Education in Chile

Education in Chile
Ministry of Education
Minister
Undersecretary		 Nicolás Eyzaguirre
Valentina Quiroga
National education budget (2015)
Budget US$13.8 billion[1]
General details
Primary languages Spanish
Literacy (2011)
Total 96.7%
Enrollment
Total 4.6 million
Attainment
Secondary diploma 51.6%
Post-secondary diploma 12.8%

Education in Chile is divided in preschool, primary school, secondary school, and technical or higher education (university).

Levels of education

The levels of education in Chile are:

Pre-school

A constitutional reform in 2007 guaranteed free access to pre-school, but did not make it mandatory.[2]

The coverage for pre-school in 2009 was 37.43% (for children aged 0 to 5) and 44.96% (for persons of any age).

Primary and secondary education

According to the Constitution, primary and secondary school are mandatory for all Chileans.

The Chilean state provides an extensive system of education vouchers that covers about 93% of primary and secondary students (the other 7% attend non-subsidized private schools). The system is based on a direct payment to the schools based on daily attendance.

Schools are either public (nearly all owned by the municipality of the commune in which the school is located) or private, which may receive government subsidies.

Private schools (subsidized or not) may be organized as either for or non-profit. In order to receive public funding, private schools must reserve 15% of seats in each class to students classified as "vulnerable" (based on family income and mother's level of education). Schools receive extra funding for each "vulnerable" student they enroll.[3]

Primary

The 1965 reform established primary education as the initial cycle of schooling. Before that, by 1920, Chilean legislation had established four years of minimum mandatory education. By 1929 the minimum had been increased to six years. In 1965 primary education was extended to eight grades, ideally designed for ages six to 13.

Secondary

Secondary education is divided between Scientific-Humanist (regular), Technical-Professional (vocational) and Artistic, all lasting four years. The first two years are the same for the three kinds of schooling, while the third and fourth years are differentiated according to the orientation of the school.

The schools offering Technical-Professional programs are denominated:

Most of the students choosing the vocational branch come from disadvantaged socioeconomic background. Private school with subscribing-fees gathers less than 1% of the students.[4]

Compulsory education only covered the eight years of the Basic Cycle, but in 2003, a constitutional reform established free and compulsory Secondary Education for all the inhabitants of Chile up to 18 years old.[5] This ensured twelve years of compulsory schooling, which was an unprecedented milestone in Latin America at the time.

Coverage

The net enrollment ratio (covering students of school age) in 2009 was 93.19% in primary, and 70.70% in secondary, while the gross enrollment ratio (covering students of any age) was 106.24% in primary and 94.68% in secondary.

Type of school
dependency 		Pupils
(2014)[6] 		%
Delegated Administration 46,880 1.33
Private, non-subsidized 270,085 7.64
Private, subsidized 1,913,838 54.13
Municipal (public) 1,305,032 36.91
Total 3,535,835 100.00

Costs

Chilean students presenting a PowerPoint about America, in Escuela Barreales, 2008.
Voluntary tuition
Public schools and subsidized private schools may charge a fee for the selection process, an annual price of enrollment (which, as of 2011, cannot be higher than CLP$3,500, or about US$7) and a monthly tuition fee (financiamiento compartido or "shared funding", also known as copago or "copayment"), which is voluntary for the parent. Enrollment and tuition fees are forbidden in pre-primary and primary school in these institutions. A fee to the so-called Parents Center (Centro de Padres) is voluntary and cannot be higher than 0.5 UTM (Unidad Tributaria Mensual or "Monthly Tax Unit") a year (payable in up to ten installments), which was CLP$19,143 (about US$40) in 2011.
Mandatory tuition
Public schools and subsidized private schools have the same selection and annual enrollment costs as in schools with voluntary tuition, but they are allowed to charge a mandatory monthly tuition, which cannot be higher than 4 USE (Unidad de Subvención Educacional or "Education Subsidy Unit"). This was equal to CLP$72,763 in 2011 (about US$150) in both primary and secondary school. A Parents Center fee is the same as in schools with voluntary tuition.
Non-subsidized private schools are free to set the price, which may include enrollment and tuition costs, as well as a fee for applying to the school (paid once) and one for being admitted to the school (also paid once, and can be quite high in some exclusive schools). There may be other payments, such as to the Parents Center or for school materials, which may be included as part of the tuition fee.

There is a third type of public school, the so-called Delegated Administration schools, which are owned by the State but managed and financed by private corporations. These cannot charge a selection fee. The annual enrollment cost is voluntary and the same as in schools with voluntary tuition. They are allowed to charge for tuition, but it is up to the parent to decide how much to pay. The maximum cost is 1.5 UTM annually, which was CLP$57,430 (about US$119) in 2011. A Parents Center fee is voluntary.

There is a fourth type of public school, administered by the Ministry of Education and completely financed by the State. Currently, there is only one such school: Escuela Villa Las Estrellas in Antártica.[3][7]

Higher education

Admission

University

Students can choose between 25 "traditional" universities (public or private) and 35 private ones.

There is a single, transparent admission system used by 33 universities (all 25 "traditional" universities and eight private ones which joined in 2011). The test, called PSU, an acronym for University Selection Test (Prueba de Selección Universitaria) is designed and evaluated by the University of Chile, while the system itself is managed by the Ministry of Education (Ministerio de Educación).

The test consists of two mandatory exams, one in Mathematics and one in Language. There are also two additional specific exams, Sciences (including Chemistry, Physics and Biology fields) and History, depending on which undergraduate program the student wishes to apply to. The cumulative grade point average achieved during secondary school is also taken into account in the final admission score, as well as the student's relative position in his class and two previous promotions. Every university assigns different weightings to the results of the various exams for the various programs offered. Some universities may require additional (non-PSU) tests or personal interviews for admission to some programs.

In 2010, a total of 250,752 persons took both mandatory PSU tests.[8]

IPs and CFTs

Professional Institutes (IP) and Technical Schooling Centers (CFT) require a secondary education license only for admission.

Coverage

The net enrollment ratio (covering students between 18 and 24 years) in 2009 was 28.88%, while the gross enrollment ratio (covering students of any age) was 38.73%.

Classification Students
(2013)[9] 		%
Technical Schooling Centers 144,383 12.2
Professional Institutes 332,488 28.1
Traditional universities 326,040 27.5
Non-traditional universities 381,894 32.2
Total 1,184,805 100.0

Costs

All universities and technical schools in Chile charge enrollment and tuition costs.[10] There are, however, several government scholarship programs granted to students based on merit or need. Socioeconomically disadvantaged students from any type of officially recognized educational institution may seek loans through private banks with the State acting as guarantee ("Crédito con Aval del Estado", CAE). There are also loan programs offered by the government exclusively to socioeconomically disadvantaged students of "traditional" universities ("Fondo Solidario de Crédito Universitario", FSCU). These loans —private and public— have a fixed interest rate of 2% and must be paid back by the student after graduation. For CAE loans, the payment is equal to 10% of the former student's annual wage, and 5% for FSCU loans. The debt is written off after 15 years for CAE loans, and 12 for FSCU loans.[10][11][12] Most scholarships and loan programs offered by the government only cover a "reference" annual tuition cost calculated by the government for every study course. The gap between the reference and the real tuition cost can be substantial at some private educational institutions. Students are required to maintain a certain level of academic achievement to keep the benefit, which may vary from institution to institution.

There are also government-funded programs giving students: a monthly stipend, a debit card to buy food, and a student card to pay for cheaper transportation. All programs (except transportation) are based on merit, need, indigenous background or geographical residence.[12]

In 2012 947,063 students were enrolled in tertiary education programs. Of these, 548,119 (58%) received either scholarships or loans by the government. Of the totality of programs awarded during 2012 (623,086; students may benefit from more than one program), scholarships represented 35% and loans 65% (14% FSCU and 51% CAE).[13]

School year

The school year is divided into semesters. The first semester runs from the end of February or early March to July. Following a two-week winter break school resumes and lasts until late November or early December, followed by summer vacations.

The dates are set by the Ministry of Education in each Region. For example, in 2014 the start of classes is March 5 for regular students in the Santiago Metropolitan Region; a winter break runs from 14 to 25 July, with the second semester starting 28 July; classes end either 5, 12 or 19 December, depending on the duration of the program in weeks (38 to 40); students graduating from high school (fourth level of secondary education) end classes on 14 November, giving them time to prepare the university admission test (PSU).[14]

Education reform

Chile as of 2014 is undergoing a significant reform to its publicly funded education system. One of the first proposals sent to Congress include the banning of mandatory copayments, the removal of existing selection processes and the conversion of for-profit schools into non-profit organizations.[15]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 2015 budget law. Note: Assuming an average exchange rate for 2015 of 562 Chilean pesos to 1 US dollar, according to the IMF.
  2. ↑ "LEY-20162 16-FEB-2007 MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN". Leychile.cl. Retrieved 2012-04-12.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Consultas - Cobros Permitidos". Ministry of Education of Chile. Retrieved 2014-10-27.
  4. ↑ Chile Country Profile, UNESCO-UNEVOC
  5. ↑ Cristin Cox D. for UNESCO, 2004
  6. ↑ "Data Mineduc - Ministerio de Educación" (in Spanish). Ministry of Education of Chile. Retrieved 2014-10-23.
  7. ↑
  8. ↑ PROCESO DE ADMISIÓN 2011 ETAPA DE RENDICIÓN DE PRUEBAS, Universidad de Chile.
  9. ↑ http://www.mifuturo.cl/index.php/bases-de-datos/matriculados
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Chile: Progress and its discontents". The Economist. 2011-04-14. Retrieved 2012-04-12.
  11. ↑ http://rebajacuotacae.ingresa.cl/preguntas-frecuentes-rebaja-tasa-de-interes-al-2/
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 http://www.mineduc.cl/usuarios/becasycreditos/doc/201211261031410.Tabla_Becas.pdf
  13. ↑ http://www.mineduc.cl/usuarios/becasycreditos/doc/201301220959380.asignacion_byc2013_regional.pdf
  14. ↑ "Resolución Exenta Nº 04559, Fija calendario escolar 2014 para la Región Metropolitana de Santiago" (PDF). Santiago Metropolitan Region Ministry of Education Regional Secretariat (in Spanish). 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2014-12-04.
  15. ↑ http://santiagotimes.cl/bachelet-sends-first-education-bill-congress-students-plan-protest/

External links