 April 2014 – 29 April 2014 Receiving grievances from the rejected candidates 2 days
30 April 2014 – 1 May 2014 The disposition of grievances cases 2 days
2 May 2014 Announcing the final list[12] 1 day
3 May 2014 – 23 May 2014 Presidential campaigns are run[11] 20 days
Approximately 2 May 2014 Choosing the campaigns' symbols[12]
9 May 2014 Last date for withdrawal 1 day
15 May 2014 – 18 May 2014 First round for Egyptians outside Egypt[11] 4 days
24 May 2014 – 25 May 2014 Candidates not allowed to campaign during this period 2 days
26 May 2014 – 27 May 2014 First round for Egyptians within Egypt[11] 2 days
28 May 2014 Original end of vote counting (Later on extended 3rd day of voting)
29 May 2014 Receiving the grievances cases of the committee decisions
30 May 2014 – 31 May 2014 The disposition of grievances cases 2 days
5 June 2014 Announcing the final result of the first round

(or final result if winner receives more than 50% of the vote)[11]

 1 day
6 June 2014 – 9 June 2014 Voting for Egyptians outside Egypt in the second round[11] 4 days
6 June 2014 – 17 June 2014 The second round's presidential campaigns 12 days
15 June 2014 Candidates not allowed to campaign during this period 1 day
16 June 2014 – 17 June 2014 Voting for Egyptians within Egypt in the second round (if needed)[11] 2 days
18 June 2014 Counting votes 1 day
19 June 2014 Receiving the grievances cases of the committee decisions 1 day
20 June 2014 – 21 June 2014 The disposition of grievances cases 2 days
26 June 2014 Announcing the final result of the presidential election

(if no candidate wins more than 50% in the first round)[11]

 1 day

Source: "Time Schedule for the Dates and Proceduresof the 2014 Presidential Elections" (PDF). Presidential Election Committee.

Candidates

Participant holding picture of Abdel Fateh el Sissi
Participants holding flags and pictures of Abdel Fateh el Sissi

Hamdeen Sabahi, a former presidential candidate in the 2012 presidential election, officially announced his presidential bid on 8 February 2014.[14] However, the Sabahi campaign has criticized the presidential elections law promulgated by the interim government, deeming its characteristics troubling for the transparency and fairness of the election.[15] The pro-Sabahi Revolution's Candidate campaign has also expressed reservations about the nature of the presidential elections law, suggesting that the provision establishing inviolability for the decisions of the Supreme Electoral Committee raises doubts about the integrity of the election process and could potentially force a reassessment of the Sabahi candidacy.[16] On 14 March, Hamdeen Sabahi's presidential campaign announced that Sabahi has decided to continue his candidacy in the presidential election, despite the perceived unconstitutionality of the presidential elections law.[17] Sabahi has taken the medical tests needed to run for presidential office.[18] Sabahi acquired 31,555 endorsements.[19]

Abdel Fattah el-Sisi confirmed on 26 March that he will run for president.[20] Sisi submitted 188,930 endorsements[19] (though 500,000 were collected)[21] and is the first candidate to submit all required documentation.[22]

Sisi and Sabahi were announced as the official candidates by the Presidential Election Commission on 2 May 2014.[23]

Non-candidates

The New Wafd Party stated on 27 January 2014 that it will not nominate anyone for presidency.[24] The Free Egyptians Party announced on 27 April 2014 that it will not nominate any members to presidential elections.[25]Adly Mansour, stated in November 2013 that he will not run.[26] Amr Moussa, who finished fifth in the 2012 presidential election, has stated that he will not run for the presidency.[27] The Nour Party did not nominate anyone for the presidency.[28] Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh, who finished fourth in the 2012 election, announced on 9 February 2014 that he will not run.[29] On 13 March, Lieutenant General Sami Anan announced he will not run for president.[30] Khaled Ali, a labor lawyer and former presidential candidate, withdrew his candidacy on 16 March after the passage of the presidential elections law, describing the election as a "farce" while also urging el-Sisi not to run and the army to stay out of politics.[31] Ahmed Shafiq, who finished second in the 2012 presidential election, losing to Mohamed Morsi, announced on 20 March that he will not run for president.[32] Murad Muwafi, who is the former director of Egyptian General Intelligence, announced on 30 March that he would not run for president.[33] Lawyer Mortada Mansour announced on 6 April that he would run for president,[34] though on 19 April, he announced his withdrawal from the election and directed his support toward Sisi.[35][36] News presenter Bothaina Kamel announced on 12 April that she would run,[37] but she couldn't collect the required endorsements to run.[38] A movement called Taharor had launched, in coordination with the Constitution Party and with the 6 April movement, a nationwide campaign to collect 50,000 signatures in favor of Mohammed ElBaradei running for the presidency.[39] Another campaign, called Authorize El Baradei, also started in order to gain endorsements to convince ElBaradei to run for the presidency.[40] However, ElBaradei was ultimately not a presidential candidate.[23]

Support and opposition

Polling station in Cairo – 27 May 2014
Security outside a polling station in Cairo – 27 May 2014
Women vote in Cairo – 27 May 2014
Soldier helps an elderly woman to reach the polling station in Alexandria – 27 May 2014

A movement called Finish Your Favor has claimed to have collected 26 million signatures asking el-Sisi to run for president.[41] The Revolutionary Forces Bloc will back el-Sisi for president.[42] Tamarod has supported el-Sisi[43] as has the Arab Democratic Nasserist Party[44] and the Misr Balady front.[45] The Moderate Front, which is a group made up of former jihadis, ex-members of the Muslim Brotherhood and ex-al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya members,[46] has supported el-Sisi.[47] The New Wafd Party announced their support for Sisi on 7 April.[48] The Free Egyptians Party announced on 27 April 2014 that it would back el-Sisi.[49] The Nour Party announced their support for Sisi on 3 May.[50] The Tagammu Party and Conference Party announced on 4 May 2014 that they would back el-Sisi for president.[51] Moussa has stated that el-Sisi is the most qualified candidate for the presidency.[52] Ex-President Hosni Mubarak has stated in a phone interview that Egyptians should back Sisi,[53] though Mubarak's lawyer has disputed the idea that Mubarak has commented about Sisi's candidacy.[54] In that same interview, Mubarak criticized Sabahi, claiming that he is "not fit" to be president.[53] Anwar Sadat and Saad el-Shazly's families also backed el-Sisi.[55][56] The Egyptian Patriotic Movement announced on 13 May that it would support Sisi.[57] The Strong Egypt Party, headed by Aboul Fotouh, has opposed el-Sisi's candidacy.[58] Sabahi has criticized the possibility of having someone with a military background become the next president, arguing that such an outcome would run counter to the goals of the Egyptian revolution.[59][60] He also has expressed doubt about Sisi's commitment to democracy, has argued that the Field Marshal bears a measure of direct and indirect responsibility for the human rights violations carried out during the period of the interim government, and has denounced what he deems to be the interim government's hostility toward the goals of the revolution.[61] The Road of the Revolution Front, the Constitution Party, both wings of the April 6 Movement and the Anti-Coup Alliance have opposed Sisi's election bid.[62] The 6 April movement has opposed Sisi's candidacy on the grounds that it would further exacerbate polarization and division.[63] A social media campaign against Sisi's candidacy has arisen.[64] Shortly after Sisi's announcement to run for the presidential elections, some social media users in Egypt and the Arab world responded to Al-Sisi's presidential bid announcement with a viral hashtag ("vote for the pimp") that swept Twitter, Facebook, and other social media platforms.[64] The Revolutionary Socialists have issued a statement delineating their position toward the election which criticized state institutions supporting Sisi, described Sisi as the "leader of the counter-revolution," and vowed to "expose el-Sisi's illusions and to destroy the idol which Mubarak's state is erecting as it rebuilds itself."[65] Six political movements, including the Road of the Revolution Front, both wings of the 6 April movement, the Revolutionary Socialists, Hakemhom, and the Students Resistance movement have joined together to create an anti-Sisi campaign called "Against You."[66]

Two co-founders of Tamarod (Hassan Shahin and Mohamed Abel Aziz) have been suspended from the organization after announcing their support for Hamdeen Sabahi in his presidential bid.[67] Other leading Tamarod members, numbering around 50, have issued a statement expressing support for Sabahi.[68] The Revolution's Candidate campaign has begun to promote Sabahi following his confirmation that he will run in the election.[69] The Popular Current has officially supported Sabahi for president,[70] The Constitution Party has announced its official support for Sabahi after polling its members over potential positions to take toward the election.[71][72] The Socialist Popular Alliance Party announced on 25 April 2014 that it will support Sabahi.[73] The Dignity Party previously stated that it will support Sabahi.[73] The Revolutionary Socialists announced on 27 April that they will support Sabahi.[74][75] The Justice Party declared its support for Sabahi on 28 April.[76] The Brotherhood Without Violence movement has also backed Sabahi.[77] The Freedom Egypt Party has announced its support for Sabahi.[78]

The Kefaya Movement will not back a candidate.[79] After holding an internal vote over the question of what position to take toward the presidential election, the Egyptian Social Democratic Party has decided not to officially back any candidate.[80] The 6 April Democratic Front has declared that it will let members decide whether to support Sabahi or boycott the election.[81]

Conduct and controversies

The Socialist Popular Alliance Party and the Revolutionary Socialists opposed the use of state media for the promotion of el-Sisi as a candidate.[65][82] The Socialist Popular Alliance also demanded "fair, transparent, credible elections" and argued that allowing the election to turn into a referendum over a single candidate would mean the establishment of a totalitarian state.[83] Ahmed Douma, an activist and member of the Popular Current presently imprisoned for allegedly violating an anti-protest law, called on Hamdeen Sabahi to withdraw his candidacy unless the protest law is annulled and prisoners whose incarceration is justified by this law or otherwise associated with its application are freed.[84] Sabahi and his campaign issued complaints of state bias, assaults and arbitrary arrests against pro-Sabahi campaigners, and destruction of candidate endorsement documents.[85][86][87][88] Sabahi also accused Sisi's campaign of bribing citizens to garner endorsements, as well as having orchestrated prepaid arrangements to acquire endorsements.[89] The Presidential Elections Committee stated that Sabahi broke election rules by announcing his campaign prematurely and that it will investigate the matter.[90] In response to actions undertaken by governmental authorities during the course of the voting process, Sabahi withdrew his campaign representatives from polling stations and described the election as "a seemingly non-democratic process that lacks a minimum amount of freedom of expression."[91] The Sabahi campaign denounced the arrests of many of its members throughout the course of the voting process.[92]

Boycotts

Ayman Nour and his Ghad El-Thawra Party announced its boycott on 9 February.[93] The National Alliance to Support Legitimacy announced on 27 April 2014 that it will boycott the vote.[94] The 6 April movement has announced that it will boycott the vote, describing the election as a "farce."[95] The Strong Egypt Party re-affirmed that it would boycott the vote on 14 May.[96]

Monitors

The Presidential Electoral Committee approved 80 domestic and 6 international Civil Society Organizations to monitor the elections while rejecting 32 domestic and seven international CSOs. Among the international organizations are the European Union, the African Union, the League of Arab States, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa and Organisation internationale de la Francophonie[97] The European Union monitored the election,[98] as did Democracy International, though Democracy International withdrew after the second day of voting-the vote had been scheduled to last two days, but was extended to three after a low turnout.[4] They commented that the extension raised "questions" regarding "independence of the election commission, the impartiality of the government, and the integrity of Egypt's electoral process".[4] The European Union remained observing until the culmination of the voting.[4] The Carter Center also sent a "small expert mission" focussed on general legal and political issues.[99]

Opinion polls

A September 2013 Zogby Research Services opinion poll found that 46% of Egyptians expressed "confidence" in Abdel Fattah El Sisi while 52% were "not confident" in the general.[100] The same poll showed 44% exhibiting "confidence" in former president Mohamed Morsi and 55% as being "not confident" about the deposed leader.[100] The Zogby poll reported 39% as "confident" in interim president Adly Mansour while 58% were "not confident" in him.[100] A poll conducted by Baseera in February 2014[101] indicated that 51% of those polled would vote for el-Sisi, while 45% are undecided about who to vote for and 1% plan to cast their vote for Sabahi.[102] 2,062 people were polled by the Egyptian Center for Public Opinion Research (Baseera) in all of the governorates of Egypt from 27 February 2014 to 4 March 2014 via mobile and landline calling.[103] Another poll, also conducted by Baseera, indicated that 39% would vote for El-Sisi,[104] while 59% are undecided and 1% indicated that they would vote for Sabahi.[105] The poll was conducted by contacting 2,034 people 18 and older who were contacted through land line and mobile phones throughout all of Egypt's governorates from 24 March until 26 March.[104] Another poll taken from 28 April until 2 May indicated that 72% supported Sisi, while 2% support Sabahi.[106] A poll by the Ibn Khaldun Center for Development Studies found that 84% of those who responded would support Sisi, while 16 would support Sabahi.[107] Another poll by Baseera conducted from 10 May to 11 May that polled 2,000 people found that 75% have said that they will vote for Sisi, while 2% will vote for Sabahi and 15% are undecided.[108] 87% of people who responded said that they will vote.[109]

Opinion polls in Egypt are, however, unreliable, having failed to predict the outcome of the 2012 presidential elections.[110]

Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size Hamdeen Sabahi
Egyptian Popular Current		 Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Non-partisan		 None Lead
Baseera[101][102] 27 February – 4 March 2014 2,062 1% 51% 45% 50%
Baseera[104][105] 24–26 March 2014 2,034 1% 39% 59% 38%
Baseera[106] 28 April- 2 May 2014 2,005 2% 72% 26% 70%
Ibn Khaldun Center for Development Studies[107] approximately 2 May 2014 ? 16% 84% 0% 68%
Baseera[108] 10–11 May 2014[108] 2,000[109] 2% 76% 22% 74%

Turnout

The second day of the elections was declared a public holiday to encourage people to vote and the voting was extended until 10pm. By the end of the second day, the elections committee decided to extend voting to 28 May.[111] While some attribute the low turnout to earlier calls by the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt to boycott the elections, others see it as a reflection of the popularity of Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.[112][113]

Results

Expats

The Presidential Elections Committee announced on 21 May that the final tally of votes by Egyptians at polling stations abroad in the presidential election had El-Sisi win with 94.5% of the votes (296,628 votes out of 318,033).[114]

Exit polls

An exit poll from the Egyptian Centre for Public Opinion Research, Baseera, the primary institute to have polled the election campaign, showed El-Sisi in the lead with 95.3%, and Sabahi with 4.7%.[115]

Unofficial results and reactions

Unofficial results that were reported in the news outlets showed that out of the Egyptian population eligible to vote of 54 million, only around half, 25.6 million voted.[116] Of the 25.6 million, El-Sisi was voted for by 23.9 million, in comparison to Sabahi's 756,000,[115] It was also reported that the number of votes Sabahi received was outnumbered by invalid votes[116] (1.07 million).[4] When the unofficial results were published, hundreds of El-Sisi supporters in Cairo celebrated.[116]

A day after the election, Sabahi conceded defeat but said the official turnout figures were too high and were "an insult to the intelligence of Egyptians." The next day he contested the results of the election, even before the official results were announced by the presidential election commission.[117] The appeal was rejected by PEC the day after.[118]

Official results

The official publication date for the results was due to be 5 June,[12] in memory of the Six-Day War's beginning, in which Egypt was at war with Israel.[6] However, earlier on 3 June, Judge Anwar El-Assi announced the following final official results: 25,578,233 voted in the elections, a turnout of 47.5%, with el-Sisi winning with 23.78 million votes, 96.91%.[1] Hamdeen Sabahi got 757,511 of the votes, 3.09%.[2]

 Summary of the 26–28 May 2014 Egyptian presidential election results
Candidates Parties Votes %
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Independent 23,780,114 96.91%
Hamdeen Sabahi Egyptian Popular Current 757,511 3.09%
Total valid votes 24,537,625 95.93%
Invalid votes 1,040,608 4.07%
Turnout 25,578,233 47.50%
Abstentions 28,270,667 52.50%
Registered voters 53,848,890 100%
Source: [119]

Reactions

Domestic

In conjunction with el-Sisi inauguration festivals held in Egypt's Supreme constitutional court, Heliopolis Palace and Quba palace, Tahrir Square was prepared for receiving millions of Egyptians to celebrate Sisi's winning while police and army troops shut down the square outlets by barbed wires and barricades, as well as electronic gates for detecting any explosives that could spoil the festivals.[120]

Grand Imam of al-Azhar Ahmed el-Tayeb[121] and the Pope Tawadros II[122] sent a congratulation cable to el-Sisi. ُEgypt's top football clubs Al Ahly SC[123] and Zamalek's[124] board of directors also sent el-Sisi cables. The leading Egyptian journalist and author Mohamed Hassanein Heikal congratulated Sisi and expressed through his Twitter account his wishes for el-Sisi.[125] The Egyptian minister of defense Sedki Sobhi in the name of the Egyptian Armed Forces congratulated el-Sisi.

The presidential election loser Hamdeen Sabahi called el-Sisi to congratulate him and wished him luck expressing his trust that he would succeed.[126]

President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, an hour after he was named the country's new leader, gave a television speech expressing his gratitude over the election results saying "My emotions are mixed with happiness and aspiration: my happiness for what you have achieved and my aspiration to be worthy of your trust,". Sisi also said that "now is the time for work", with the future goal being to realise the revolutions' goals of freedom, dignity, humanity and social justice. "I am looking forward to your efforts and determination in building the upcoming stage," he added.[127]

International

References

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  120. ↑ "Egyptians Celebrate President Sisi's Winning".
  121. ↑ "Al-Azhar Grand Imam congratulates Sisi".
  122. ↑ ""تواضروس" يهنئ "السيسي".. ويشيد بـ"صباحي".. ويشكر "منصور"".
  123. ↑ "الأهلى يهنئ السيسى برئاسة الجمهورية".
  124. ↑ "الزمالك يهنئ السيسي".
  125. ↑ ""هيكل" يهنئ "السيسي" لفوزه في الانتخابات الرئاسية".
  126. ↑ "صباحي يهنئ السيسي: انت على قدر المسئولية".
  127. ↑ "First El-Sisi speech after victory: 'Now is the time for work'".
  128. ↑ "Int'l community congratulates El-Sisi, plans for cooperation".
  129. ↑ "EU congratulates Al-Sisi and reiterates concerns".
  130. ↑ "Egypt: AP Speaker Congratulates Sisi On Election Win".
  131. ↑ 131.0 131.1 "Putin and Abu Mazen congratulate Al-Sisi".
  132. ↑ "بطريرك "موسكو" يهنئ "السيسى" لفوزه فى الانتخابات الرئاسية".
  133. ↑ "Statement by the Press Secretary on the Presidential Election in Egypt". whitehouse.gov. 4 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  134. ↑ "Saudi king hails Sisi’s ‘historic’ election win".
  135. ↑ "Sheikh Khalifa congratulates Egypt’s El Sisi on win".
  136. ↑ "حاكم الشارقة يهنئ السيسي بفوزه برئاسة مصر".
  137. ↑ "Kuwait congratulates Al-Sisi for winning Egyptian people's confidence".
  138. ↑ "King attends Sisi inauguration, vows more support to Egypt".
  139. ↑ "Netanyahu and Pers congratulate Al-Sisi".
  140. ↑ "El-Sisi sends Qatar's emir a 'thank you' message".
  141. ↑ "Turkish president Gul congratulates Egypt's Sisi-UPDATED".
  142. ↑ "Turkish PM dismisses congratulatory message to Sisi".
  143. ↑ "Nigeria president congratulates Egypt's Sisi".
  144. ↑ "Egypt: Italy's Foreign Minister Congratulates Sisi On Election Win".
  145. ↑ "Egypt: Chinese President Congratulates Sisi On Election Win".
  146. ↑ "UK congratulates El-Sisi for Egypt presidency".
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  148. ↑ "بوتفليقة يهنئ السيسي بالنتائج الأولية لانتخابات الرئاسة".
  149. ↑ "الرئيس اليمني يهنئ السيسي بفوزه بمنصب رئاسة الجمهورية".
  150. ↑ ""البشير" يُهنئ السيسى برئاسة مصر".
  151. ↑ "رئيس نامبيا يهنئ السيسي بتنصيبه رئيسا لمصر".
  152. ↑ "عاهل المغرب يهنئ "السيسى": مصر ستتبوأ المكانة الأهل لها تحت قيادتكم".
  153. ↑ "رئيس المؤتمر الوطني العام الليبي يهنئ "السيسي" بفوزه برئاسة مصر".
  154. ↑ "سلطان عمان يهنئ السيسي بفوزه برئاسة مصر".
  155. ↑ "المالكي يهنئ السيسي بإنتخابه رئيساً لمصر".
  156. ↑ "العالم يهنئ السيسى".
  157. ↑ "فابيوس يهنئ السيسي.. ويتطلع لزيارة القاهرة".
  158. ↑ "وزير الدفاع البوليفى يسلم مبعوث الخارجية رسالة تهنئة من الرئيس إلي "السيسي"".
  159. ↑ "رئيس فنزويلا يهنئ السيسي ويتطلع للتعاون بين البلدين".
  160. ↑ "إمبراطور اليابان يهنئ السيسي".
  161. ↑ "German President congratulates Sisi for his inauguration as president of Egypt".
  162. ↑ "Singapore President congratulates Egypt's El-Sisi".
  163. ↑ "Iranian Deputy FM Attends Sisi’s Swearing-In Ceremony".
  164. ↑ "Spain congratulates new President of Egypt".
  165. ↑ "Bahrain congratulates Sisi on Egypt polls win".
  166. ↑ "Nidaa Tounes Congratulates Sisi for Egypt Election Win".
  167. ↑ "Ethiopian president congratulates Sisi".
  168. ↑ "Ethiopian FM to attend El-Sisi's inauguration".
  169. ↑ "El-Sisi receives Gambian delegation in Cairo".
  170. ↑ "مديرة صندوق النقد الدولى تهنئ الرئيس عبد الفتاح السيسى بفوزه فى الانتخابات".

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