Edwardsburgh/Cardinal

Edwardsburgh/Cardinal
Township (lower-tier)
Township of Edwardsburgh/Cardinal

Old grist mill, Spencerville
Edwards-burgh/
Cardinal
Coordinates: 44°50′N 75°30′W / 44.833°N 75.500°WCoordinates: 44°50′N 75°30′W / 44.833°N 75.500°W
Country  Canada
Province  Ontario
County Leeds and Grenville
Amalgamated 2001
Government
 • Type Township
 • Mayor Patrick Sayeau
 • Federal riding Leeds—Grenville
 • Prov. riding Leeds—Grenville
Area[1]
 • Land 312.34 km2 (120.60 sq mi)
Population (2011)[1]
 • Total 6,959
 • Density 22.3/km2 (58/sq mi)
Time zone EST (UTC-5)
 • Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4)
Postal Code FSA K0E
Area code(s) 613
Website www.twpec.ca

Edwardsburgh/Cardinal is a township in the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville of eastern Ontario, Canada. Edwardsburgh township was first surveyed in 1783, and incorporated in 1850.[2]

The Township of Edwardsburgh/Cardinal was formed on January 1, 2001, through the amalgamation of Edwardsburgh Township with the Village of Cardinal.

It is a historical community with many old homes and buildings; including one-room school houses, grist mills, and churches. It is situated along the St. Lawrence River Seaway and extends back into rural hamlets. Both Highway 416 and Highway 401 pass through the township, as well as the South Nation River.[3]

The township's main population centres are Cardinal, Johnstown, and Spencerville.

Geography

Edwardsburgh/Cardinal's southern boundary is the St. Lawrence River's shore. To the west, the township ends at the boundary for Augusta Township and to the east is the neighbouring county of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry. To the north of the township is the township of North Grenville. The township covers an area of 312 km2. The township belongs to the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence lowlands region.[4]

Despite the township's proximity to the St. Lawrence River, only ten percent of the area's water drains into the St. Lawrence, and ninety percent drains into the South Nation River. The flow of the South Nation river through this area is described as very sluggish with poor drainage, due to the fact there is little drop in elevation along the river; this leads to the formation of bogs and swamps, and also makes the area prone to seasonal flooding.[5] The north-west section of the township is known as the Groveton Bog, and to the east is known as the Hellgate Swamp.[6] The soils in the area range from sandy and dry, to dark and acidic closer to the swamp areas.

Topography

The majority of the township is covered in only a very thin layer of soil, in spite of this, there are very few rock outcrops in the area. The only notable outcrop within the township is along the St. Lawrence river in New Wexford. None of the bedrock in the township contains phosphates, metalliferous ores, mica or anything else of notable value; the sands in the area are also of little value as they are too silty and fine to be used as building material. There is, however, a high concentration of stones in much of the local soil, making it suitable for gravel.[7] The area had a few limestone quarries, but the output of these quarries were small and only used locally.

Up until the 18th century, the land was covered with thick, mature, mixed forests.[8] The original forest was almost completely cleared throughout the years and the forest that stands today is mostly secondary growth over previously cleared land. The forests in the area presently contain numerous types of deciduous oak, birch, ash and maple trees. The common coniferous trees in the area include many types of pine and cedar as well as balsam fir and white spruce. In the darker, acidic soils around the bogs and swamps there are tamarack trees, as well as juniper and black spruce.[8] Wild grape, Virginia creeper, and other woody vines are native to the area.

History

Prehistoric era

According to archaeologists, the earliest human activity in the area can be traced back to approximately 11,000 years ago. Numerous stone arrow-heads have been excavated within the region and can be traced to the Clovis people, as well as the Plano people. It is suggested that these cultures may have hunted in the Edwardsburgh/Cardinal area at one time.[9] There are little remains from this time period, and no human remains have survived.

From 5000-1000BC The eastern Ontario region was dominated by the Laurentian Archaic people.[10] This culture was far more sophisticated than its ancestors; a result of a warmer climate and the emergence of modern flora and fauna. Current archaeological findings cannot show us any evidence as to how the culture housed or sheltered themselves.[10] Excavations of human remains revealed they were a violent culture; humans remains from this period have been found to be decapitated, have skull fractures or stone projectiles embedded into the bones. Although their diet consisted of mostly fish and plants, the Laurentians were also big game hunters of deer, elk, and even bear. In contrast to their ancestors who used rough, chipped stone tools, the Laurentians are known to have used polished stone tools for hunting and woodworking.[11]

Later history

In 1673, the French, working with native tribes from the area, built a storehouse on Old Breeches River, now known as Johnstown Creek.[12] This storehouse was used to hold supplies en route to upriver trading posts such as Fort Frontenac (Now, Kingston) until 1758. In 1759, The French settlers built Fort de Lévis on Chimney Island, in the St. Lawrence River just off of Johnstown, between it and Ogdensburg.

Education

History

In the late 1700s, most of the Loyalists upon their arrival to the area were farmers, and did not see formal education as a valuable or important thing. In 1787, three years after their arrival, more privileged Loyalists began to petition for a school to be built in each district, to teach mathematics, arithmetic, English and Latin.[13] Finally, in the early 1800s, the government of Upper Canada passed The Common School Act of 1816, which allowed for a common school to be built in every district where at least 20 students would attend.[14] It would then be the township's responsibility to divide itself into School Sections based upon the locations of the congregated pupils.[15] The Act distributed grants of £25 to schools that met the requirements to pay for a teacher's salary. Although this Act showed promise for the township, the Act did not supply funds for building materials or labour for schools to built, thus few schools managed to be established early on.[13]

In the 1840s, further school related Acts were passed that led to vast improvement of the Common School education system in Edwardsburgh/Cardinal. By 1845, the superintendent for the Edwardsburgh district recorded 20 schools operating in the area with 755 children registered as students.[16] In the 1850s, the township began to consider building Separate Schools in lieu of Common Schools, however these schools more expensive for the township to open due to a higher taxation on separate schools. When another Act went into effect in the mid-1850s, the common and separate schools levelled in price, as the double taxation on separate schools ended.[17] This led to the first separate school being erected in 1855.

In total, about 28 single-room separate schools were registered in the township of Edwardsburgh/Cardinal. The separate schools were phased out after bigger, newer schools were built in the larger villages and pupils started being transported there instead. Many of the structures are still standing and have been converted into private homes. The following is a list of some of these schools and their names:[18]

  • S.S #1, New Wexford
  • S.S #3, North Channel
  • S.S #4, Cardinal
  • S.S #5, The Second
  • S.S #6, Brouseville
  • S.S #7, Clover Hill
  • S.S #8, Crystal Rock
  • S.S #9, Mainsville
  • S.S #10, Pittston
  • S.S #11, Glen Smail
  • S.S #12, Garryowen
  • S.S #13, Shanly
  • S.S #14, Ventnor
  • S.S #15, Spencerville
  • S.S #16, Groveton
  • S.S #17, Campbell's Corners
  • S.S #18, Knowles school
  • S.S #20, Cedar Grove
  • S.S #23, Hyndman
  • S.S #25, Edwardsburgh
  • S.S #26, The Island
  • S.S #27, Dobbie's school

Present day

Currently, the township's schools belong to the Upper Canada District School Board.[19] There are only three schools still operating within the township boundaries: Benson Public School in Cardinal, South-Edwardsburgh Public School in Johnstown, and Centennial '67 Public School in Spencerville.[20] All of these schools are elementary schools; for high school, students have the option of either South Grenville District high school in Prescott, or North Grenville District high school in Kemptville, both of which are located in close proximity to the township.[21] For Catholic schools, students from Edwardsburgh/Cardinal may attend St. Mark Catholic School in Prescott or St. Mary-St. Cecilia Catholic School in Morrisburg; as these are the closest elementary schools to the township under the Catholic District School Board.[22][23] The closest Catholic high school to the township is St. Michael Catholic High School located in Kemptville.[24] Elementary students also have the option of attending St. Lawrence Academy, located in Prescott, which is a private school that focuses on Christian values.[25] The nearest post-secondary school to the township is the St. Lawrence College campus located in Brockville.[26] For adult schools and continuing education, residents of Edwardsburgh/Cardinal have the option of attending a T.R Leger School campus located in Prescott.[27]

In 2011 according to the National Household Survey, of 5,060 adults (persons over 25 years of age) in the township, 53.8% had obtained some form of post-secondary education; 13.8% having a university degree, and an additional 27.4% having a college diploma, and 12.5% having a trades certificate. 27.1% of the township's adult population reported a high school diploma being the highest level of education attainment, and 19.3% reported having neither a high school nor a post-secondary diploma or degree.[28] Within Edwardsburgh/Cardinal, the percentage of seniors (ages 65+) with post-secondary credentials was 42.4% and the percentage of seniors without any credentials was 40.3%. The percentage of adults (ages 25–44) with post-secondary credentials was about 20% higher, at 62.5%; the percentage of adults without post-secondary credentials was significantly lower than the percentage of seniors, with only 10.4% having not attained any certifications.[28]

Most common field of study for the adult population with post-secondary certification in Edwardsburgh/Cardinal
Field of Study # of Individuals % of Population
Business, management, or marketing 480 17.6%
Health professions/related programs 340 12.5%
Construction trades 295 10.8%
Mechanic and repair technologies 230 8.5%
Engineering technologies or related fields 155 5.7%[28]

Cardinal

Cardinal is a small village located in the township of Edwardsburgh/Cardinal. Prior to being incorporated in 1878, the village was referred to by numerous names, including: Edwardsburgh, Point Cardinal, Munro's Point, Elgin, and Port Elgin. Situated along the Saint Lawrence River, between the towns of Iroquois to the east and Johnstown to the west, Cardinal has approximately one thousand residents. During the late 1700s, Hugh Munro acquired land at the site which would later become Cardinal. Upon seeing the Galops rapids, Munro saw potential for water power, which could become profitable. According to General Simcoe's documents, by 1794 Munro had established a saw and grist mill on his property. By 1864, Cardinal's business concerns included the McLatchie foundry and the Canada Starch Works.[29]

The village of Cardinal, Ontario

History

Up to 500 years ago, early natives briefly settled beside the St Lawrence River's rapids in Cardinal.[30] Later, French settlers arrived and are thought to have given the rapids their original name, "Galoop" which meant "galloping waters". The original survey of the township divided it into 200-acre lots, some of which were later sub-divided in half. The village of Cardinal, modern-day, covers what were then lots #3 through #8.[31] Captain Hugh Munro, who came to upper Canada and joined the Loyalists in 1777, incurred serious debts after many unforeseen circumstances; which forced him to seek a way to make money.[32] After the death of his Major, Munro was held responsible for paying off his debts; which were the result of having to supply the soldiers with their necessities. Munro's debt was worsened upon his return to Quebec after being injured in Saratoga; during the battle he provisioned his troops, and was later saddled with the bill. Due to the nature in which these debt were acquired, Munro petitioned for government compensation; it is believed he was granted the land along the rapids and mill rights as a result.[33] Once Munro had established the mills, more small businesses were created in the area upon seeing his success. Before the creation of the Galop Canal, some of the first settlers earned their income by guiding and hauling boats through the hard to navigate Galops Rapids.[34] A large dock was built for a thriving timber business; timber was shipped on rafts to Montreal, and later by train. Coal was also supplied to trains out of Cardinal. As a result of the growing population, there were two general stores and a post office erected; as well as a sawmill owned by Henry Armstrong which began to supply lumber for more homes to be built. A primitive road which lead from Montreal to Kingston was made and ran through Cardinal; this resulted in stage houses and inns being built in the village for travellers.[34]

By the mid 1800s, Cardinal (then, Edwardsburgh) was a steadily growing village with a population of 150. The completion of the Galop Canal and the railway lead to great progression within the community, as it not only created jobs but also allowed local businesses to expand.[35] By this time, Cardinal was now had a school, churches, a cemetery, a cloth factory, a post office,[36] as well as many thriving small businesses such as a blacksmith, gunsmith, shoemaker and carpenter. This period was also the beginning of Canada Starch Works.

Galop Canal

The Galop Canal was opened in 1846 and was used until the 1950s. The canal allowed ships to bypass the rapids of the St. Lawrence River near Cardinal and Iroquois. Construction began in 1844, and was done without machinery, but instead by use of hand tools such as axes, wheelbarrows, and shovels.[37] The men worked for around 14 hours and were paid 50 cents each day.[38] In 1897 new locks were built along the canal. Some parts of the canal reached 243 metres in length and were the longest in Canada at the time.[39] In the 1950s the St. Lawrence Seaway was created and new locks were built in Iroquois for large, ocean-going ships. Present day, Galop Canal is a popular location amongst locals for swimming and picnics, as well as diving. The wreck of the Weehawk is located in Lock 27 at Galop Canal; divers are able to view this site and drift with the current of the St. Lawrence River to the nearby Conestoga dive site.

Hamlets, small villages, and other communities

The township of Edwardsburgh/Cardinal is dotted with many old, rural hamlets and communities, most of which date back to the early 1800s. Most of these hamlets are tiny and only ever had a few farms and less than twenty businesses. The communities of Brouseville, New Wexford, Crystal Rock, Ventnor, Hyndman, Mainsville, Groveton, Campbell's Corners, McCarley's Corners, The Island, McReynolds, Pittston, Van Allens, Glen Smail and Shanly are all a part of Edwardsburgh/Cardinal. Each hamlet usually had its own schoolhouse, cheese factory, and churches; many had their own general stores, burial grounds, as well as grist or saw mills.

Brouseville

Brouseville, Ontario[40] is a small rural hamlet located approximately four miles north of Cardinal.[41] The central location of the hamlet is the intersection of Brouseville Road[42] and County Road 22 (Shanly Road). To the direct west of Brouseville is Mainsville, and to the north is Pittston. Brouseville extends easterly to the township boundary; Kain Road is considered to be the southern boundary of the hamlet. Until 1872, the community was known as Bolton's Corners.[43] The hamlet renamed itself after of Dr. William H. Brouse[44] of Prescott, Ontario, who travelled throughout the area with horse and buggy to visit patients as a physician. In the year 1872, Brouse had succeeded in taking over the South Grenville seat in the federal election, running as a liberal candidate; his win, and his popularity amongst the community lead to the decision to rename the hamlet in his honour.

In 1872, Brouseville could be described as a thriving community with quite a few businesses in operation. At the time, Brouseville was home to a hotel, a jewellery store, four grocery stores, a pump shop, blacksmith, as well as a carriage repair shop.[45] In 1874, the hamlet opened a post office.[46] Around this time, Brouseville also boasted a horse racing track, owned by William Anderson, who also raised thoroughbred horses and offered training there until 1900.[47] Arguably the most notable bit of history surrounding Brouseville is its relationship to Frank James, brother of outlaw Jesse James. After the death of his brother Jesse, Frank briefly hid from American authorities in nearby Mallorytown, before surrendering himself and spending time in prison. Upon his release, Frank James, allegedly deciding to retire from crime, began a hobby in horse trading. His new hobby lead to an established relationship with William Anderson and his thoroughbreds.[47] He is reported to have stayed over night here on more than one occasion with both the Wallace and Anderson families.[48]

A notable piece of architecture to the area was an octagon house that once stood on Byers Road. The house was believed to have been built by a "Mr. Wright" in 1873, following the fad of octagonal houses built in the United States.[49] The house remained abandoned for many years after being purchased by the Land Bank and despite numerous efforts, failed to become a preserved heritage building. On Halloween night, (October 31) 1995, the house was destroyed by fire and later completely demolished.

Crystal Rock (Limekiln)

Crystal Rock is located on County Road 44 (formally part of Ontario Highway 16).[50] The land was first surveyed by Edward Jessup in 1784. There are many old stone homes in Crystal Rock, most notable, and well preserved, being the old schoolhouse.

In the early 1840s, a log schoolhouse was built and named Limekiln School. It was built on the southern portion of a piece of property owned by Joseph Dyer, which was also the location of a lime kiln. In the early years, the school was used as a church on Sundays and after school hours. In 1870, the structure was replaced by a stone schoolhouse, and a new woodshed and toilets were built on the premises. In 1909, the entire property had to be cleaned, as unsanitary conditions within the new buildings had been attributed to the deaths of some pupils. The new schoolhouse was registered as S.S. #8 in the township of Edwardsburgh.[51] The school officially closed in 1961, when it was purchased by the St. James Anglican Church and briefly used as a Parish Hall, until being converted into a private residence.[52]

From 1884—1924, there was a cheese factory located on lot #24 in the community of Crystal Rock. The factory was known as Thompson's No. 5. presumably after one of its builders, William Thompson. After 1904, the factory also made butter. The factory's operations were seasonal, as it was shut down every winter, reopening in April.[53]

Unlike every other small, former community in the area, Crystal Rock never had its own graveyard, due to the fact the ground was too shallow in the area to accommodate one.

Thelma Cameron

Artist and author Thelma Cameron (October 20, 1918 – December 19, 2009)[54] lived in Crystal Rock for most of her life. In the 1970s she turned her home in Crystal Rock into the Crystal Rock Art Room, which was a gallery for her original works. At the time of her death she had self-published three books including an autobiography and two local histories, one of which was about Crystal Rock. It was published in 1994 and titled Crystal Rock History (Its Rocky Twists and Turns).[55] One of Cameron's paintings was presented to Queen Elizabeth II by the Town of Prescott in the 1980s during her visit to Fort Wellington.[56]

Glen Smail

The hamlet of Glen Smail,[57] Ontario[58] is located approximately two miles south of Spencerville,[59] encompassing the land around Glen Smail Road[60] and County Road 44.[61] The settlement began around a large hill located on County Road 44, known in the 1800s as Cowdrey's Hill; as the first settler is believed to be George Washington Cowdrey[62] in 1818.[63] The following year, Andrew Hunter and his wife immigrated to the area from Scotland, followed later by their children and their families. This lead to the community being briefly referred to as Hunter's Settlement.

Groveton

Groveton, Ontario,[64] is a hamlet located north of Spencerville along County Road 44.[65] The hamlet grew around the intersection of County Road 44 and Buckwheat Road which becomes Groveton Road immediately after the intersection.[66] According to records compiled by the Ventnor Women's Institute, in the beginning of the 1800s the area was covered in large white pines. The forest was completely cleared and the trees were hauled to Johnstown, to then be shipped to Quebec City and later used as masts for British naval ships.[67]

Hyndman (Grant's Mills)

From 1800 until the 1890s, Hyndman was called Grant's Mills. In 1800, Lewis Grant moved to Edwardsburgh Township to claim land which was entitled to his father.[68] Grant then built a dam, and then a grist mill on the South Nation River. It was the only mill of its kind at the time on the river between Montreal and Kingston. After Lewis Grant's death, his son Daniel sold the mill to Joseph Hyndman, who operated the mill until 1901. The name change of Grant's Mills occurred in the 1890s after postal service came to the community. Mail arrived addressed to Hyndman, the name of the postmaster,[69] and from then on the community became referred to as Hyndman. The only building still standing on Grant's property from the Grant's Mills period is a stone house built by Daniel Grant.

The population of Grant's Mills was listed in the Dominion Directory in the 19th century as around 50 persons in the years 1871 and 1895.[70]

Mainsville

Mainsville,[71] Ontario,[72] is a rural hamlet located west of Brouseville at the intersection of Brouseville Road and Wynands Road.[73] In the mid 19th century the community was referred to as Main's Corners and Raney's Corners, as both the Main and Raney families owned the properties immediately surrounding the main intersection, and had established farms and businesses there.[74] By the 1870s, the hamlet was recorded as Mainsville on both church and school records.[74] By the 1900s, Mainsville had a schoolhouse, blacksmith, a post office,[75] a harness shop, two general stores and both Presbyterian and Methodist churches. Later, land was also purchased for a cemetery,[76] and a cheese factory was built.[77]

New Wexford

New Wexford, Ontario is a small hamlet located just east of the town of Prescott, Ontario, between Prescott and Johnstown.[78] The hamlet is located along the St. Lawrence River banks, and Ontario Highway 2.[79] By the time Prescott became an established town and the War of 1812 had ended, The King's Highway (Ontario Highway 2) had become a rapidly improving, main corridor between Montreal and Kingston. This showed much potential for the people who held the land at the outskirts of Prescott. Eventually, by the 1850s, the railway had advanced through Prescott and the surrounding area, which generated further amongst the landowners to form a community.[80]

Steps leading down towards the St. Lawrence River at the Battle of the Windmill historical site in New Wexford, Ontario.

Pittston

Pittston, Ontario[81] is located on the banks of the South Branch of the South Nation River;[82] north of Cardinal, Ontario, between Brouseville and Shanly.[83] Its main intersection is the crossing of Shanly Road and Pittston Road. The community was named after William Pitt, who built the first general store here in the 1800s.[84] Currently, the village is home to a KOA camp ground.[85]

Between 1799 and 1807 the area was divided into lots and approximately half the land was distributed as Crown grants. Initially, specific lots were granted to four men: John Dennison, John McBane, Thomas Fraser and James Froom; however the properties changed hands many times. Eventually in the 1840s the community began to flourish, there was a significant increase in permanent settlements and more Crown land from the surrounding area was purchased. Around this time the settlement was referred to as Riddell's Settlement, as the Riddell family owned 450 acres of land, and headed six households in the community.[84] By the mid-1800s the community boasted two general stores, an orange lodge, a schoolhouse, cheese factory, saw mill, and a church.[86]

The Island

The Island,[87] Ontario, is the name given to the small hamlet located along Dukelow Road, west of Spencerville. In the 19th century, Dukelow Road was only a primitive trail through the woods which flooded from both ends in the spring months, almost creating a temporary island. This is what lead to the area being referred to as "The Island".[88]

Ventnor (Adams)

Ventnor, Ontario[89] is a small village located north-east of Spencerville. The village was first called Adams after the last name of its first landowners, but was changed shortly after due to the fact there was already a town of Adams, Ontario at the time.

Sometime before 1795 Gideon and Joel Adams,[90] who were sons of Loyalist Doctor Samuel Adams, were granted a large portion of land within the Edwardsburgh/Cardinal boundaries. One of the properties included the rights to build a dam and mill on the land. Provincial Archive maps indicate that by 1828 there was a mill on the property, built on the South Nation River which flowed through the land.[91]

In the mid-1800s land was purchased from Alexander Adams to become a public cemetery. The cemetery became known as Adams cemetery, and remained so even after the name of the village was changed to Ventnor.[92] One of the earliest known stones in this cemetery was erected in 1869.[93]

There is a small burying ground off of Connell Road in Ventnor. This cemetery was originally for the Stitt family, but also has plots from the Connell family. The earliest transcribed headstone in the cemetery is dated from 1837.

Former communities and villages

Newport, Rooney's Corners, The Front, The Second, Garryowen, Clover Hill, Spencerville West, and Prescott Junction (also called Junctionville) were communities that were once located within the Edwardsburgh/Cardinal boundaries but are either no longer labelled on maps, or have no remaining structures. Most were barely established communities containing mostly family farms and a few businesses.

Clover Hill

Clover Hill, Ontario,[94] was a small community located north-west of Cardinal. The community got its name from the large hill surrounded by a large field of clover, which the community was built around.[95] In the 19th century, the community was home to a school, Clover Hill school, which was located on top of the hill. The area was home to many farms as well as a sawmill and a cheese factory, known as Spotswood Cheese Factory.[95] The construction of the Ontario Highway 401, in conjunction with government expropriation, ultimately led to the community's dissolve.[96] Most of the structures that once made up Clover Hill have been completely demolished, including the schoolhouse, the saw mill and many farms and houses.[95]

Garryowen

Garryowen, Ontario, is a small rural hamlet located directly south of the hamlet of Ventnor. Adams Road, leading south out of Ventnor, becomes Armstrong Road after it intersects with County Road 21. Garryowen's centre is situated about half-way down Armstrong Road where it intersects Rock Street. The settlement was founded by mostly Irish and Scottish immigrants, who named their community after the Garryowen air.[97] In the early 19th century, quarries began to appear in the area due to its abundance of limestone; the rock was close to the surface and therefore easy to extract.[98] At this time, the stone was crushed and used to improve the local roads. In the 1860s, settlers began to create quarries on their farms; realizing it was a valuable resource, they began building houses and businesses as well as shipping the stone to nearby villages.[97] Although the area is sill referred to as Garryowen by locals, the hamlet is not currently labelled on Google Maps.

Prescott Junction (Junctionville)

In 1868, land was surveyed about half a mile north of New Wexford, Ontario, just east of Prescott; 17 lots were laid out to become a new town-site, which was to be called "Junctionville". The name Juntionville was only used briefly; by 1871 the village was referred to as Prescott Junction in newspapers and business directories.[99] The town had triangular boundaries, which at the time were the Grand Trunk Line, the By-town and Prescott Line, and Reynolds Street.[100] According to Lovell's Directory, by 1871 the village was thriving, two hotels were in operation, Beaufort's Inn and the Ottawa Hotel; as well as a Grand Trunk Railway station,[101] Canadian Express Co. office, Montreal Telegraph Co. office, and housing to accommodate 50 people.[99]

By 1884, the Grand Trunk Railway closed its station at Prescott Junction; eventually the Canadian Pacific Railway took control of the area's railways, and the village was used for coal storage yards.[102] Today, there is little trace of the small town ever existing; homes were either burned or demolished, with only some foundations remaining. Much of the area where the village used to be is entirely overgrown with weeds and barely visible, and some of the village's area was taken over by the Prescott Golf Course for expansion. The most noticeable piece of architecture left over from the village, which stood until around the 1980s, was a wooden footbridge which crossed over the former By-town and Prescott Line.[103] The bridge was known locally as Hangman's Bridge, leading some locals to associate the bridge with actual hangings; however there is no evidence of this to be found. It is more likely that the bridge got its name due to the simple wood construction vaguely resembling a gallows.[104]

Rooney's Corners

Rooney's Corners was the name given to the area surrounding what are now Cedar Grove Road and Rooney Road. Where the community centre once stood is now the junction of the 401 and Ontario Highway 16; as well as Angelo's Truck Stop and the aforementioned roads. Highway development dissected most of the land and much was sold off to the government Land Bank around the 1970s.[105] The community once had its own cheese factory, general store, schoolhouse and sawmill.

The Second

The Second, was the name given to the area around Froom Road and Scott Road, once known as the Second Concession, located north of Cardinal, Ontario.[106] The two roads are connected by a sharp turn, resembling a V-shape from above; this is due to the road being made parallel to the St. Lawrence River shoreline by almost exactly one mile for lot division. As a result of the irregular shape of the Second Concession, the lots surveyed for the community were also irregular shapes and sizes; some lots being much smaller than the lots along other concession lines, and others being quite larger.[107] Locally, the community was, and occasionally still is, referred to as "the Broken Second".[107] The earliest written record containing a reference to the community is in a map drawn in 1792; this map was drawn by W. Chewitt, who was the land surveyor for the area, appointed by John Graves Simcoe. According to a similar map from 1795, one of the lots along the Second belonged to Thomas Gooseberry, who was one of only three Black Loyalists of Jessup's Corps to be disbanded in the entire area; by 1801, however his name had not appeared in any censuses, indicating he never settled here.[107]

By the mid-1800s, census data indicated that the majority of settlers living here were mixed farmers, with two men having successful businesses as shoemakers; there was also a cheese factory here. By 1871, the population of the area had increased, and more farms appeared to be in operation. The community produced milk (which supplied the cheese factory) and butter, as well as beef and pork; the farmers also grew potatoes, wheat and oats. Many farms also generated income by bee-keeping, and establishing apple orchards.[108] The first school to be built along The Second was a log building built in 1843; shortly after, a stone schoolhouse was built on the opposite side of the road, called S.S #5, which operated for over a century.[108] In 1950, a new school was built for the community, called Wylie's School. This new school still had only one classroom, but was a much more modern, brick building, with indoor bathrooms and electricity; which previous schools lacked. Wylie's school was in operation until 1969, when students began using the bus to commute to Cardinal schools.[109] The community was further dissolved when the Ontario Highway 401 was built, which divided farms and properties.

Spencerville West

Spencerville West was the name given to the community located slightly north-west of Spencerville;[110] the community extended west from the abandoned CPR tracks (one mile west of Spencerville) to the township border.[111] The designation of the community Spencerville West was first used by Spencerville United Church groups to more accurately define it's congregation. The land in the area was settled by the mid–19th century, as the South Nation River branches off through the centre of the community, making ideal farm land.[111]

Cemeteries

Edwardsburgh/Cardinal is home to many small cemeteries and private family burial plots,[112] most of which are over a century old. There are many graves that cannot be properly documented due to age and wear, and many with no notable marker still in place; some of which are estimated to be over 200 years old. The oldest legible stone in the area can be found at North Channel Cemetery.[113] The grave and stone belong to Jerusha Plumley, who was buried here in 1801.[114] One of the earliest known burials in the area took place in the same cemetery a few years prior, in 1796.[115] The grave is that of John McIlmoyle Sr., and though the dates were recorded the stone marker is no longer there.[116]

The township is also home to a few cemetery vaults, 4 of which still stand. Also known as dead houses, these stone vaults were used to store bodies in cold-climate areas until the ground could be excavated for burial.[117] The Shanly cemetery vault is located in close proximity to the hamlet's cemetery. This vault is in poor condition but still stands; it is estimated to have been built around 1876, the same time the Shanly cemetery was erected. There are two vaults located in Spencerville, the Spencerville Funeral Home vault and the Connell vault. The Connell vault is located just outside of the village, on the Connell family's property. It was built in 1912 as a private family vault and remains a private structure today. The Spencerville Funeral Home vault is located on County Road 44 just south of the village. The vault was built in 1892, and according to The Prescott Journal in an article published August, 24th 1893, the vault was built at a cost of $600 and had every modern convenience of the time in regards to vaults. As of 2008, the vault was owned by the Grant Brown Funeral Home of Spencerville and was still in use.[118] St. Paul's Cemetery vault is located within St. Paul's Cemetery on the outskirts of Cardinal. It is believed this vault was built using stones salvaged from the St. Paul's Anglican church when it was dismantled in 1872.[118] This vault was still in use as of 2008.

Demographics

According to 2011 census data, individuals aged 65 or older accounted for 17.6% of the population of Edwardsburgh/Cardinal; working aged individuals (those aged 15–64) accounted for 67.0% of the population. 15.4% of the total population were classified as children, and were ages 0 through 14 years. When compared to national percentages, the percentage of persons aged 65 or older in Edwardsburgh/Cardinal was nearly 3% higher than the overall percentage for Canada, while the percentage of children and working-aged individuals were both lower by approximately 1%.[119] Comparing census data from 2006 and 2011, Edwardsburgh/Cardinal saw a population increase of 4%, and over one hundred new private dwellings were built.

Immigration, diversity and language

National Household Survey data from 2011 indicates that 4.1% of the population of Edwardsburgh/Cardinal were foreign-born immigrants, while 95.8% were Canadian-born non-immigrants; there were no non-permanent residents identified within in the township.[28] None of the immigrants identified were considered to be recent immigrants, meaning they immigrated here prior to 2006. The most common countries of origin reported were the United Kingdom and the United States, with the United Kingdom accounting for 29.8% of the immigrant population, and the United States accounting for 19.3%.[28]

According to the 2011 NHS data, 1% of the township's population were considered to be visible minorities; an estimated 70 individuals. The largest visible minority group in Edwardsburgh/Cardinal was Black. In contrast, the percentage of visible minorities living in Ontario was 25.9% of the population, with the largest minority group being of South Asian or Chinese descent.[28] The three most frequently reported ethnic origins of the township's population were either solely, or a combination of Canadian, English, and/or Irish.

In 2011 in Edwardsburgh/Cardinal, 92.0% of the population spoke only English as a mother tongue; 4.5% of the population reported French, and 2.9% a non-official language, as a mother tongue. 97.6% of the population reportedly spoke mostly English while at home. The most common non-official language mother-tongue was Dutch, which accounted for 27.9% of the non-official language speaking population. In comparison, the most commonly reported non-official mother-tongue in Ontario was reportedly Italian.[119]

Percentages of non-official languages spoken as a mother-tongue in Edwardsburgh/Cardinal.
Mother Tongue Number of Individuals % Amongst Non-official Language population Percentage Amongst Total Population
Dutch 60 27.9% 0.9%
German 55 25.6% 0.8%
Polish 15 7.0% 0.2%
Greek 10 4.7% 0.1%
Punjabi 10 4.7% 0.1%[119]

Religious demographics

Upon the Loyalists first arrival in 1784, there was already two missionaries belonging to the Roman Catholic church in what would later be Upper Canada. Shortly after settlement, the British appointed chaplains to attend to the needs of both Anglican and Presbyterian Loyalists. Later on, Methodism was introduced to the area by ancestral German Protestants. These four religious denominations maintained strong influence in Edwardsburgh/Cardinal into the modern age.

Religious Affiliation Count Percentage
Roman Catholic 1,755 25.3%
United church 1,525 22.0%
Anglican 1,050 15.2%
No religious affiliation 1,285 18.5%[28]

In 2011, 81.5% of the population of Edwardsburgh/Cardinal associated themselves with a religion, according to NHS data. The most common religion stated was Roman Catholic.[28]

Notable people

See also

References

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  2. ↑ http://web.ripnet.com/~gchs/#GRENVILLE
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  4. ↑ http://http-server.carleton.ca/~mbrklac/Background%20Reports/Edwardsburgh-Cardinal%20Background%20Report.pdf
  5. ↑ Edwardsburgh Historians (1995) Edwardsburgh Township History. Henderson Printing Inc. p. 1
  6. ↑ Edwardsburgh Historians (1995) Edwardsburgh Township History. Henderson Printing Inc. p. 2
  7. ↑ Edwardsburgh Historians (1995) Edwardsburgh Township History. Henderson Printing Inc. p. 2–3
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Edwardsburgh Historians (1995) Edwardsburgh Township History. Henderson Printing Inc. p. 3
  9. ↑ Edwardsburgh Historians (1995) Edwardsburgh Township History. Henderson Printing Inc. p. 7
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 http://www.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca/summary/archaic.htm
  11. ↑ http://my.kwic.com/~pagodavista/schoolhouse/rec/archaic.htm
  12. ↑ http://www.twpec.ca/and-more/about-the-township/
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Edwardsburgh Historians (1995) Edwardsburgh Township History. Henderson Printing Inc. p. 121
  14. ↑ http://www.uppercanadahistory.ca/lteuc/lteuc6.html
  15. ↑ http://www.nepeanmuseum.ca/content/early-schools
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  18. ↑ Edwardsburgh Historians (1995) Edwardsburgh Township History. Henderson Printing Inc. pgs. 147,157,166,176,195-198,204,181-182,215,224-225,232-233,251-252,124,241-242,291,125,126,273-274,303,298,236,192,283,292
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External links

North Grenville North Dundas
Augusta South Dundas
   Edwardsburgh/Cardinal  
Prescott Saint Lawrence River, bridge to
Ogdensburg, Lisbon (New York, USA)