Dzhokhar Tsarnaev

This name uses Eastern Slavic naming customs; the patronymic is Anzorovich and the family name is Tsarnaev.
Dzhokhar Tsarnaev

Tsarnaev imprisoned in mid-2013
Native name Джоха́р Анзо́рович Царна́ев
Born Dzhokhar Anzorovich Tsarnaev[note 1]
July 22, 1993
Tokmok, Kyrgyzstan[1]
Residence Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Other names Jahar Tsarnaev[2]
Ethnicity Chechen-Avar[3]
Citizenship United States, Kyrgyzstan[4]
Alma mater University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
Occupation University student
Known for Bombing the Boston Marathon, murdering a policeman, and other related crimes
Criminal charge
 Using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death; malicious destruction of property resulting in death[2][5]
Criminal status Guilty
Parent(s) Anzor Tsarnaev and Zubeidat Tsarnaeva
Relatives 1 brother (Tamerlan, deceased)
2 sisters (Ailina and Bella)

Dzhokhar Anzorovich "Jahar" Tsarnaev (Cyrillic: Джоха́р Анзо́рович Царна́ев /ˌdʒoʊˈxɑr ˌtsɑrˈnaɪ.ɛf/; born July 22, 1993)[note 1] and his brother Tamerlan Tsarnaev planted bombs at the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013.[6][7][8][9] The bombings killed three people and reportedly injured as many as 264 others.[10] Dzhokhar is half-Chechen and half-Avar.[11] He and his family immigrated to the United States as refugees in 2002. At the time of the bombings, Dzhokhar was a student at University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. He had become a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 11, 2012, seven months before the bombings.[12]

Shortly after the Federal Bureau of Investigation declared them suspects in the bombings and released images of them, the Tsarnaev brothers killed an MIT police officer, carjacked an SUV, and engaged in a shootout with the police in the Boston suburb of Watertown. According to the federal indictment, during the shootout Tamerlan was captured, but died partly as a result of his brother driving over him, and an MBTA police officer was critically injured in the course of Dzhokhar's escape in the SUV[13] (the latter by what may have been friendly fire).[14] Dzhokhar was injured but escaped, and a large manhunt ensued, with thousands of police searching a 20-block area of Watertown. On the evening of April 19, the heavily wounded Dzhokhar was found unarmed hiding in a boat on a trailer in Watertown just outside the police perimeter, arrested, and taken to a hospital. It was later reported that he was persuaded to surrender when the FBI negotiators mentioned a public plea from his former wrestling coach.[15]

While still confined to a hospital bed, Dzhokhar was charged on April 22 with using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death and with malicious destruction of property resulting in death.[2][16][17] He was convicted on April 8, 2015, and faces the possibility of the death penalty in the sentencing phase.[18][19][20] Dzhokhar allegedly later said during questioning that they next intended to detonate explosives in Times Square in New York City.[21] Dzhokhar reportedly also said to authorities that he and his brother were radicalized, at least in part, by watching Anwar al-Awlaki lectures.[22]

Family background

The Tsarnaevs were forcibly moved from Chechnya to the Soviet republic of Kyrgyzstan in the years following World War II.[23] Anzor Tsarnaev is a Chechen, and Zubeidat Tsarnaeva is an Avar.[3][24][25] The couple had two sons, Tamerlan, born in the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic[26] in 1986, and Dzhokhar, born in Kyrgyzstan in 1993.[27] The parents also have two daughters.[28][29][30] Anzor is a traditional Muslim who reportedly shuns religious extremism[31] and raised his children as Muslims.[32][33][34] According to some, other Chechen Americans in the area apparently did not consider the American branch of the family to be "fully" Chechen because they had never lived in Chechnya.[27]

As children, Tamerlan and Dzhokhar lived in Tokmok, Kyrgyzstan. In 2001, the family moved to Makhachkala, Dagestan, in the Russian Federation.[35][36][37] In April 2002, the Tsarnaev parents and Dzhokhar went to the United States on a 90-day tourist visa.[38][39][40] Anzor Tsarnaev applied for asylum, citing fears of deadly persecution due to his ties to Chechnya.[41]

Tamerlan was left in the care of his uncle Ruslan in Kyrgyzstan,[23] and arrived in the U.S. around two years later.[42] In the U.S. the parents received asylum and then filed for their four children, who received "derivative asylum status".[43] They settled on Norfolk Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Tamerlan lived in Cambridge on Norfolk Street until his death.[44]

The family "was in constant transition" for the next decade.[23] Anzor and Zubeidat Tsarnaev both received welfare benefits.[45] The father worked as a backyard mechanic and the mother worked as a cosmetologist[46] until she lost her job for refusing to work in a business that served men. In March 2007, the family was granted legal permanent residence.[42]

Early life

Tsarnaev was born in Kyrgyzstan. As a child, he emigrated with his family to Russia and then, when he was eight years old, to the United States under political asylum. The family settled in Cambridge and became U.S. permanent residents in March 2007. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 11, 2012, while in college.[1][36][40] His mother, Zubeidat, also became a naturalized U.S. citizen, but it is not clear if his father, Anzor, ever did. Tamerlan, his brother, was unable to naturalize expeditiously due to an investigation against him, which held up the citizenship process.[47] At Cambridge Rindge and Latin School, a public high school, he was an avid wrestler, captain of his high-school wrestling team, and a Greater Boston League winter all-star.[36][44] He sometimes worked as a lifeguard at Harvard University.[48]

In 2011, he contacted a professor at UMass Dartmouth who taught a class about Chechen history, expressing his interest in the topic.[49] He graduated from high school in 2011[36] and the city of Cambridge awarded him a $2,500 scholarship that year.[44] His brother's boxing coach, who had not seen them in a few years at the time of the bombings, said that "the young brother was like a puppy dog, following his older brother".[50][51]

Education

Dzhokhar enrolled in the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, with a major in marine biology, in September 2011. He said that he hoped to become a dentist.[36][52]

Dzhokhar was described as "normal" and popular among fellow students. His friends said he sometimes used marijuana,[53] liked hip hop, and did not talk to them about politics.[54] He volunteered in the Best Buddies program.[49] Many friends and other acquaintances found it inconceivable that he could be one of the two bombers at first,[49] calling it "completely out of his character".[55] He was not perceived as foreign, spoke English well,[54] easily fit in socially, and was described by peers as "[not] 'them'. He was 'us.' He was Cambridge".[56]

On the Russian-language social-networking site VK, Dzhokhar described his "world view" as "Islam" and his personal priorities as "career and money". He posted links to Islamic websites, links to videos of fighters in the Syrian civil war, and links to pages advocating independence for Chechnya.[57] Dzhokhar was also active on Twitter. According to The Economist, he seemed "to have been much more concerned with sport and cheeseburgers than with religion, at least judging by his Twitter feed";[58] however, according to The Boston Globe, on the day of the 2012 Boston Marathon, a year before the bombings, a post on Dzhokhar's Twitter feed mentioned a Quran verse often used by radical Muslim clerics and propagandists.[59]

In 2012, Arlington Police ran a warrant check on Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and checked his green Honda when they were investigating a report of underage drinking at a party in Arlington Heights.[60]

At the time of the bombing, Dzhokhar was a sophomore living in the UMass Dartmouth's Pine Dale Hall dorm.[59][61] He was struggling academically, having received seven failing grades over three semesters, including Fs in Principles of Modern Chemistry, Introduction to American Politics, and Chemistry and the Environment[44] and had an unpaid bill of $20,000 to the University.[62] He was known to be selling marijuana to make money.[27]

2013 Boston Marathon bombings

Dzhokhar was convicted of participating in the Boston Marathon bombings of April 15, 2013 along with his brother Tamerlan. The motivation for the bombings was apparently political in nature. He reportedly "told the FBI that [he and his brother] were angry about the U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and the killing of Muslims there."[63] CBS senior correspondent John Miller, who before joining CBS served in the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, later reported Dzhokhar's handwritten note inside the boat where he lay bleeding stated, "The [Boston] bombings were in retribution for the U.S. crimes in places like Iraq and Afghanistan [and] that the victims of the Boston bombing were collateral damage, in the same way innocent victims have been collateral damage in U.S. wars around the world."[64]

After the bombings

Tsarnaev continued to tweet after the bombings, and sent a tweet telling the people of Boston to "stay safe".[54][65] He returned to his university after the April 15 bombing and remained there until April 18, when the FBI released his pictures. During that time, he used the college gym and slept in his dorm; his friends said that he partied with them after the attacks and looked "relaxed".[66][67]

MIT killing, carjacking, firefight, and manhunt

Dzhokhar and his brother murdered MIT Police Officer Sean Collier on April 18 at the MIT campus, before traveling to the Boston neighborhood of Allston and carjacking an SUV and robbing the owner.[68] However, the owner of the leased Mercedes SUV, a 26-year old Chinese immigrant/entrepreneur and former graduate student at Northeastern University, said he managed to escape when the Tsarnaevs became momentarily distracted in the process of refueling the car at a gas station that only took cash. The man, who would not give his name to the media but said he goes by the name "Danny", said he fled to another nearby gas station and contacted the police. Police were then able to track the location of the car through the man's cellphone and the SUV's antitheft tracking device.[69]

When police found the stolen SUV and a Honda being driven by the brothers in the early hours of April 19, the suspects engaged in a shootout with police in Watertown. Dzhokhar was wounded. Police say he escaped by driving the stolen SUV toward the officers who were arresting his brother, driving over his brother and dragging him under the SUV about 30 feet (9 m) in the process. He reportedly sped off, but abandoned the car about 1⁄2 mile (800 m) away and then fled on foot.[70] An unprecedented manhunt ensued involving thousands of police officers from several nearby towns as well as state police and FBI, and SWAT teams, who searched numerous homes and property inside a 10-block perimeter. Warrants were not issued, but residents reported they were told they must allow the searches to go forward. Many reported being instructed to leave their homes as well. Images of squad cars and large black armored vehicles crowding the sidestreets, and videos of residents being led out of their homes at gunpoint soon flooded social media. The Boston metro area was effectively shut down all day on April 19.[71]

After Dzhokhar's name was published in connection with the bombings, his uncle Ruslan Tsarni, who lives in Montgomery Village, Maryland, pleaded with Dzhokhar through television to turn himself in "and ask for forgiveness", and said that he had shamed the family and the Chechen ethnicity.[72]

Arrest and detention

During the manhunt for him on the evening of April 19, Dzhokhar was discovered wounded in a boat in a Watertown backyard, less than 1⁄4 mile (400 m) from where he abandoned the SUV.[70] David Henneberry, the owner of the boat, had noticed that the cover on the boat was loose and when the "shelter in place" order was lifted, went outside to investigate.[73] He lifted the tarpaulin, saw a bloodied man, retreated into his house, and called 9-1-1.[74] Three Boston police officers responded and were soon joined by other police. Tsarnaev's presence and movement was later verified through a forward looking infrared thermal imaging device in a State Police helicopter.[75] The suspect was observed pushing up at the tarp on the boat and Boston police began a large volume of gunfire at the suspect, stopping only after calls from the Superintendent on the scene.[76][77] After initial reports of a shootout between police and Tsarnaev, two U.S. officials said on April 24 that Dzhokhar was unarmed when captured.[78]

Dzhokhar, who had been shot and was bleeding badly from wounds to his left ear, neck and thigh,[79] was taken into federal custody after the standoff. Initial reports that the neck wound was from a self-inflicted gunshot from a possible suicide attempt were later contradicted by the revelation that he was unarmed at the time of capture and a description of the neck wound by SWAT team members that it was a slicing injury, possibly caused by shrapnel from an explosion.[80]

In an image broadcast on the night of his arrest, he was shown stepping out of the boat in which he had been hiding.[81] Other sources described him "lying on his stomach, straddling the side of the boat (…) His left arm and left leg hung over the boat’s side. He appeared to struggle for consciousness". Then he was "hauled down to the grassy ground" by a SWAT officer.[70] In a photograph he can be seen lying on the ground on his back with his hands allegedly cuffed behind him, being helped by medical staff.[82]

He was taken to Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, where he was treated for severe injuries in the intensive-care unit. He was in serious but stable condition (updated to "fair" on April 23), and unable to speak because of the wound to his throat.[16][83] According to one of the nurses, he had cried for two days straight after waking up.[27] He responded to authorities in writing and by nodding his head,[19][84][85][86][87] although he did manage to say the word "no" when asked if he could afford a lawyer. Court documents released in August 2013, show that Tsarnaev had a skull fracture and gunshot wounds prior to being taken into custody.[88] According to a doctor that treated him, Tsarnaev had a skull-base fracture, with injuries to the middle ear, the skull base, the lateral portion of his C1 vertebrae, with a significant soft tissue injury, as well as injury to the pharynx, the mouth, and a small vascular injury.[89]

On April 26, Dzhokhar Anzorovich Tsarnaev was transported by U.S. Marshals to the Federal Medical Center, Devens,[90][91] a United States federal prison near Boston for male inmates requiring specialized or long-term medical or mental health care. He is being held in solitary confinement at a segregated housing unit[92] with 23-hour-per-day lockdown.[93][94]

Questioning, charges, and confessions

Initially, Dzhokhar was questioned without being read his Miranda rights, because the Justice Department invoked Miranda's public-safety exception.[95] He was to be questioned by a federal High-Value Interrogation Group, a special counterterrorism group created to question high-value detainees, which included members of the FBI, CIA, and Department of Defense.[96][97][98] Later, after being read his Miranda rights, Tsarnaev "immediately stopped talking" and declined to continue to cooperate with the investigation.[78]

On April 22, he was charged with "using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death" and with "malicious destruction of properties resulting in death", both in connection with the Boston Marathon attacks.[2][5] He was read his Miranda rights at his bedside by a federal magistrate of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, nodded his head to answer the judge's questions, and answered "no" when asked whether he could afford a lawyer.[95]

Now convicted, he could face the death penalty.[99] He is being prosecuted by assistant U.S. attorneys William Weinreb and Aloke Chakravarty, of the Anti-Terrorism and National Security Unit of the U.S. Attorney's Office in Boston.[100] His defense team includes federal public defender Miriam Conrad,[101] William Fick[102] and anti-death penalty lawyer Judy Clarke.[103]

Middlesex County prosecutors also brought criminal charges against Dzhokhar Tsarnaev for the murder of MIT Police Officer Collier. A surveillance camera at MIT captured the brothers approaching Collier's car from behind.[104]

Officials said, after initial interrogations, that it was clear the attack was religiously motivated, but that so far there was no evidence that the brothers had any ties to Islamic terror organizations.[105][106] Officials also said that Dzhokhar acknowledged his role in the bombings and told interrogators that he and Tamerlan were motivated by extremist Islamic beliefs[107] and the U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq to carry out the bombing.[108][109] Dzhokhar admitted during questioning that he and his brother were planning to detonate explosives in Times Square of New York City next. The brothers formed the plan spontaneously during the April 18 carjacking, but things went awry after the vehicle ran low on gas and they forced the driver to stop at a gas station, where he escaped.[110] Dzhokhar says he was inspired by online videos from Anwar al-Awlaki,[111] who also inspired the 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt.[112]

Investigators have so far found no evidence that Dzhokhar was involved in any jihadist activities, and, according to the Wall Street Journal, now believe that unlike his brother Tamerlan, Dzhokhar "was never truly radicalized."[113] Examinations of his computers did not reveal frequent visits to jihad websites, expressions of violent Islamist rhetoric or other suspicious activities. Some law enforcement officials told the WSJ that Dzhokhar "better fit[s] the psychological profile of an ordinary criminal than a committed terrorist."

On May 16, 2013, during CBS This Morning, CBS News senior correspondent John Miller said he had been told that Dzhokhar wrote a note in the boat in which he was hiding and claimed responsibility for the April 15 attack during the marathon. The note was scribbled with a pen on one of the inside walls of the cabin and said the bombings were payback for the U.S. military actions in Afghanistan and Iraq, and referred to the Boston victims as collateral damage, the same way Muslims have been in the American-led wars. He continued, "When you attack one Muslim, you attack all Muslims." He also said he did not mourn his brother's death because now Tamerlan was a martyr in paradise and that he (Dzhokhar) expected to join him in paradise. Miller's sources said the wall the note was written on had multiple bullet holes in it from the shots that were fired into the boat by police. According to Miller during the interview he gave on the morning show, he said that the note will be a significant piece of evidence in any Dzhokhar trial and that it is "certainly admissible," and paints a clear picture of the brothers' motive, "consistent with what he told investigators while he was in custody."[114][115][116]

Rolling Stone magazine

Image of Dzhokhar on the cover of Rolling Stone

Tsarnaev was the subject of a cover story for an August 2013 issue of Rolling Stone entitled "The Bomber: How a Popular, Promising Student Was Failed by His Family, Fell into Radical Islam and Became a Monster." The magazine drew large amounts of criticism for this decision. Boston Mayor Tom Menino wrote that the cover "rewards a terrorist with celebrity treatment. It is ill-conceived, at best, and re-affirms a terrible message that destruction gains fame for killers and their 'causes'"[117] while Massachusetts State Police sergeant Sean Murphy stated that "glamorizing the face of terror is not just insulting to the family members of those killed in the line of duty, it also could be an incentive to those who may be unstable to do something to get their face on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine."[118] The New York Times used the same photo on their front page in May 2013,[119] but did not draw criticism. Rolling Stone columnist Matt Taibbi criticized those who took offense at the cover, arguing that their offense-taking was the result of their associating Rolling Stone with glamor instead of news,[120] stating that The New York Times did not draw the criticism that Rolling Stone did, "because everyone knows the Times is a news organization. Not everyone knows that about Rolling Stone... because many people out there understandably do not know that Rolling Stone is also a hard-news publication."[120]

The editors of Rolling Stone posted the following response:

Our hearts go out to the victims of the Boston Marathon bombing, and our thoughts are always with them and their families. The cover story we are publishing this week falls within the traditions of journalism and Rolling Stone’s long-standing commitment to serious and thoughtful coverage of the most important political and cultural issues of our day. The fact that Dzhokhar Tsarnaev is young, and in the same age group as many of our readers, makes it all the more important for us to examine the complexities of this issue and gain a more complete understanding of how a tragedy like this happens. –THE EDITORS[121]

Hours after this happened, many retailers that sold the magazine, such as CVS Pharmacy,[122] BJ's Wholesale Club (which also no longer sells any future Rolling Stone issues),[123] and others, announced that they would no longer sell the issue.[124]

In December 2013, the Rolling Stone Tsarnaev cover was named the "Hottest Cover Of The Year" by Adweek magazine, with newsstand sales doubling from 60,000 to 120,000.[125][126] The photo on the cover was taken by Tsarnaev himself, not a professional studio photographer.[127]

Trial

Tsarnaev's arraignment for 30 charges, including four for murder, occurred on July 10, 2013 in federal court in Boston before U.S. Magistrate Judge Marianne Bowler. It was his first public court appearance.[128] He pled not guilty to all 30 counts against him, which included using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death.[129] Tsarnaev is represented by Miriam Conrad, David Bruck, William Fick, and Judy Clarke.

On January 30, 2014, United States Attorney General Eric Holder announced that the federal government would seek the death penalty against Dzhokhar Tsarnaev.[130] A plea deal failed when the government refused to rule out the possibility of the death penalty.

The trial began on January 5, 2015; Tsarnaev pleaded not guilty to all thirty charges laid against him. The proceedings are led by Judge George O'Toole.[131][132] Tsarnaev's attorney Judy Clarke said in her opening statement "it was him... There's little that occurred the week of April the 15th... that we dispute."[6] Counter terrorism expert Matthew Levitt has given testimony.

Wikinews has related news: Dzhokhar Tsarnaev found guilty in Boston Marathon bombing trial

On April 8, 2015, Tsarnaev was found guilty on all thirty counts of the indictment. The charges of usage of a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death, in addition to aiding and abetting, make Tsarnaev eligible for the death penalty.[133]

Bill and Denise Richards, parents of the youngest of the three killed in the bombings, urged against a death sentence for Tsarnaev. They stated that the lengthy appeals period would force them to continually relive that day, and would rather see him spend life in prison without possibility of release.[134] If he receives life imprisonment, he will likely go to the ADX Florence in Colorado.[135] If he is given the death penalty, he will likely be executed in Terre Haute, Indiana.[136]

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Russian: Джоха́р Анзо́рович Царна́ев / Dzhokhar Anzorovich Tsarnayev; Тамерла́н Анзо́рович Царна́ев / Tamerlan Anzorovich Tsarnayev. Chechen: Царнаев Анзор-кIант ДжовхӀар or ЖовхӀар / Carnayev Anzor-khant Dƶovhar; Царнаев Анзор-кIант Тамерлан / Carnayev Anzor-khant Tamerlan.

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gowen, Annie; Horwitz, Sari; Markon, Jerry (April 19, 2013). "Boston lockdown lifted; marathon bombing suspect still at large". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "United States vs. Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, Case 1:13-mj-02106-MBB" (PDF). United States Department of Justice. April 21, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Hunt for Boston Clues Reveals Tangled Caucasus Web". The Moscow Times. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  4. ↑ "Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, Boston bombing suspect, was born in Kyrgyzstan, says minister". NDTV.com. April 23, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Dzhokhar Tsarnaev charged with conspiring to use weapon of mass destruction against persons and property in U.S. resulting in death – U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Massachusetts official Twitter
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Valencia, Milton J.; Wen, Patricia; Cullen, Kevin; Ellement, John R.; Finucane, Martin (March 4, 2015). "Defense admits Tsarnaev took part in Marathon bombings". The Boston Globe. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  7. ↑ Obscura, Atlas. "Pronounce Boston bomb names: Listen to recording of names of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, Tamerlan Tsarnaev". Slate. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
  8. ↑ Abad-Santos, Alexander (April 19, 2013). "Who Is Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, the Man at the Center of the Boston Manhunt?". Atlantic Wire. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  9. ↑ "Timeline: A look at Tamerlan Tsarnaev's past". CNN. April 22, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
  10. ↑ Kotz, Deborah (April 24, 2013). "Injury toll from Marathon bombs reduced to 264". Boston Globe.
  11. ↑ "Boston Marathon bombings: Suspects' mother Zubeidat says she found faith, not terrorism". The Star (Toronto). April 28, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
  12. ↑ "Dzhokhar and Tamerlan: A Profile of the Tsarnaev Brothers". CBS News. April 23, 2013.
  13. ↑ "Indictment against Boston bombing suspect". CNN. June 27, 2013.
  14. ↑ Murphy, Sean P. (May 6, 2013). "Bullet that nearly killed MBTA police officer in Watertown gunfight appears to have been friendly fire". Boston.com.
  15. ↑ "Five Revelations From Rolling Stone's Boston Bomber Cover Story". Rolling Stone. July 16, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Boston bombing suspect charged". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  17. ↑ Markon, Jerry; Horwitz, Sari; Johnson, Jenna (April 22, 2013). "Dzhokhar Tsarnaev charged with using 'weapon of mass destruction'". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  18. ↑ Seelye, Katharine Q. (April 8, 2015). "Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Is Guilty in Boston Marathon Bombing Trial". The New York Times. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Boston bomb suspects 'planned more attacks'". Al Jazeera. April 21, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  20. ↑ Abad-Santos, Alexander (April 19, 2013). "Who Is Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, the Man at the Center of the Boston Manhunt?". The Atlantic. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  21. ↑ Botelho, Greg; Levs, Josh (April 25, 2013). "Boston bombing suspects planned Times Square attack, Bloomberg says". CNN.
  22. ↑ "Boston Marathon Bombers Inspired By Anwar al-Awlaki". Anti-Defamation League.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Martin, Phillip (June 6, 2013). "Two Hours With Ruslan Tsarni, the Alleged Boston Marathon Bombers' Uncle". WGBH. Retrieved April 10, 2015.
  24. ↑ Mong, Adrienne. "Boston bombing suspects' father 'a good man,' neighbors in Dagestan say". NBC News. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  25. ↑ Balmforth, Tom (April 22, 2013). "'A Clear Setup': The Conspiracy Theory of the Boston Bombing Suspects' Father". The Atlanticl (Makhachkala). Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  26. ↑ Cullison, Alan; Sonne, Paul; Troianovski, Anton; George-Cosh, David; 14 contributors (April 22, 2013). "Boston Marathon Bombings: Turn to Religion Split Bomb Suspects Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's Home". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Janet Reitman (July 17, 2013). "Jahar's World: He was a charming kid with a bright future. But no one saw the pain he was hiding or the monster he would become". Rolling Stone.
  28. ↑ Keneally, Meghan; Farberov, Snejana (April 20, 2013). "Now, just tell them everything: Father of Boston bomber brothers speaks of his relief that his younger son is captured alive". Daily Mail (London). Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  29. ↑ "Surviving Boston bombing suspect's mother and father to travel to the U.S. to visit their seriously injured son". Daily Mail (London). April 21, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  30. ↑ Milmo, Cahal (April 19, 2013). "Boston Marathon bombing: Tamerlan Tsarnaev was a boxer. Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was a wrestler". The Independent (London). Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  31. ↑ Radia, Kirit (April 20, 2013). "Boston Bomb Suspect Alarmed Russian Relatives With Extremist Views". ABC news.
  32. ↑ Kaleem, Jaweed (April 19, 2013). "Boston Bombing Suspects' Muslim Identity Provides Few Clues To Motivation For Bombing". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  33. ↑ Noronha, Charmaine (April 19, 2013). "Aunt says US suspect recently became devout Muslim". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  34. ↑ Goode, Erica (April 19, 2013). "Brothers Seen as Good Students and Avid Athletes". New York Times. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  35. ↑ "Timeline: A look at Tamerlan Tsarnaev's past". CNN. April 21, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 Finn, Peter (April 19, 2013). "Tamerlan Tsarnaev and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev were refugees from brutal conflict". Washington Post. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  37. ↑ Sullivan, Eileen (April 19, 2013). "Manhunt in Boston after bombing suspect is killed". Associated Press. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  38. ↑ Perez, Evan; Smith, Jennifer; Shallwani, Pervaiz (April 19, 2013). "Boston Bombing Suspect Killed in Shootout". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  39. ↑ Seelye, Katharine Q.; Cooper, Michael (April 19, 2013). "One Boston Bombing Suspect Is Dead, Second at Large; Area on Lockdown". The New York Times.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Carter, Chelsea J.; Botelho, Gregory 'Greg' (April 20, 2013). "'Captured!!!' Boston police announce Marathon bombing suspect in custody". CNN.
  41. ↑ Tsarnaev's Contacts on Russian Trip Draw Scrutiny – NY Times
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Cullison, Alan; Sonne, Paul; Levitz, Jennifer (April 20, 2013). "Life in America Unraveled for Brothers". Wall Street Journal.
  43. ↑ Mattingly, Phil (April 20, 2013). "Boston Bombing Suspect Apprehended at Watertown Home". Businessweek. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 Goode, Erica; Kovaleski, Serge F. (April 19, 2013). "Boy at Home in U.S., Swayed by One Who Wasn't". New York Times. Archived from the original on July 14, 2013.
  45. ↑ "Tamerlan Tsarnaev got Mass. welfare benefits". Boston Herald. April 24, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
  46. ↑ "Mother of bomb suspects moved toward Islam in U.S". The Salt Lake Tribune. April 28, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  47. ↑ Preston, Julia (April 20, 2013). "F.B.I. Interview Led Homeland Security to Hold Up Citizenship for One Brother". New York Times.
  48. ↑ Jared Lucky, "Months Before Marathon Bombing, Suspect Worked as Harvard Lifeguard", Harvard Crimson (April 19, 2013).
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Russell, Jenna et al. (April 19, 2013). "Two Brothers, Two Paths". The Boston Globe.
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  53. ↑ Matt Stout and Donna Goodison.Dzhokhar Tsarnaev loves pot, wrestling say friends," Boston Herald, April 20, 2013.
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  93. ↑ "Dzhokhar Tsarnaev in Solitary at Devens' Segregated Housing Unit - TalkLeft: The Politics Of Crime". talkleft.com.
  94. ↑ Ford, Beverly. "Boston Bombing Suspect Spends 23 Hours a Day Alone in Jail Cell". RIA Novosti.
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