E85 in the United States

Main article: E85

E85 is an abbreviation for an ethanol fuel blend of between 51% and 85% denatured ethanol fuel and gasoline or other hydrocarbon (HC) by volume.

Availability

The number of stations in the United States that sell E85 is constantly increasing, as station owners either add new E85 tanks or convert existing tanks and pumps. One database that encourages users to submit station locations and prices is called http://e85prices.com and lists, as of August 1, 2014, 3,354 stations carrying the fuel in the United States.

All data August 2014 from the Department of Energy, e85prices.com,[1] and E85refueling.com.[2][3][4] Links go to each state's list of stations; see notes below for caveats. For each state the total number of facilities is given. As of August 1, 2014, there are now 3,354 stations in the U.S. selling E85. Note: For updated locations, see e85prices.com.[5]

State Stations Number of private stations
Alabama 21 1
Alaska 0 0
Arizona 42 3
Arkansas 45 0
California 85 6
Colorado 107 11
Connecticut 5 4
Delaware 1 0
District of Columbia 3 1
Florida 91 5
Georgia 66 4
Hawaii 0 0
Idaho 7 1
Illinois 298 7
Indiana 215 0
Iowa 213 6
Kansas 65 1
Kentucky 56 3
Louisiana 12 0
Maine 0 0
Maryland 21 4
Massachusetts 8 0
Michigan 219 3
Minnesota 451 5
Mississippi 7 1
Missouri 140 0
Montana 3 0
Nebraska 91 1
Nevada 23 0
New Hampshire 0 0
New Jersey 3 0
New Mexico 12 0
New York 95 3
North Carolina 25 4
North Dakota 87 0
Ohio 125 0
Oklahoma 33 2
Oregon 12 1
Pennsylvania 42 0
Rhode Island 0 0
South Carolina 117 1
South Dakota 140 1
Tennessee 63 0
Texas 109 0
Utah 6 0
Vermont 1 1
Virginia 12 0
Washington 15 2
West Virginia 6 0
Wisconsin 180 1
Wyoming 13 2

NOTES:

Minnesota has the largest number of E85 fuel locations of any U.S. state with over 450 stations,[6] while Illinois has the second-greatest number of E85 pumps with about 290.[7] Although Minnesota has the most E85 pumps they only represent a tiny fraction of the total fuel outlets. According to Oil Price Information Service (OPIS) there are approximately 140,000 publicly accessible retail gasoline stations in the United States. (All filling stations in Minnesota are however required to sell E10, a mixture of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline.)

Constraints

Concerns about rising gasoline prices and energy dependence have led to a resurgence of interest in E85 fuel; for example, Nebraska mandated the use of E85 in state vehicles whenever possible in May 2005. Similarly, whereas selling any fuel containing more than 10% ethanol is still currently illegal in some states, even this is rapidly changing. For example, Florida proposed changing state law to permit the sale of alternative fuels such as E85 at an October 7, 2005 meeting, and held public hearings on October 24. Before higher level blends of ethanol were finally legalized, only county, state, and Federal fleet vehicles could purchase E85 in Florida - from only 3 pumps in the state. Several other states have similar laws still on their books that prevent the sale of E85 to the general public. The expected general outcome, though, is the rapidly widening acceptance of E85 sales to the general public in all of the United States.

E85 requires additional blending, special pump graphics and labeling, and has numerous other legal and logistical hurdles to overcome. As a result, while there are 3,354 E85 refueling stations in the United States as of August 1, 2014, this only represents approximately 2.4% of refueling stations nationwide according to data from the Oil Price Information Service. E85 is difficult to find for some drivers as a consequence.

As was revealed in a Consumer Choice Report Card in July 2014,[8] E85 sales are also constrained by a number of factors at the individual stations which carry it. Examples of this include:

Federal use

US Federal fleet flexible-fuel vehicles (FFVs) are required to operate on alternative fuels 100% of the time upon the signing of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 into law by President Bush on August 8, 2005. (See Section 701 for this requirement.) Formerly, such FFVs were required to be operated by the end of 2005 on alternative fuels only 51% of the time (i.e., the majority of the time) by Executive Order 13149. (See Executive Order 13149,[9] dated April 21, 2000.) This means that the US Government's use of E85 is effectively doubled as of August 8, 2005 with the signing into law of the Energy Policy Act of 2005. This jump in consumption had the effect of limiting public availability of E85 coincident with shortages of gasoline due to impacts of hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico during the 2005 hurricane season. Although the price of corn had not changed greatly, the usage of E85 nonetheless jumped, thereby creating a shortage of E85, and causing E85 prices to rise coincident with gasoline prices during the 2005 Hurricane Season.

Price

As of 2005, E85 is frequently sold for up to 36% lower price per quantity than gasoline.[10] Much of this discount can be attributed to various government subsidies, and, at least in the United States, the elimination of state taxes that typically apply to gasoline and can amount to 47 cents, or more, per gallon of fuel. The US federal tax exemption that keeps ethanol economically competitive with petroleum fuel products is due to expire in 2007, but this exemption may be extended through legislative action. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the price of E85 rose to nearly on par with the cost of 87 octane gasoline in many states in the United States, and was for a short time the only fuel available when gasoline was sold out, but within four weeks of Katrina, the price of E85 had fallen once more to a 20% to 35% lower cost than 87 octane gasoline.

Vehicles

Postal Service truck running on E85 fuel and advertising its use. This picture is from the mail trucks in St. Paul, Minnesota.

For the 2009 automobile year, General Motors will offer 23 different engine/model Flex Fuel vehicle combinations.[11] Ford Motor company offers eight models,[12] Chrysler will offer 11 models,[13] and Toyota will offer just two.[14] Daimler (Mercedes-Benz) has one model (C300) as well, and is probably the only one amongst the luxury car makers.

In US, Honda does not offer any E85 powered flexfuel vehicles in 2009.[15]

GM has stated a commitment to dedicate 50% of its production to Flex-Fuel E85 capable vehicles by the 2012 model year.[16] Also by 2012 all products of British luxury car-maker Bentley Motors will be Flex-Fuel using a patented fuel-system and an in-line fuel sensor.

As of 2008, there were an estimated 7 million Flex-Fuel capable vehicles on the road in the United States. A recent GM study found that roughly 70 percent of its flex-fuel vehicle owners did not know they could use E85, and fewer than 10 percent did so.[17]

Since 2012, the IndyCar Series has utilized E85.[18]

E85 and the 2006 Minnesota Governor's race

In the 2006 election for Minnesota Governor, the issue of E85 may have helped re-elect Republican Tim Pawlenty. In the final week of the campaign, DFL Lieutenant Governor candidate Judi Dutcher was stumping for her running mate Mike Hatch. A reporter asked Dutcher what Hatch's stance on E85 was and Dutcher appeared to be unfamiliar with E85. As Hatch tried to cover up Dutcher's gaffe, he became angry with reporters which many people think led to a lack of support and Pawlenty's re-election in an election year when Republicans did not fare well as a group.

See also

References

External links