Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–12

For the upper house election, see Egyptian Shura Council election, 2012.
Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–2012
Egypt
28 November 2011 – 11 January 2012
498 of 508 seats to the People's Assembly of Egypt (10 seats appointed).
255 seats needed for a majority
  First party Second party
 
Leader Mohamed Morsi Emad Abdel Ghaffour
Party Freedom and Justice al-Nour
Alliance Democratic Alliance Islamist Bloc
Seats won 235 (incl. 22 allies) 123 (incl. 16 allies)
Popular vote 10,138,134 7,534,266
Percentage 37.5 % 27.8 %
  Third party Fourth party
 
Leader El-Sayyid el-Badawi Ahmed Hassan Said
Party New Wafd Egyptian Bloc
Seats won 38 35
Popular vote 2,480,391 2,402,238
Percentage 9.2% 8.9%
Speaker before election

vacant

 Elected Speaker

Saad El-Katatny
Freedom and Justice

This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Egypt
Constitution (history)
Political parties (former)

Politics portal

A parliamentary election to the People's Assembly of Egypt was held from 28 November 2011 to 11 January 2012,[1] following the revolution that ousted President Hosni Mubarak, after which the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) dissolved the parliament of Egypt. However the dissolution was ruled unconstitutional and Parliament was reinstated. Originally, the election had been scheduled to be held in September 2011, but was postponed amid concerns that established parties would gain undue advantage.[2]

The election was proclaimed the first honest national election of any sort held in Egypt since the overthrow of the monarchy in 1952. However, there were complaints of irregularities and fraud.[3]

The main focus of the new elected parliament was to be the selection of the members of the Constituent Assembly of Egypt.

Background

In late 2010, a parliamentary election was held, though it was followed by controversy and repression as well as accusations of fraud.[4]

Following similar events in Tunisia during the Arab Spring, Egyptian activists called for protesters to turn up in cities around Egypt on specific days. Though violence was reported at some points, protests were largely peaceful with the army staying quiet until 10 February 2011, when calls for Hosni Mubarak to resign were at their peak. The following day, Vice President Omar Suleiman announced Mubarak's resignation from the presidency while turning power over to the military. The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, headed by Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, would lead the country for a transitional period until a civilian government took over.

A constitutional referendum was then approved on 19 March that would ease the process of electing a president.[5]

New electoral law

The election was conducted under a parallel voting system.[6] Two-thirds of seats were elected by party-list proportional representation. The remaining one-third were elected under a form of bloc voting in two-seat constituencies.[6]

Choosing the system

Prior to the election there were concerns that a change to the electoral system would be required, as the pre-existing system would have favoured the National Democratic Party,[7] the party of Mubarak loyalists. The National Democratic Party was dissolved in April, however.

The proposed draft law for the electoral system to be used was revealed on 30 May 2011; controversially, it retained bloc voting for two-thirds of the seats, with only one third of the seats elected by proportional representation[8] (However, later it was changed as to two-thirds, 332 of MPs to be elected proportionally from lists).

On 7 July 2011, the caretaker government approved the new electoral law. It outlined a new 50–50 division between proportional seats and constituency seats; the minimum age limit for candidates is also to be reduced from 30 to 25.[9]

On 21 July 2011, the SCAF announced:[10]

In late September 2011, again new division was announced, in which only one third of the seats would be elected by bloc voting in two-seat constituencies.[11] However, constituency MPs could only be independents and not members of political parties; this restriction led to threats of boycotting the election by a wide swath of the political parties which intended to contest the election. The parties stated that their demands for a change in the electoral law would have to be met by 2 October, else they would boycott the election.[12][13] After a meeting with political party leaders on 1 October 2011, the SCAF agreed to allow party members to run for the directly elected seats, set a clearer timetable for the transition to civilian rule and possibly abolish military trials for civilians.[14][15]

On 11 November 2011, an administrative court in Mansoura ruled that former NDP members were not allowed to stand in the election as independent candidates. It was not immediately known whether this ruling would eventually apply to the whole country.[16] On 14 November 2011, the Higher Administrative Court in Cairo overruled the decision and allowed the former NDP members to stand.[17]

Voting process

The election to the People's Assembly took place on the following dates:[18]

There are a total 508 seats in the Lower house: 498 seats are elected, and 10 seats appointed, in this case, by the Military Council,[20] and usually by the President.

Under the parallel voting system used, out of 498 total seats, two-thirds, meaning 332, were elected by means of party list proportional representation. For these seats the public voted for parties or coalition-lists and the result was determined by the largest remainder method with a 0.5 percent threshold, in 46 districts.[21]

The remaining 166 seats were elected by bloc voting in two-seat constituencies, with the possibility of a run off.[6] In the election voters each cast two votes, which could not be for the same individual. These seats were open to candidates running as individuals, who might not be affiliated to political parties, numbering two per each of the 83 districts. Out of these, the new parliament must have at least half "laborers" or "farmers", while the "professionals" should constitute at most half of the parliament. If the winner of one of the two seats that are allocated to a certain district, is a "professional", the second seat in the district shall be handed to a "laborer" or a "farmer". Run-offs are assigned to the individual candidates who did not receive over 50% of the votes in the first round.[20] For a detailed explanation, see.[22]

Additional requirements for parties include listing at least one woman and adopting a specific visual symbol, as an alternative detection to help the illiterate voters.[20] The same voting procedures shall apply to the upper house's election, too.[20]

The election for the upper house, the Shura Council ("the Consultative Council") are to follow on 29 January 2012,[23] and will take place in 3 stages as well between 29 January and 22 February.[24] (process was sped due to ongoing protests).[25] Out of a total 270 seats in the Upper House: 180 seats are up for grabs and 90 seats shall be appointed after the presidential election, by the president-elect.[20] Following these elections, the parliament shall select a committee that will draft a new constitution for Egypt. The new constitution shall than be submitted to a referendum. Only then will presidential election be held, "no later than 30 June 2012" according to Hussein Tantawi's statement.

2011–2012 election stages:
      First: 28–29 November, run-off on 5–6 December
      Second: 14–15 December, run-off on 21–22 December
      Third: 3–4 January, run-off on 10–11 January
Number of seats in the People's Assembly per governorate
Governorate PR

(parties / coalition-lists)

 FPTP

(Individuals)

 Total Seats
# of Districts # of Seats # of Districts # of Seats
Alexandria 2 16 4 8 24
Aswan 1 4 1 2 6
Asyut 2 16 4 8 24
Beheira 2 20 5 10 30
Beni Suef 2 12 3 6 18
Cairo 4 36 9 18 54
Dakahlia 3 24 6 12 36
Damietta 1 8 2 4 12
Faiyum 2 12 3 6 18
Gharbia 2 20 5 10 30
Giza 2 20 5 10 30
Ismailia 1 4 1 2 6
Kafr el-Sheikh 2 12 3 6 18
Luxor 1 4 1 2 6
Matruh 1 4 1 2 6
Minya 2 16 4 8 24
Monufia 2 16 4 8 24
New Valley 1 4 1 2 6
North Sinai 1 4 1 2 6
Port Said 1 4 1 2 6
Qalyubia 2 12 3 6 18
Qena 2 12 3 6 18
Red Sea 1 4 1 2 6
Sharqia 2 20 5 10 30
Sohag 2 20 5 10 30
South Sinai 1 4 1 2 6
Suez 1 4 1 2 6
Total 46 332 83 166 498

Parties

The Muslim Brotherhood announced on 15 February it would form the Freedom and Justice Party to run in the election.[26] Together with 27 other parties representing diverse political families, the Freedom and Justice Party formed the Democratic Alliance for Egypt. After several defections and entries, the Freedom and Justice Party-dominated coalition settled on 11 parties.[27] The FJP fielded the overwhelming majority of the candidates, and all the Democratic Alliance for Egypt joint candidates ran under the FJP label.

As a reaction to this centre-right alliance, the different liberal democratic and centrist parties intensified cooperation. Five parties drafted a joint statement criticising the current electoral law and proposing a new one.[28] On 16 August 15 political and social movements, some of which defected from the Democratic Alliance for Egypt, announced the Egyptian Bloc electoral alliance. It consisted of liberal, secularist, and centre-left political parties, as well as social organizations and labour unions, and also the traditional Islamic Sufi Liberation Party. Its main objective was to prevent an imminent electoral victory of the Muslim Brotherhood, and the Freedom and Justice Party. After suffering many defections, the remaining Egyptian Bloc parties were: the Free Egyptians Party, the Egyptian Social Democratic Party and the National Progressive Unionist Party (Tagammu).[29]

The Socialist Popular Alliance Party and other parties defected from the Egyptian Bloc after it allowed Mubarak figures in its ranks; the Socialist Popular Alliance Party formed The Revolution Continues Alliance.[30]

The liberal New Wafd Party announced on 13 June 2011 that it would contest the election in an alliance with the Freedom and Justice Party.[31] The New Wafd later decided to abandon its alliance with the Islamists over discrepancies concerning the prospective constitution, and considered joining the new Egyptian Bloc liberal coalition instead.[32] The New Wafd ended up running its own independent lists.

The Salafi Al-Nour Party withdrew from the Democratic Alliance for Egypt coalition due to disagreements with the Freedom and Justice Party over its share in the coalition’s joint candidate lists.[33] On 12 August, three Islamic Salafi parties (Nour, and two unregistered groups that later became the Al-Asala Party and the Building and Development Party) announced that they would run a united candidate list.[34] Their common list is officially called the "Alliance for Egypt", and is unofficially referred to as the "Islamist Bloc".[35] The Al-Nour Party fielded the overwhelming majority of the candidates, and all the Alliance for Egypt joint candidates are running under the Al-Nour Party label.

The Al-Wasat Party, a moderate Islamic offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood, was officially approved as a party on 19 February, fifteen years after its foundation. After withdrawing from the Democratic Alliance for Egypt, it formed an electoral coalition with the Renaissance Party and the Pioneer Party, both of which were founded by former members of the Muslim Brotherhood.[36] The Al-Wasat Party fielded the overwhelming majority of the coalition candidates, all of which ran under the Al-Wasat Party label.

Some analysts voiced concerns that former members of the ruling NDP might gain a lot of influence in the newly elected parliament. Among the parties identified to have had a strong base in former NDP members were:[37][38]

Monitors

The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces announced that it would bar foreign monitors because of what it claimed was the preservation of Egyptian sovereignty.[40] However, it would welcome foreign "Observers".[41] Groups such as NDI, The Carter Center, the International Republican Institute and South African, Turkish, Polish and Danish groups have taken part. Alongside 300 foreign civil society representatives there are 25,000 accredited monitors and a lot more concerned citizens who have pledged to alert the organizers regarding any abuses they encounter.[42] Additionally, many Egyptians have turned to citizen monitoring through social media such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, uploading cited violations or turnouts.

Opinion polls

Conducted/
Published		 Polling Organisation/
Client		 Sample size FJP New Wafd Nour FEP Justice Wasat ESDP Youth Ex-NDP other undecided
9–20 March 2011 IPI[43][44] 615 12% 23% – – – – – – 10% 20% 27%
June 2011 IPI[45] 800 12% 12% 3% 1% 1% 2% – – 6% 14% 49%
June 2011 Gallup[46] ? 15% 9% ? ? ? 5% ? ? 10% ? >60%
7 July 2011 Al Jazeera[47] ? 46% ? 27% ? 5% 6% ? ? ? ? ?
26 July 2011 Newsweek/
Daily Beast[48] 		1,008 17% 11% – 7% 5% 1% ? – 7% 14% ?
August 2011 APSSC/
DEDI[49][50] 		2,400 31.5% 14.8% 6.0% 7.5% 2.6% 1.6% 5.2% 17.2% 0.4% 13.2% 57.1%
October 2011 APSSC/
DEDI[51] 		2,400 39.0% 20.0% 6.8% 6.0% 4.7% 1.0% 0.6% 2.0% 2.8% 17.0% 38%
November 2011 APSSC/
DEDI[52] 		2,400 35.7% 26.2% 8.9% 3.9% 5.2% 2.1% 2.0% 0.4% 5.2% 10.9% 51%

Voter turnout

About 50 million people were eligible to vote out of a population in excess of 85 million – with candidates from 50 registered political parties.[53] The overall voter turnout was 54%.[54]

First phase

In the first phase of election, the voter turnout was 59%.[55]

First phase, 28–29 November

Large crowds turned out at the polling stations for the first stage of the polls. Such a turnout prompted the election committee to extend the hours of polling by two hours to end at 21:00.[56] A majority of the protesters in Tahrir square who had been at the sit-in after deadly clashes a week earlier, left their sit-in to join the polls before returning to Tahrir Square, although some boycotted the election.

Even before the government gave the official figures, the FJP's observers estimated a turnout of about 30 to 32 percent, for the first day, in the 9 governorates that voted in the first phase, while in Cairo, turnout was reported at about 27 percent. An "exceptionally high turnout" was also reported in the governorate of Asyut, especially among women.[57] On the second day of the first round, independent monitors placed the turnout at over 50 percent, while a spokesman for the military said that it could exceed 70 percent, maybe even reaching 80 percent. Abroad, turnout was around 60–70 percent according to the Egyptian foreign minister,[58] and when reading the official results the head of the election committee stated that the overall turnout was 62%, "the highest number since the days of Pharaoh."[59]

First phase run-offs, 5–6 December

The turnout was relatively low according to Al Jazeera, one of the reasons was that the Egyptians were not given a day off as they were given on 28–29 November.[60]

Second phase

Second phase, 14–15 December

Early reports on the voting turnout indicated a high turnout of long waiting lines,[61] a repeat of the first PR phase voting day.[62][63] The turnout for the first round was 65%.[64]

Second phase run-offs, 21–22 December

Turnout for the run-offs of the second phase was 43%.[64]

Third phase

Voter turnout was 62%.[65]

Results

Many individual candidates did not receive the required 50% vote during the first phase, and therefore faced a run-off on 5 December. Even before the official results for each party or coalition-list were released, it was thought, by various international channels as well as leaks from people involved in the count, that the Freedom and Justice Party, led by the Muslim Brotherhood, was expected to receive around 40% of the vote and al-Nour would get between 15–30 percent. The Election Commission announced the participation of 62% of eligible voters, "the highest number since the days of Pharaoh".[66]

In the second phase of the election, many analysts predicted a similar result as that of the previous phase due to the more conservative, poor, and rural nature of the second phase electoral districts.[67] State television reported the initial result, with the FJP in the lead and al-Nour following in second place.[68][69]

Toward the third phase it was clear that it would be a continuation of the Islamist trend that emerged from the two previous phases.

After the third phase, on 21 January 2012, the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces appointed the remaining 10 MPs.[70]

Combined results

Note that various media sources report slightly different numbers. This is due to the fact that many "independents" and appointed MPs are party members, or joined established parties. In addition, some smaller parties fielded candidates on the official lists of larger allied parties.

Percentage of votes received by party

  Islamist Bloc (27.8%)
  New Wafd (9.2%)
  Egyptian Bloc (8.9%)
  NDP Offshoots (6.4%)
  Al-Wasat (3.7%)
  Reform and Development (2.2%)
  Justice Party (0.7%)
  Other (0.8%)

Total number of parliamentary seats [71]

  Islamist Bloc (25.0%)
  New Wafd (7.5%)
  Egyptian Bloc (6.7%)
  Al-Wasat (2.0%)
  Reform and Development (1.8%)
  NDP Offshoots (3.5%)
  Military Appointees (1.9%)
  Independents (4.7%)
  Justice Party (0.4%)
  Other (1.2212453270877E-15%)
 Summary of the 2011 election for People's Assembly of Egypt
Party Ideology Votes Vote % PR Seats FPTP Seats Total Seats Component Parties
Democratic Alliance for Egypt
(led by the Freedom and Justice Party)		 Nationalist[72] 10,138,134 37.5 127 108 235 Freedom & Justice Party: 213
Dignity Party: 6
Ghad El-Thawra Party: 2
Civilization Party: 2
Islamic Labour Party: 1
Egyptian Arab Socialist Party: 1
Egyptian Reform Party: 1
Affiliated Independents 9
Islamist Bloc
(led by Al-Nour Party) 		Islamist - Salafi 7,534,266 27.8 96 25[73][74]
or 27[75]		 121[73][74]
or 123[75]		 Al-Nour Party: 107
Building & Development Party: 13
Authenticity Party: 3
New Wafd Party National liberal 2,480,391 9.2 37 4 41
Egyptian Bloc Social liberal 2,402,238 8.9 33 2[73]
or 1[75]		 35[73]
or 34[75] 		Social Democratic Party: 16
Free Egyptians Party: 15
Progressive Unionist Party: 4
Al-Wasat Party Moderate Islamist 989,003 3.7 10 0 10
The Revolution Continues Alliance Leftist 745,863 2.8 7 2 9 Socialist Popular Alliance Party: 7
Freedom Egypt Party: 1
Equality & Development Party: 1
Reform and Development Party Liberal 604,415 2.2 8 1 9
Freedom Party NDP offshoot 514,029 1.9 4 0 4
National Party of Egypt NDP offshoot 425,021 1.6 4 1 5
Egyptian Citizen Party NDP offshoot 235,395 0.9 3 1 4
Union Party NDP offshoot 141,382 0.5 2 0 2
Conservative Party NDP offshoot 272,910 1.0 0 1 1
Democratic Peace Party NDP offshoot[76][73] 248,281 0.9 1 0 1
Justice Party Center 184,553 0.7 0 1 1
Arab Egyptian Unity Party NDP offshoot 149,253 0.6 1 0 1
Nasserist Party Nasserist 1 0 1
Independents Independents - - - 21[75] 21[75]
Total elected elected MPs 27,065,135 100.00 332 166 498
SCAF appointees non-elected MPs - - - - 10
Total MPs - - - - 508

Sources:Ahram Online,[73] Al-Masry Al-Youm,[74] Al-Ahram[75][77]

First phase

First phase assigned seats

  FJP (49%)
  Al-Nour (20%)
  Egyptian Bloc (10%)
  New Wafd (7%)
  Al-Wasat (3%)
  Reform and Development (1%)
  Other (6%)

The number of PR seats shown in this table are unofficial calculations from Jadaliyya using the largest remainder method.[53] Unofficial results are italicised:

 
Party Ideology PR Votes PR Vote % PR Seats3 FPTP Seats4 Total Seats Seat
Freedom and Justice1 Muslim Brotherhood Islamist 3,565,092 36.6 40 33 73 49%
Al-Nour 2 Salafi Islamist 2,371,713 24.4 26 4 30 20%
Egyptian Bloc Liberal democrats 1,299,819 13.4 13 2 15 10%
New Wafd National liberals 690,077 7.1 10 1 11 7%
Al-Wasat Moderate Islamic/Liberal Democratic[80] 415,590 4.3 4 0 4 3%
Revolution Continues Leftists 335,947 3.5 4 2 6 4%
Reform and Development Liberals 185,138 1.9 2 0 2 1%
National Party of Egypt Former NDP Members 153,429 1.6 1 1 2 1%
Freedom Former NDP Members 136,784 1.4 1 0 1 <1%
Justice Centrists 76,769 0.8 0 1 1 <1%
Conservative Conservatives 76,743 0.8 0 0 0 0%
Egyptian Citizen Former NDP Members 67,602 0.7 1 1 2 1%
Democratic Peace Party Liberal Democracy 51,704 0.5 0 0 0 0%
Other/Independents ---- 308,106 3.2 0 3 3 2%
Total[53] 9,734,513 100 102 48 150 100

Notes: 1Freedom and Justice list includes candidates from the parties of the Democratic Alliance for Egypt. 2Al-Nour's list includes candidates from the parties of the Alliance for Egypt ("Islamist Bloc"). 3Preliminary results, includes all but Cairo's party-list district No. 1 (10 seats), annulled by the Higher Elections Commission, and scheduled to re-vote on 10–11 January. 4Includes all but two races in Cairo’s district No. 1, two races in Alexandria's district No. 3, two races in Assiut district No. 2 and two races in Assiut's district No. 3 (a total of 8 seats), scheduled for a re-vote on 10–11 January.[53]

Second phase

Second phase assigned seats

  FJP (48%)
  Al-Nour (28%)
  New Wafd (8%)
  Egyptian Bloc (6%)
  Al-Wasat (2%)
  Reform and Development (2%)
  Other (6%)

In the second phase, various secular parties, including the New Wafd, Adl, Egyptian Bloc, and Revolution Continues, attempted to coordinate their efforts with regard to some constituency (bloc voting) seats.[81]

On 24 December 2011, official results were announced:[53][64][82][83][84]

 
Party Ideology PR Votes PR Vote % PR Seats1 FPTP Seats2 Total Seats Seat
Freedom and Justice Muslim Brotherhood Islamist 4,058,498 36.3 35 36 71 48%
Al-Nour Salafi Islamist 3,216,430 28.8 28 13 41 28%
New Wafd National liberals 1,077,244 9.6 11 0 11 8%
Egyptian Bloc Liberal democrats 785,084 7.0 8 0 8 6%
Al-Wasat Moderate Islamic/Liberal Democratic[80] 368,375 3.3 3 0 3 2%
Reform and Development Liberals 231,713 2.1 2 1 3 2%
National Party of Egypt Former NDP Members 169,662 1.5 1 0 1 <1%
Revolution Continues Leftists 161,594 1.4 1 0 1 <1%
Egyptian Citizen Former NDP Members 151,314 1.4 1 0 1 <1%
Conservative Conservatives 139,100 1.2 0 0 0 0%
Democratic peace Liberal democracy 121,694 1.1 0 0 0 0%
Freedom Former NDP Members 97,165 0.9 0 0 0 0%
Justice Centrists 46,681 0.4 0 1 1 <1%
Other/Independents ---- 2 5 7 5%
Total[53] 11,173,818 92 56 148

Notes: 1 Does not include the postponed or invalidated results of Aswan, Beheira (district 2), Sohag (district 2), and Menoufia (district 1). 2 Does not include the invalidated results of Shaqiya's districts 5 and 2.[53]

Third phase

 
Party Ideology PR Votes PR Vote % PR Seats FPTP Seats Total Seats Seat
Freedom and Justice Party Muslim Brotherhood Islamist 37
Al-Nour Party Salafi Islamist 29
New Wafd Party National liberals 13
Egyptian Bloc Liberal democrats 6
Reform and Development Liberals 4
Revolution Continues Leftists 3
Freedom Former NDP Members 3
National Party of Egypt Former NDP Members 2
Al-Wasat Party Moderate Islamist/Liberal Democratic[80] 1
Nasserist Left-wing nationalism 1
Union (Hizb al-Ittihad) Former NDP Members 1
Justice Party (Adl) Centrists 0
Conservative Party Conservatives 0
Egyptian Citizen Former NDP Members 0
Democratic peace Liberal democracy 0
Other ---- 0
Total 100

Source:[53]

PR per governorate and district

The PR votes were released by the official election committee.[85] Seats were computed by Jadaliyya.[53] The official results were then released by the supreme committee of elections.[85]

Note: Vote percentage reported for "Others" and "Former NDP Parties" is for those parties that won seats


Violence

A day after polls closed during the second phase of election to the lower house, clashes broke out again in front of the parliament and cabinet building in Cairo between security forces and several hundred demonstrators. The demonstrators were protesting against the appointment of a new prime minister by the military council, and against the arrest and beating of one of the protesters there.[86]

Reactions

The commander of the military police was quoted as saying that the ruling military council was not taking sides during the second phase of the election to the lower house and "stands at an equal distance" from all the political groups contesting the elections: "The army has no interest to be served by siding with liberals or the Brotherhood or leftists or others."[87] [88]

Following reports that the FJP was likely leading in the first round of the election, with al-Nour in second place, the FJP denied it would seek an alliance with Al-Nour.[89]

Dissolution, reinstatement decree

On 14 June 2012, the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt ruled that the election was unconstitutional, and one third of the winners were illegitimate.[90][91] The ruling was due, in part, to the fact that some seats were contested on a proportional list system, while others were contested on the first-past-the-post system.[90] As a result, the court concluded, the election law had allowed political parties to compete for seats intended for independent candidates. "The makeup of the entire chamber is illegal and, consequently, it does not legally stand", explained the court.[92] The ruling upheld a lower court decision, which had found the election law unconstitutional.[92] The Muslim Brotherhood held the majority of the seats ruled unconstitutional.[90]

In a separate ruling issued at the same time, the court threw out the Political Exclusion Law, which banned former members of President Hosni Mubarak's regime from running for office.[90] The court concluded the law was not based on "objective grounds", and violated "the principle of equality".[92] The court judges had all been appointed by Mubarak.[92]

The ruling raised fears (in some) of the military trying to increase its power. The Muslim Brotherhood's popularity had decreased since the election, so new elections could result in a decrease of their seats in parliament.[92] The dissolution of parliament creates the possibility of the panel to be tasked with writing a new constitution being appointed by the military.[92] A politician from the Freedom and Justice Party predicted the ruling would send the country into a "dark tunnel".[90] Other observers called the move a coup attempt and "a complete disregard for the free will of voters".[90] In contrast, Ahmed Shafiq, who served as Prime Minister under Mubarak, called the ruling a "historic ... verdict that meant there was no way for anyone to do particular laws for particular people".[90]

Angry protesters gathered outside the court building after the decision. Police in riot gear guarded the building.[90]

Re-institution of the parliament has since been demanded by the protesters, the Muslim Brotherhood and others. Mohammed Mursi, sworn as Egypt's new president on 30 June, has initially refrained from speaking publicly on that (crucial to the extent of his own real power) issue. In his inauguration speech on 30 June, however, he gave an indication of his future efforts, calling the parliamentary election "free and fair".[93] Within days of Morsi's inauguration, according to his spokesman, the President is actively searching for ways of restoring the parliament and obtaining a release of non-criminal political detainees.[94]

A presidential decree was released on 8 July 2012, reinstating parliament until a new one is elected and mandating that it would write the new constitution instead of the Constitutional Assembly. The decree challenges the powers claimed by the SCAF military council.[95] The Supreme Constitutional Court called that decree into question on 9 July 2012.[96][97]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Egypt to hold parliamentary elections in September". Monsters and Critics. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  2. ↑ Egypt Postpones Elections, Purges Police Following Protests Bloomberg, 13 July 2011
  3. ↑ Daniel Pipes and Cynthia Farahat (Jan 24, 2012). "Don't Ignore Electoral Fraud in Egypt". Daniel Pipes Middle East Forum.
  4. ↑
  5. ↑ "Official Referendum Website".
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "The Implications of Egypt’s Proposed Electoral System (Long) « Ahwa Talk". Ahwatalk.com.
  7. ↑ "Egypt’s Draft Constitutional Amendments Answer Some Questions and Raise Others – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace". Carnegieendowment.org. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  8. ↑ "Draft law introducing mixed electoral system triggers intense debate – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online". English.ahram.org.eg. 30 May 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  9. ↑ F_474 (7 July 2011). "Egypt's caretaker government passes draft law on parliamentary vote – People's Daily Online". People's Daily. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  10. ↑ F_161 (21 July 2011). "Egypt to hold parliamentary elections in three rounds – People's Daily Online". People's Daily. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  11. ↑ "Egypt changes election system in favour of party lists". Reuters. 24 September 2011.
  12. ↑ "Egypt parties threaten boycott over election law". BBC News. 29 September 2011.
  13. ↑ "Egypt political parties threaten poll boycott – Middle East". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  14. ↑ AFP 1 October 2011 (1 October 2011). "Egypt military rulers ‘agree to amend election law’ | World". Dawn. Pakistan. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  15. ↑ "News :: Middle East :: Egypt parties to review army vote concessions". The Daily Star. 2 October 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  16. ↑ Bradley, Matt (12 November 2011). "Court in Egypt Bars Ousted Officials From Polls". The Wall Street Journal.
  17. ↑ "Egypt lifts election ban on Mubarak-era party members". BBC News. 14 November 2011.
  18. ↑ "SCAF finally reveals parliamentary elections dates and roadmap – Elections 2011 – Egypt – Ahram Online". English.ahram.org.eg. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  19. ↑ "Breaking: Egypt voting extended to two days instead of one – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online". English.ahram.org.eg. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 "Q+A: How does Egypt's parliamentary election system work?". Reuters. 28 November 2011.
  21. ↑ "قانون رقم ٣٨ لسنة ١٩٧٢ في شان مجلس الشعب" (PDF). Government of Egypt.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "How are seat winners determined in the Egyptian elections? – Jadaliyya". Jadaliyya.com. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  23. ↑ "Egypt- Committee submits election dates to military for approval". Menafn.com. 18 September 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  24. ↑ Source: reuters // Reuters (20 December 2011). "FACTBOX-Egypt's parliamentary election timetable – AlertNet". Trust.org. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  25. ↑ Egypt Begins Final Round of Lower House Vote, Voice of America, 3 January 2012
  26. ↑ "Egypt: Muslim Brotherhood plans political party – Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynetnews. 20 June 1995. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  27. ↑ "Democratic Alliance for Egypt". jadaliyya.com. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  28. ↑ "Democratic Egyptian political parties to issue a joint statement on new electoral law", Al-Ahram Online, 13 June 2011, retrieved 28 June 2011
  29. ↑ "Egyptian Bloc". jadaliyya.com. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  30. ↑ "Socialist Popular Alliance Party". jadaliyya.com.
  31. ↑ Fadel, Leila (22 February 2011). "Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood forms coalition". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  32. ↑ Saleh, Yasmine (16 August 2011), "Egypt liberals launch ‘The Egyptian Bloc’ to counter Islamists in Nov vote", Al Arabiya News, retrieved 4 September 2011
  33. ↑ "Al-Nour Party". jadaliyya.com. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  34. ↑ ElWaziry, Hany (12 August 2011), "Salafi political parties to run united in parliamentary elections", Al-Masry Al-Youm, retrieved 12 August 2011
  35. ↑ "Islamist Bloc (Alliance for Egypt)". Jadaliyya.com. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  36. ↑ "Al-Wasat Party". jadaliyya.com. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  37. ↑ "Return of the NDP: Mubarak-regime diehards retrench ahead of Egypt's elections – Egypt – Ahram Online". English.ahram.org.eg. 18 September 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  38. ↑ National Democratic Party, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, carnegieendowment.org. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
  39. ↑ "First political party run by ex-regime figure receives official approval – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online". English.ahram.org.eg. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  40. ↑ "Egypt not to allow foreign poll monitors – Middle East". Al Jazeera English. 21 July 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  41. ↑ "Egypt allow foreign poll monitors – Middle East". Business Week. 28 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  42. ↑ "Egypt poll monitors – Middle East". Jeruslaem Post. 28 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  43. ↑ عادل الدرجلى وهانى الوزيرى. "استطلاع رأى أمريكى: ٢٣% يؤيدون "الوفد" فى الانتخابات البرلمانية مقابل ١٢% لـ"الإخوان" و١٠% لـ"الوطنى"". Almasry-alyoum.com. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  44. ↑ Charney Research (20 March 2011). "EGYPT NATIONAL SURVEY" (PDF). International Peace Institute Poll. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  45. ↑ http://www.ipinst.org/images/pdfs/ipi-egyptpoll-june2011.pdf
  46. ↑ "Poll finds majority of Egyptians oppose Islamic theocracy". The Daily Star. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  47. ↑ "EDITORIAL: Shut up, Egypt is Muslim". The Washington Times. 1 August 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  48. ↑ "Egypt Political Poll: Muslim Brotherhood Influence, Troubles For West". The Daily Beast. 26 July 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  49. ↑ DIPDPhoto: UN Alliance of Civilizations (23 August 2011). "Survey favourable to Amr Moussa | DIPD". Dipd.dk. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  50. ↑ August-2011.pdf "National Voter Survey in Egypt" (PDF). Al-Ahram Centre for Political and Strategic Studies (ACPSS). 22 August 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  51. ↑ Danish-Egyptian Dialogue Institute (DEDI). "2nd National Voter Survey in Egypt" (PDF). dedi.org.eg. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
  52. ↑ Danish-Egyptian Dialogue Institute (DEDI). "3rd National Voter Survey in Egypt" (PDF). dedi.org.eg. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 53.5 53.6 53.7 53.8 53.9 "Egyptian elections preliminary results". jadaliyya.com.
  54. ↑ "Muslim Brotherhood tops Egyptian poll result". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
  55. ↑ "AlJazeera Blog Post". Al Jazeera.
  56. ↑ "Egypt voter Turnouts – Middle East". BBC. 28 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  57. ↑ Al-Jazeera English (27 November 2011). "Millions vote in landmark Egypt elections". Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  58. ↑ Al-Jazeera English (30 November 2011). "Egyptian elections mark break with the past". Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  59. ↑ "חדשות – חדשות חוץ nrg – ...שיעור ההצבעה במצרים: "הגבוה". Nrg.co.il. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  60. ↑ "Egyptians return to polls for run-off vote". YouTube. 5 December 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  61. ↑ "חדשות – חדשות חוץ nrg – מצרים: החל השלב השני של הבחירות". Nrg.co.il. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  62. ↑ "Egypt holds second round of parliamentary election". BBC. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  63. ↑ "In Egypt, Signs of Heavy Turnout as Second round of Voting Begins". PBS. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 ""بوابة الأهرام" تنشر النتائج الكاملة للمرحلة الثانية لانتخابات الفردي»".
  65. ↑ السنوسى, محاسن (7 January 2012). ""العليا للانتخابات": نسبة التصويت في المرحلة الثالثة 62%". almasryalyoum.com. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
  66. ↑ .
  67. ↑ Fam, Mariam (15 December 2011). "Egypt’s Islamist Parties Fight for Seats During Second round of Elections". Bloomberg. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  68. ↑ AFP Cairo (17 December 2011). "Bloody clashes overshadow Egypt election". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  69. ↑ "נענע10 – מצרים ממשיכה להקצין: 45% לאחים המוסלמים ו-30% לסלפים בסיבוב השני – חדשות". News.nana10.co.il. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  70. ↑ "Egypt: 10 MPs Appointed in Parliament". 22 January 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
  71. ↑ "النتائج النهائية لانتخابات مجلس الشعب القوائم:‏ ‏127‏ مقعدا للحرية والعدالة و‏96‏ للنور و‏36‏ للوفد و‏33‏ للكتلة ..وفي الفردي‏108 ‏للحرية والعدالة و‏27‏ للنور و‏2‏ للوفد و مقعد للكتلة". Ahram.org.eg.
  72. ↑ "Egypt after the Revolt. Emboldened Muslim Brotherhood May Emerge from Egypt's Spring Power Transition". Thecuttingedgenews.com. 27 June 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 73.3 73.4 73.5 Essam El-Din, Gamal (23 Jan 2012). "Egypt's post-Mubarak legislative life begins amid tension and divisions". Ahram Online. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 السنهوري, محمد (21 January 2012). "«العليا» تعلن نتائج قوائم «الشعب».. الحرية والعدالة 127 مقعدًا والنور 96 و«الكتلة» 33". Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 75.3 75.4 75.5 75.6 ممدوح شعبان وسعاد طنطاوي وعلي محمد علي. "النتائج النهائية لانتخابات مجلس الشعب". al-ahram.
  76. ↑ El-Din, Gamal Essam (22–28 December 2011), "Islamists consolidate their lead", Al-Ahram Weekly, retrieved 6 June 2014
  77. ↑ "Who are the non-Islamists in Egypt's parliament?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  78. ↑ houssam nassif. "Nationwide Vote for Party-Coalition Lists (Stage 1)". Jadaliyya.com. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  79. ↑ "نتائج دوائر المرحلة الأولى فردى".
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 el-Karanshawi, Shaimaa (19 February 2011). "Egypt court approves moderate Islamic party". Almasry Alyoum. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  81. ↑ Afify, Heba (13 December 2011). "Secular parties attempt to increase their electoral chances". almasryalyoum. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  82. ↑ "AFP: Egypt Islamists sweep second round of election". Google. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  83. ↑ "Freedom and Justice Party leads in second round of elections | Al-Masry Al-Youm: Today's News from Egypt". Al-Masry Al-Youm. 22 December 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  84. ↑ Osama, Basem (24 December 2011). "Freedom and Justice Party sweeps second round run-off elections". ahramonline.
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 "Official Elections Website".
  86. ↑ "חדשות – חדשות חוץ nrg – ...מצרים: מורדים התעמתו עם כוחות". Nrg.co.il. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  87. ↑ "SCAF impartial in Egypt's vote, chief says". United Press International. 14 December 2011.
  88. ↑ "SCAF impartial in Egypt's vote, chief says". United Press International. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  89. ↑ "FJP: No Alliance With Salafist Al Noor Party". Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 90.3 90.4 90.5 90.6 90.7 "Egypt supreme court calls for parliament to be dissolved". BBC News. 14 June 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  91. ↑ Hamza Hendawi (14 June 2013). "Egypt court orders parliament dissolved". MSNBC. Associated Press. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 92.3 92.4 92.5 "Egypt court rules entire parliament illegally elected, orders body to dissolve after unconstitutional vote". CBS News. 14 June 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  93. ↑ "Mohamed Morsi: Egypt parliament election free and fair". PressTV. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
  94. ↑ "New Egypt president takes on military over parliament". CNN. 2 July 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  95. ↑ Jon Leyne (8 July 2012). "BBC News – Egyptian President Mursi reverses parliament dissolution". BBC.
  96. ↑ Fahim, Kareem (9 July 2012). "Egyptian Court Affirms Ruling to Disband Parliament". The New York Times (Egypt).
  97. ↑ Jon Leyne (9 July 2012). "BBC News – Egypt court challenges Mursi's reopening of parliament". BBC.

Further reading

External links