Earthquake warning system

"Earthquake Early Warning" redirects here. For the earthquake warning system in Japan, see Earthquake Early Warning (Japan).

An earthquake warning system is a system of accelerometers, communication, computers, and alarms that is devised for regional notification of a substantial earthquake while it is in progress. This is not the same as earthquake prediction, which is currently incapable of producing decisive event warnings.

Time lag and wave projection

An earthquake is caused by the release of stored elastic strain energy during rapid sliding along a fault. The sliding will start at some location and progress away from this hypocenter in each direction along the fault surface. The speed of the progression of this fault tear is slower than and distinct from the speed of the resultant pressure and shear waves, with the pressure wave traveling faster than the shear wave. The pressure wave will generate an abrupt shock while the shear waves can generate a periodic motion (at about one cycle per second) that is the most destructive in its effect upon structures, particularly buildings that have a similar resonant period, typically buildings around eight floors in height. These waves will be strongest at the ends of the slippage, and may project destructive waves well beyond the fault failure. The intensity of such remote effects are highly dependent upon local soils conditions within the region and these effects are considered in constructing a computer model of the region that determines appropriate responses to specific events.

Transit safety

Such systems are currently implemented to determine appropriate real-time response to an event in determining train operator response for urban rail systems such as BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit). The appropriate response will be highly dependent upon the warning time, the local right–of–way conditions, and the current speed of the train.

Deployment

As of 2013, Japan is the only country with a comprehensive nationwide earthquake early warning system. Other countries and regions have limited deployment of earthquake warning systems, including Taiwan, Mexico (installed to issue alerts to Mexico City primarily), limited regions of Romania (the Basarab bridge in Bucharest) and parts of the United States. The earliest automated earthquake pre-detection systems were installed in the 1990s, for instance in California the Calistoga fire station's system which can automatically trigger a city-wide siren to alert the entire area's residents.[1] While many of these efforts are governmental, several private companies also manufacturer earthquake early warning systems to protect infrastructure such as elevators, gas lines and fire stations.

Japan's Earthquake Early Warning system was put to practical use in 2006. Its scheme to warn the general public was installed on October 1, 2007.[2][3] It was modeled partly on the Urgent Earthquake Detection and Alarm System (UrEDAS) of Japan Railways, which was designed to enable automatic braking of bullet trains.[4]

In December 2014, United States Congress approved a $5 million allocation as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 in order to expand funding for development of the system.[5]

The USGS is investigating collaboration with the social networking site Twitter to allow for more rapid construction of ShakeMaps.[6][7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Podger, Pamela (July 2001). "Calistoga to get an earful of nation's first quake siren". napanet.
  2. ↑ "What is an Earthquake Early Warning?". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved on 2008-06-29.
  3. ↑ "Overview of the Earthquake Early Warning System" (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
  4. ↑ Kumagai, Jean (June 2007). "A BriefHistory of Earthquake Warnings". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
  5. ↑ Rong-Gong Lin II (December 14, 2014). "California receives U.S. funding for earthquake early-warning system- LA Times". Retrieved 2014-12-31.
  6. ↑ Mahalia Miller, Lynne Burks, and Reza Bosagh Zadeh Rapid Estimate of Ground Shaking Intensity by Combining Simple Earthquake Characteristics with Tweets, Tenth U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering
  7. ↑ Reza Bosagh Zadeh Using Twitter to measure earthquake impact in almost real time, Twitter Engineering

External links