Edward Fredkin

Edward Fredkin (born 1934) is a distinguished career professor at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and an early pioneer of digital physics.^[1] His primary contributions include his work on reversible computing and cellular automata. While Konrad Zuse's book, Calculating Space (1969), mentioned the importance of reversible computation, the Fredkin gate represented the essential breakthrough.^[2] In recent work, he uses the term digital philosophy (DP). During his career Fredkin also served on the faculties of MIT in Computer Science, was a Fairchild Distinguished Scholar at Caltech, and Research Professor of Physics at Boston University.

Early life

At age 19, Ed Fredkin left California Institute of Technology (Caltech) college after a year to join the United States Air Force (USAF) to become a fighter pilot.^[3] Ed Fredkin has worked with a number of companies in the computer field and has held academic positions at a number of universities. He is a computer programmer, a pilot, advisor to businesses and governments and a physicist. His main interests concern digital computer like models of basic processes in physics.^[4]

Career

Fredkin's field was physics, but he became involved with computers in 1956 when he was sent by the Air Force, where he had trained as a jet pilot, to the MIT Lincoln Laboratory.^[5] On completing his service, in 1958, Fredkin was hired by J. C. R. Licklider to work at the research firm Bolt Beranek & Newman. After seeing the PDP-1 prototype at the December 1959, Eastern Joint Computer Conference in Boston, Fredkin recommended that BBN purchase the very first PDP-1 to support research projects at BBN. The PDP-1 came with no software whatsoever. Fredkin wrote a PDP-1 assembler called FRAP (Free of Rules Assembly Program; also sometimes called Fredkin's assembly program) and the first OS. He organized and founded a user group called Decus and he participated in early projects using the PDP-1. Working with Ben Gurley, the designer of the PDP-1, Fredkin designed significant modifications to the PDP-1. He invented and designed the first modern interrupt system, which Digital called "Sequence Break". He went on to become a contributor in the field of artificial intelligence.^[6]

In 1968, Fredkin returned to academia, starting at MIT as a full professor. From 1971 to 1974, Fredkin was the Director of Project MAC at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.^[7] He spent a year at Caltech as a Fairchild Distinguished Scholar, working with Richard Feynman, and was a Professor of Physics at Boston University for 6 years.^[8] More recently, he has been a Distinguished Career Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University (West)^[5] and also a Visiting Scientist at MIT Media Laboratory.^[9] He is currently still associated with CMU Carnegie Mellon University.^[10]

Fredkin founded Information International Inc. in 1961, and has served as the founder or CEO of a diverse set of companies, including Information International, Three Rivers Computer Corporation, and New England Television Corporation (owner of Boston's then CBS affiliate, WNEV, channel 7), The Reliable Water Company (manufacturer of advanced Sea Water Desalination Plants).^[11]

Fredkin has been broadly interested in computation: hardware and software. He is the inventor of the trie data structure, radio transponders for vehicle identification, the concept of computer navigation for automobiles, the Fredkin gate and the Billiard-Ball Computer Model for reversible computing. He has also been involved in computer vision, chess, and other areas of Artificial Intelligence research.^[3] Fredkin also works at the intersection of theoretical issues in the physics of computation and computational models of physics. He invented the SALT Cellular Automata family. Dan Miller designed and programmed the Busy Boxes implementation of Salt, with assistance from Suresh Kumar Devanathan. The early SALT models are 2+1 dimensional quasi-physical, reversible, universal cellular automata, that are 2nd order in time and that follow rules that model CPT reversibility.(Miller & Fredkin 2005).^[8]

A profile of Edward Fredkin along with a readable explanation of some of his theories can be found in the first part of Three Scientists and Their Gods by Robert Wright (1988).^[12] The section of the book covering Fredkin was excerpted in The Atlantic Monthly in April 1988.^[13]

Ed Fredkin has had a long interest in Computer Science and Physics. He has been on the faculties of MIT in Computer Science, been a Fairchild Distinguished Scholar at Caltech and Research Professor of Physics at Boston University. While at MIT he served as the Director of later known as LCS or CSAIL. Fredkin has also had an association with Carnegie Mellon for a number of years. His current academic interests are in Digital Mechanics; the study of discrete models of fundamental process in Physics.^[14]

Fredkin's version of digital philosophy

Digital philosophy (DP) is one type of digital physics and pancomputationalism. The school of philosophy called pancomputationalism claims that all the physical processes of nature are forms of computation or information processing at the most fundamental level of reality. Pancomputationalism is related to several larger schools of philosophy: atomism, determinism, mechanism, monism, naturalism, philosophical realism, reductionism, and scientific empiricism. Pancomputationalists believe that biology reduces to chemistry reduces to physics reduces to computation of information. Fredkin's career and achievements have much of their motivation in "Digital Philosophy", a particular type of pancomputationalism described in Fredkin's papers: Introduction to Digital Philosophy, On the Soul, Finite Nature, A New Cosmogony, and Digital Mechanics.^[15]

Fredkin's digital philosophy contains several fundamental ideas: Everything in physics and physical reality must have a digital informational representation. All changes in physical nature are consequences of digital informational processes. Nature is finite and digital. The traditional Judaeo-Christian concept of the soul has a counterpart in a static/dynamic soul defined in terms of digital philosophy.

WarGames

According to biographer Robert Wright, the character Stephen Falken in the film WarGames was modeled after Fredkin.^[16]

Awards and honors

In 1984, Edward was awarded the 'Dickson Prize in Science', which is awarded annually to the person who has been judged by Carnegie Mellon University to have made the most progress in the scientific field in the United States for the year in question.^[17]

See also

• Digital philosophy
• Fredkin Finite Nature Hypothesis
• Fredkin's paradox

References

• Wright, Robert (1988), "Did the Universe Just Happen?", The Atlantic Monthly .

• Miller, Daniel B.; Fredkin, Edward (2005), "Two-state, Reversible, Universal Cellular Automata in Three Dimensions", Proc. 2nd Conf. on Computing Frontiers, Ischia, Italy: ACM, pp. 45–51, arXiv:nlin/0501022, doi:10.1145/1062261.1062271, ISBN 1-59593-019-1 .

External links

• Digital Philosophy.org
• The Mouse That Roared: PDP-1 Celebration Event panel, 15 May 2006.