Dundee

For other uses, see Dundee (disambiguation).
Dundee
Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Dé[1]
Scots: Dundee
One City, Many Discoveries

Top: Tay Rail Bridge, Middle: RRS Discovery and City Centre, Bottom left: Magdalen Yard Bandstand, Bottom right: University of Dundee.

Dundee Coat of Arms.
Dundee
 Dundee shown within Scotland
Area  26 sq mi (67 km2) [2]
Population 147,285 [3]
   – density  8,541.8/sq mi (3,298.0/km2)
DemonymDundonian
LanguageEnglish, Scots
OS grid referenceNO4030
   – Edinburgh  36.3 mi (58.4 km) SSW 
   – London  362.0 mi (582.6 km) SSE 
Council areaDundee City Council
Lieutenancy areaDundee
CountryScotland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post town DUNDEE
Postcode district DD1, DD2, DD3, DD4, DD5
Dialling code 01382
Police Scottish
Fire Scottish
Ambulance Scottish
EU Parliament Scotland
UK ParliamentDundee East
Dundee West
Scottish ParliamentDundee City East
Dundee City West
Websitewww.dundeecity.gov.uk
List of places
UK
Scotland

Coordinates: 56°27′50″N 2°58′12″W / 56.464°N 2.970°W

Dundee (i/dʌnˈdiː/; Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Dé), officially the City of Dundee, is the fourth-largest city in Scotland by population. At the 2011 census, it had a population density of 3,298 people per square kilometre, the second highest of any Scottish city. It lies within the eastern central Lowlands on the north bank of the Firth of Tay, which feeds into the North Sea. Under the name of Dundee City, it forms one of the 32 council areas used for local government in Scotland.

The town developed into a burgh in medieval times, and expanded rapidly in the 19th century largely due to the jute industry. This, along with its other major industries gave Dundee its epithet as city of "jute, jam and journalism". Dundee's recorded population reached a peak of 182,204 at the 1971 census, but it has since declined to 147,285 according to the 2011 Census.

Today, Dundee is promoted as 'One City, Many Discoveries' in honour of Dundee's history of scientific activities and of the RRS Discovery, Robert Falcon Scott's Antarctic exploration vessel, which was built in Dundee and is now berthed in the city harbour. Biomedical and technological industries have arrived since the 1980s, and the city now accounts for 10% of the United Kingdom's digital-entertainment industry. Dundee has two universities—the University of Dundee and the Abertay University. In 2014 Dundee was recognised by the United Nations as the UK's first UNESCO City of Design for its diverse contributions to fields including medical research, comics and video games.[4]

A £1 billion master plan to regenerate and to reconnect the Waterfront to the city centre which started in 2001 is expected to be completed within a 30-year period, with the Dundee Victoria & Albert Museum opening by 2018 at a cost of £80 million.[5]

Dundee is also known for The Dandy, The Beano, Desperate Dan, and Oor Wullie. Visitors wishing to orient themselves should consider taking a walk (or drive) up the Law, Dundee which offers a 360-degree uninterrupted view of Dundee, the Firth of Tay and the Tay Bridge, famously replacing the bridge demolished after the disaster of 1879, and the Tay Road Bridge.

In December 2014; Dundee was named the first city in the United Kingdom to hold the UNESCO City of Design status by the United Nations.[4][6][7]

History

Main article: History of Dundee

The name "Dundee" is made up of two parts: the common Celtic place-name element dun, meaning fort; and a second part that may derive from a Celtic element, cognate with the Gaelic dè, meaning 'fire'.[8]

While earlier evidence for human occupation is abundant,[9] Dundee's success and growth as a seaport town arguably came as a result of William the Lion's charter, granting Dundee to his younger brother, David (later Earl of Huntingdon) in the late 12th century.[10] The situation of the town and its promotion by Earl David as a trading centre led to a period of prosperity and growth.[11] The earldom was passed down to David's descendants, amongst whom was John Balliol. The town became a Royal Burgh on John's coronation as king in 1292.[12] The town and its castle were occupied by English forces for several years during the First War of Independence and recaptured by Robert the Bruce in early 1312.[13] The original Burghal charters were lost during the occupation and subsequently renewed by Bruce in 1327.[14]

The burgh suffered considerably during the conflict known as the Rough Wooing of 1543 to 1550, and was occupied by the English forces of Andrew Dudley from 1547. In 1548, unable to defend the town against an advancing Scottish force, Dudley ordered that the town be burnt to the ground.[15] In 1645, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Dundee was again besieged, this time by the Royalist Marquess of Montrose.[16] The town was finally destroyed by Parliamentarian forces led by George Monck in 1651.[17] The town played a pivotal role in the establishment of the Jacobite cause when John Graham of Claverhouse, 1st Viscount Dundee raised the Stuart standard on the Dundee Law in 1689.[18] The town was held by the Jacobites in the 1715–16 rising, and on 6 January 1716 the Jacobite claimant to the throne, James VIII and III (the Old Pretender), made a public entry into the town. Many in Scotland, including many in Dundee, regarded him as the rightful king.[19]

The economy of mediaeval Dundee centred on the export of raw wool, with the production of finished textiles being a reaction to recession in the 15th century.[20] Two government Acts in the mid 18th century had a profound effect on Dundee's industrial success: the textile industry was revolutionised by the introduction of large four-storey mills, stimulated in part by the 1742 Bounty Act which provided a government-funded subsidy on Osnaburg linen produced for export.[21] Expansion of the whaling industry was triggered by the second Bounty Act, introduced in 1750 to increase Britain's maritime and naval skill base.[22] Dundee, and Scotland more generally, saw rapid population increase at end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century, with the city's population increasing from 12,400 in 1751 to 30,500 in 1821.[23]

The phasing out of the linen export bounty between 1825 and 1832 stimulated demand for cheaper textiles, particularly for cheaper, tough fabrics.[24] The discovery that the dry fibres of jute could be lubricated with whale oil (of which Dundee had a surfeit, following the opening of its gasworks) to allow it to be processed in mechanised mills resulted in the Dundee mills rapidly converting from linen to jute, which sold at a quarter of the price of flax.[25] Interruption of Prussian flax imports during the Crimean War and of cotton during the American Civil War resulted in a period of inflated prosperity for Dundee and the jute industry dominated Dundee throughout the latter half of the 19th century.[26] Unprecedented immigration, notably of Irish workers, led to accelerated urban expansion, and at the height of the industry's success, Dundee supported 62 jute mills, employing some 50,000 workers.[27] Cox Brothers, who owned the massive Camperdown Works in Lochee, were one of the largest jute manufacturers in Europe and employed more than 5,000 workers.[28]

The rise of the textile industries brought with it an expansion of supporting industries, notably of the whaling, maritime and shipbuilding industries,[29] and extensive development of the waterfront area started in 1815 to cope with increased demand for port capacity.[30] At its height, 200 ships per year were built there, including Robert Falcon Scott's Antarctic research vessel, the RRS Discovery. This ship is now on display at Discovery Point in the city.[31] A significant whaling industry was also based in Dundee, largely existing to supply the jute mills with whale oil. Whaling ceased in 1912 and shipbuilding ceased in 1981.[32]

The original Tay Bridge (from the south) the day after the disaster. The collapsed section can be seen near the northern end

While the city's economy was dominated by the jute industry, it also became known for smaller industries. Most notable among these were James Keiller's and Sons, established in 1795, which pioneered commercial marmalade production,[33] and the publishing firm DC Thomson & Co., which was founded in the city in 1905 and remains the largest employer after the health and leisure industries.[34] Dundee was said to be built on the 'three Js': Jute, Jam and Journalism.

The town was also the location of one of the worst rail disasters in British history, the Tay Bridge disaster. The first Tay Rail Bridge was opened in 1878. It collapsed some 18 months later during a storm, as a passenger train passed over it, resulting in the loss of 75 lives.[35] The most destructive fire in the city's history came in 1906, reportedly sending "rivers of burning whisky" through the street.

The jute industry fell into decline in the early 20th century, partly due to reduced demand for jute products and partly due to an inability to compete with the emerging industry in Calcutta.[36] This gave rise to unemployment levels far in excess of the national average, peaking in the inter-war period,[37] but major recovery was seen in the post-war period, thanks to the arrival first of American light engineering companies like Timex and NCR, and subsequent expansion into microelectronics.[38]

A £1 billion master plan to regenerate Dundee Waterfront is expected to last for a 30-year period between 2001 and 2031.[39] The aims of the project are to reconnect the city centre to the waterfront; to improve facilities for walking, cyclists and buses; to replace the existing inner ring road with a pair of east/west tree-lined boulevards; and to provide a new civic square and a regenerated railway station and arrival space at the western edge. A new Victoria and Albert museum is also being built, set for completion by 2018.[39]

Governance

Main article: Politics of Dundee
City of Dundee Arms since 1996

Dundee was granted Royal Burgh status on the coronation of John Balliol as King of Scotland in 1292.[12] The city has two mottos—Latin: Dei Donum (Gift of God) and Prudentia et Candore (With Thought and Purity) although usually only the latter is used for civic purposes.[40]

Prior to 1996, Dundee was governed by the City of Dundee District Council. This was formed in 1975, implementing boundaries imposed in the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973. Under these boundaries, the Angus burgh and district of Monifieth, and the Perth electoral division of Longforgan (which included Invergowrie) were annexed to the county of the city of Dundee. In 1996, the Dundee City unitary authority was created following implementation of the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994.[41] This placed Monifieth and Invergowrie in the unitary authorities of Angus and Perth and Kinross, largely reinstating the pre-1975 county boundaries. Some controversy has ensued as a result of these boundary changes, with Dundee city councillors arguing for the return of Monifieth and Invergowrie.[42]

Local government

Dundee City Chambers, where the city council meets

Dundee is one of 32 council areas of Scotland,[41] and is represented by the Dundee City Council – a local council composed of 29 elected councillors. Previously the city was a county of a city and later a district of the Tayside region. Council meetings take place in the City Chambers, which opened in 1933 in City Square. The civic head and chair of the council is known as the Lord Provost, a position similar to that of mayor in other cities. Dundee House, the new headquarters for the city council on North Lindsay Street, opened in August 2011.[43] This has replaced Tayside House which was demolished in 2013 as part of the Dundee Waterfront improvements.[43][44]

Elections to the council are on a four-year cycle, the most recent being on 3 May 2012. Since 2007, the Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004 has meant that there are eight multi-member wards which elect three or four councillors by single transferable vote, to produce a form of proportional representation.[45] The 2012 elections gave the SNP overall control of the council. Scotland's longest-serving councillor, Ian Borthwick, sits on the council.

Westminster and Holyrood

For elections to the British House of Commons at Westminster, the city area and portions of the Angus council area are divided in two constituencies.[46] The constituencies of Dundee East and Dundee West are as of 2010 represented by Stewart Hosie (Scottish National Party)[47] and James McGovern (Labour),[48] respectively. For elections to the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood, the city area is divided between three constituencies. The Dundee East (Holyrood) constituency and the Dundee West (Holyrood) constituency are entirely within the city area. The Angus South (Holyrood) constituency includes north-eastern and north-western portions of the city area.[46] All three constituencies are within the North East Scotland electoral region: Shona Robison (SNP) is the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Dundee East constituency;[49] Joe Fitzpatrick (SNP) is the current MSP for the Dundee West constituency[50] and Graeme Dey (SNP) is the current MSP for the Angus South constituency.[51]

Dundee is also part of the pan-Scotland European Parliament constituency which elects seven Members of the European Parliament (MEP)s using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.[52] Scotland returns two Labour MEPs, two SNP MEPs, one Conservative and Unionist MEP and one UKIP MEP, to the European Parliament.[52]

Winston Churchill served as the MP for Dundee from 1908-1922.[53]

2014 Scottish Referendum

On 18 September 2014, Dundee was one of the few council areas to vote "Yes" in the Scottish Independence Referendum, with 57.3% voting "Yes" on a 78.8% turnout. Some in the Yes Scotland campaign nicknamed Dundee the 'Yes City'.[54]

Geography

The Dundee Law

Dundee sits on the north bank of the Firth of Tay on the eastern, North Sea Coast of Scotland. The city lies 36.1 miles (58 km) NNE of Edinburgh[55] and 360.6 miles (580 km) NNW of London.[55] The built-up area occupies a roughly rectangular shape 8.3 miles (13 km) long by 2.5 miles (4 km) wide, aligned in an east to west direction and occupies an area of 60 km2.[56][57] The town is bisected by a line of hills stretching from Balgay Hill (elevation of 143 m) in the west end of the city, through the Dundee Law (174 m) which occupies the centre of the built up area, to Gallow Hill (83 m), between Baxter Park and the Eastern Cemetery. North of this ridge lies a valley through which cuts the Dighty Water burn, the elevation falling to around 45 m. North of the Dighty valley lie the Sidlaw Hills, the most prominent hill being Craigowl Hill (455 m).[56]

The western and eastern boundaries of the city are marked by two burns that are tributaries of the River Tay. On the western-most boundary of the city, the Lochee burn meets the Fowlis burn, forming the Invergowrie burn, which meets the Tay at Invergowrie basin.[56] The Dighty Water enters Dundee from the village of Strathmartine and marks the boundaries of a number of northern districts of the city, joining the Tay between Barnhill and Monifieth.[56] The Scouring burn in the west end of the city and Dens Burn in the east, both of which played important roles in the industrial development of the city, have now been culverted over.

Geology

The city lies within the Sidlaw-Ochil anticline, and the predominant bedrock type is Old Red Sandstone of the Arbuthnott-Garvock group.[58] Differential weathering of a series of igneous intrusions has yielded a number of prominent hills in the landscape, most notably the Dundee Law (a late Silurian/early Devonian Mafic rock intrusion) and Balgay hill (a Felsic rock intrusion of similar age).[58] To the east of the city, in Craigie and Broughty Ferry, the bedrock geology is of extrusive rocks, including mafic lava and tuff.[58]

The land surrounding Dundee, particularly that in the lower lying areas to the west and east of the city, bears high quality soil that is particularly suitable for arable farming. It is predominantly of a brown forest soil type with some gleying, the lower parts being formed from raised beach sands and gravels derived from Old Red Sandstone and lavas.[59]

Location

Destinations from Dundee
Pitlochry, Coupar Angus Forfar Montrose, Aberdeen
Perth Carnoustie, Arbroath
   DUNDEE  
Fife, Stirling Newport-on-Tay, Cupar St Andrews

Urban environment

View from The Law, overlooking Dundee City Centre and the Tay Road Bridge

Very little of pre-Reformation Dundee remains, the destruction suffered in the War of the Rough Wooing being almost total, with only scattered, roofless shells remaining.[60] The area occupied by the medieval burgh of Dundee extends between East Port and West Port, which formerly held the gates to the walled city. The shoreline has been altered considerably since the early 19th century through development of the harbour area and land reclamation.[61] Several areas on the periphery of the burgh saw industrial development with the building of textile mills from the end of the 18th century. Their placement was dictated by the need for a water supply for the modern steam powered machinery, and areas around the Lochee Burn (Lochee), Scouring Burn (Blackness) and Dens Burn (Dens Road area) saw particular concentrations of mills.[62] The post war period saw expansion of industry to estates along the Kingsway.[63]

Working class housing spread rapidly and without control throughout the Victorian era, particularly in the Hawkhill, Blackness Road, Dens Road and Hilltown areas.[64] Despite the comparative wealth of Victorian Dundee as a whole, living standards for the working classes were very poor. A general lack of town planning coupled with the influx of labour during the expansion of the jute industry resulted in insanitary, squalid and cramped housing for much of the population.[65] While gradual improvements and slum clearance began in the late 19th century, the building of the groundbreaking Logie housing estate marked the beginning of Dundee's expansion through the building of planned housing estates, under the vision of city architect James Thomson, whose legacy also includes the housing estate of Craigiebank and the beginnings of an improved transport infrastructure by planning the Kingsway bypass.[66]

Modernisation of the city centre continued in the post-war period. The mediaeval Overgate was demolished in the early 1960s to make way for a shopping centre, followed by construction of the inner ring road and the Wellgate Shopping Centre.[67] The Tay Road Bridge, completed in 1966 had as its northern landfall the docklands of central Dundee, and the new associated road system resulted in the city centre being cut off from the river.[68] An acute shortage of housing in the late 1940s was addressed by a series of large housing estates built in the northern environs including the Fintry, Craigie, Charleston and Douglas areas in the 1950s and early 1960s.[69] These were followed by increasingly cost-effective and sometimes poorly planned housing in throughout the 1960s.[70] Much of this, in particular the high rise blocks of flats at Lochee, Kirkton, Trottick, Whitfield, Ardler and Menzieshill, and the prefabricated Skarne housing blocks at Whitfield, have been demolished since the 1990s or are scheduled for future demolition.[71]

Climate

Haar (fog) travelling up the River Tay by advection

The climate, like the rest of North-West Europe, is Oceanic (Köppen-Geiger classification Cfb).[72] Mean temperature and rainfall are typical for the east coast of Scotland, and with the city's sheltered estuarine position, mean daily maxima are slightly higher than coastal areas to the North, particularly in Spring and Summer.[73] The nearest official Met Office weather station is Mylnefield, Invergowrie which is about 4 miles (6.4 km) west of the City Centre.

A record high of 28.7 °C (83.7 °F) was recorded in August 1995.[74] The warmest month was July 2006,[75] with an average temperature of 17.4 °C (63.3 °F) (mean maximum 22.5 °C (72.5 °F), mean minimum 12.3 °C (54.1 °F)). In an 'average' year the warmest day should reach[76] 25.2 °C (77.4 °F), and in total just 1.63 days[77] should equal or exceed a temperature of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) per year, illustrating the rarity of such warmth.

Climate data for Mylnefield, elevation 31m, 1971–2000, extremes 1960–
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.6
(58.3)		 15.2
(59.4)		 18.3
(64.9)		 22.9
(73.2)		 23.7
(74.7)		 27.8
(82)		 28.2
(82.8)		 28.7
(83.7)		 25.0
(77)		 22.8
(73)		 16.7
(62.1)		 14.5
(58.1)		 28.7
(83.7)
Average high °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8)		 6.5
(43.7)		 8.6
(47.5)		 10.9
(51.6)		 13.9
(57)		 16.8
(62.2)		 19.0
(66.2)		 18.9
(66)		 15.9
(60.6)		 12.4
(54.3)		 8.7
(47.7)		 6.7
(44.1)		 12.02
(53.64)
Average low °C (°F) 0.5
(32.9)		 1.0
(33.8)		 2.1
(35.8)		 3.7
(38.7)		 6.1
(43)		 8.7
(47.7)		 10.8
(51.4)		 10.7
(51.3)		 8.6
(47.5)		 6.1
(43)		 2.7
(36.9)		 1.3
(34.3)		 5.19
(41.36)
Record low °C (°F) −17.1
(1.2)		 −11.2
(11.8)		 −10.0
(14)		 −4.4
(24.1)		 −2.3
(27.9)		 −0.7
(30.7)		 2.8
(37)		 1.7
(35.1)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 −3.4
(25.9)		 −10.4
(13.3)		 −12.7
(9.1)		 −17.1
(1.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 72.23
(2.8437)		 48.63
(1.9146)		 54.22
(2.1346)		 44.71
(1.7602)		 48.69
(1.9169)		 53.02
(2.0874)		 53.74
(2.1157)		 52.72
(2.0756)		 64.76
(2.5496)		 70.41
(2.772)		 58.50
(2.3031)		 68.55
(2.6988)		 690.18
(27.1722)
Source: KNMI/ Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute[78]

Demography

City of Dundee compared according to UK Census 2001[79][80]
City of Dundee Scotland
Total population 154,674 5,062,011
Foreign born 5.84% 3.78%
Over 75 years old 8.18% 7.09%
Unemployed 5.18% 3.97%

According to the 2001 census, the City of Dundee had a population of 154,674.[79] A more recent population estimate of the City of Dundee has been recorded at 156,561 in 2012. The demographic make-up of the population is much in line with the rest of Scotland. The age group from 30 to 44 forms the largest portion of the population (20%).[79] The median age of males and females living in Dundee was 37 and 40 years respectively, compared to 37 and 39 years for those in the whole of Scotland.[79]

The place of birth of the town's residents was 94.16% United Kingdom (including 87.85% from Scotland), 0.42% Republic of Ireland, 1.33% from other European Union countries, and 3.09% from elsewhere in the world. The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 35.92% in full-time employment, 10.42% in part-time employment, 4.25% self-employed, 5.18% unemployed, 7.82% students with jobs, 4.73% students without jobs, 15.15% retired, 4.54% looking after home or family, 7.92% permanently sick or disabled, and 4.00% economically inactive for other reasons. Compared with the average demography of Scotland, Dundee has both low proportions of people born outside the United Kingdom and for people over 75 years old.

Natives of Dundee are called Dundonians and are often recognisable by their distinctive dialect of Scots as well as their accent, which most noticeably substitutes the monophthong /ɛ/ (pronounced "eh") in place of the diphthong /aj/ (pronounced "ai").[81] Dundee, and Scotland more generally, saw rapid population increase at end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century, with the city's population increasing from 12,400 in 1751 to 30,500 in 1821.[23] Of particular significance was an influx of Irish workers in the early to mid-19th century, attracted by the prospect of employment in the textiles industries. In 1851, 18.9% of people living in Dundee were of Irish birth.[82]

The city has also attracted immigrants from Italy, fleeing poverty and famine, in the 19th century Jews, fleeing from the Russia controlled portions of partitioned Poland and from German occupation in the 20th. Today, Dundee has a sizeable ethnic minority population, and has around (4.0%) 4,000 Asian residents which is the fourth largest Asian community in Scotland. The city also has 1.0% of residents from a Black/African/Caribbean background.[83]

Dundee has a higher proportion of university students – one in seven of the population – than any other town in Europe, except Heidelberg.[84] The 14.2% come from all around the world to attend the local universities and colleges. Dundee is a major attraction for Northern Irish students who make up 5% of the total student population. The city's universities are believed to hold the highest percentage of Northern Irish students outside of Northern Ireland and have a big impact on the local economy and culture. However this has declined in recent years due to the increase of tuition fees for RUK students. Dundee also has a lot of students from abroad, mostly from Republic of Ireland and other EU countries but with an increasing number from countries from the Far East and Nigeria.[2]

Economy

Cox's Stack, a chimney from the former Camperdown works jute mill. The chimney takes its name from jute baron James Cox who later became Lord Provost of the city

The period following World War II was notable for the transformation of the city's economy. While jute still employed one-fifth of the working population, new industries were attracted and encouraged. NCR Corporation selected Dundee as the base of operations for the UK in late 1945,[85] primarily because of the lack of damage the city had sustained in the war, good transport links and high productivity from long hours of sunshine. Production started in the year before the official opening of the plant on 11 June 1947. A fortnight after the 10th anniversary of the plant the 250,000th cash register was produced.

By the 1960s, NCR had become the principal employer of the city producing cash registers, and later ATMs, at several of its Dundee plants. The firm developed magnetic-strip readers for cash registers and produced early computers.[86] Astral, a Dundee-based firm that manufactured and sold refrigerators and spin dryers was merged into Morphy Richards and rapidly expanded to employ over 1,000 people. The development in Dundee of a Michelin tyre-production facility helped to absorb the unemployment caused by the decline of the jute industry, particularly with the abolition of the jute control by the Board of Trade on 30 April 1969.[87]

Employment in Dundee changed dramatically during the 1980s with the loss of nearly 10,000 manufacturing jobs due to closure of the shipyards, cessation of carpet manufacturing and the disappearance of the jute trade. To combat growing unemployment and declining economic conditions, Dundee was declared an Enterprise Zone in January 1984. In 1983, the first Sinclair ZX Spectrum home computers were produced in Dundee by Timex. In the same year the company broke production records, despite a sit-in by workers protesting against job cuts and plans to demolish one of the factory buildings to make way for a supermarket. Timex closed its Dundee plant in 1993 following an acrimonious six-month industrial dispute.[88]

Modern day

Ninewells Hospital, one of the largest employers in the Dundee area

Dundee is a regional employment and education centre, with over 300,000 persons within 30 minutes drive of the city centre and around 630,000 people within one hour. Many people from North East Fife, Angus and Perth and Kinross commute to the city.[89] In 2009, there were 30 employers who employed 300 or more staff.[89] The largest employers in the city are NHS Tayside, Dundee City Council, University of Dundee, Tesco, D. C. Thomson & Co and BT.[89]

Other employers include limited and private companies such as NCR, Michelin, Alliance Trust, Aviva, Royal Bank of Scotland, Asda, Stagecoach Strathtay, Tayside Contracts, Tokheim, Scottish Citylink, C J Lang & Son (SPAR Scotland), Joinery and Timber Creations, HBOS, Debenhams, National Express Dundee, and W. L. Gore and Associates. The only sectors to see job increases between 2005 and 2009 were in education and human health and social work activities, while manufacturing and administration and support service activities both saw a significant decline.[89] Average weekly earnings of full-time employers in Dundee in May 2010 was £482.80; men received £507.40 and women £418.80.[89] Average earnings in Dundee have increased from £325.00 in 2000 to £482.80 in 2010.[89]

The biomedical and biotechnology sectors, including start-up biomedical companies arising from university research, employ just under 1,000 people directly and nearly 2,000 indirectly. Information technology and Video game development have been important industries in the city for more than 20 years.[90] Rockstar North, developer of Lemmings and the Grand Theft Auto series was founded in Dundee as DMA Design by David Jones; an undergraduate of the Abertay University.[91] Other game development studios in Dundee include Denki, Ruffian Games, Dynamo Games, 4J Studios, Cohort Studios amongst others.

NCR Dundee

Dundee is also a key retail destination for North East Scotland and has been ranked 4th in Retail Rankings in Scotland.[92] The city centre offers a wide variety of retailers, department stores and independent/specialist stores. The Murraygate and High Street forms the main pedestrian area and is home to a number of main anchors such as Marks and Spencer, Monsoon, Accessorise and Zara.[92] The main pedestrian area also connects the two large shopping centres; the 420,000 sq ft (39,000 m2) Overgate Centre which is anchored by Debenhams, H&M, Next, Argos, and The Perfume Shop and the 310,000 sq ft (29,000 m2) Wellgate Centre by BHS, Home Bargains, B&M, Superdrug, Iceland, Holland & Barrett, Poundland, Savers, The Works, Hydro Electric, Bright house,[92] Other retail areas in the city include Gallagher Retail Park, Kingsway East Retail Park and Kingsway West Retail Park.[92]

Landmarks

St Mary's Tower, oldest building in Dundee, dating to late 15th century

The city and its landscape are dominated by The Law and the Firth of Tay. The Law, a large hill to the north of the City Centre was the site of an Iron Age Hill Fort, upon which the Law War Memorial, designed by Thomas Braddock, was erected in 1921 to commemorate the fallen of World War I.[93] The waterfront, much altered by reclamation in the 19th century, retains several of the docks that once were the hub of the jute and whaling industries, including the Camperdown and Victoria Docks.[94] The Victoria Dock is the home of the frigate HMS Unicorn and the North Carr Lightship, while Captain Scott's RRS Discovery occupies Craig Pier, from where the ferries to Fife once sailed.

The oldest building in the city is St Mary's Tower, which dates from the late 15th century.[95] This forms part of the City Churches, which consist of St Clement's Church, dating to 1787–8 and built by Samuel Bell, Old St Paul's and St David's Church, built in 1841–42 by William Burn, and St Mary's Church, rebuilt in 1843–44, also by Burn, following a fire.[96] Other significant churches in the city include the Gothic Revival Episcopal Cathedral of St Paul's, built by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1853 on the former site of Dundee Castle in the High Street,[97] and the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St Andrew, built in 1835 by George Mathewson in Nethergate.[98]

As a result of the destruction suffered during the Rough Wooing, little of the medieval city (aside from St Mary's Tower) remains and the earliest surviving domestic structures date from the Early Modern Era. A notable example is the Wishart Arch (or East Port) in Cowgate. It is the last surviving portion of the city walls. Dating from prior to 1548, it owes its continued existence to its association with the Protestant martyr George Wishart, who is said to have preached to plague victims from the East Port in 1544.[99] Another is the building complex on the High Street known as Gardyne's Land, parts of which date from around 1560.[100] The Howff burial ground in the northern part of the City Centre also dates from this time; it was given to the city by Mary Queen of Scots in 1564, having previously served as the grounds of a Franciscan abbey.[101]

Claypotts Castle, dating from the late 16th century

Several castles can be found in Dundee, mostly from the Early Modern Era. The earliest parts of Mains Castle in Caird Park were built by David Graham in 1562 on the site of a hunting lodge of 1460.[102] Dudhope Castle, originally the seat of the Scrymgeour family, dates to the late 16th century and was built on the site of a keep of 1460.[103] Claypotts Castle, a striking Z plan castle in West Ferry, was built by John Strachan and dates from 1569–1588.[104] The ruins of Powrie Castle, north of Fintry, date from the 16th-century castle north.[105]

North of the City Churches, at the end of Reform Street, lies the High School of Dundee, built in 1829–34 by George Angus in a Greek Revival style.[106] Another school building of note is Morgan Academy on Forfar Road, built in 1863, designed by John Dick Peddie in a Dutch Gothic style.[107]

Dundee's industrial history as a centre for textile production is apparent throughout the city. Numerous former jute mills remain standing and while some lay derelict, many have been converted for other uses. Of particular note are the Tay Works, built by the Gilroy Brothers c.1850–1865,[108] Camperdown Works in Lochee, which built and owned by Cox Brothers, one of Europe's largest jute manufacturing companies, and begun in 1849,[109][110] and Upper Dens Mill and Lower Dens Works, built by the Baxter Brothers in the mid 19th century.[111]

A more recent landmark is the 140 ft (43 m) Tower Building of the University of Dundee built between 1959 and 1961. At the time of its construction only the Old Steeple was taller in the city. The Tower was built to replace the original college buildings which stood on the site.[112][113] The building houses the University's main administration and includes galleries and the University's Archive, Records Management and Museum Services.[114]

Many 1960s landmark multi-storey housing buildings were demolished in the last decade, and the former Tayside House block, built in the same decade and nicknamed 'Faulty Towers' by many local people, is also being demolished[115] as part of the waterfront redevelopment program.

Transport

Dundee is served by the A90 road which connects the city to the M90 and Perth in the west, and Forfar and Aberdeen in the north. The part of the road that is in the city is a dual carriageway and forms the city's main bypass on its north side, known as the Kingsway. East of the A90's Forfar Road junction, the Kingsway East continues as the A972, and meets the A92 at the Scott Fyffe roundabout. Travelling east, the A92 connects the city to Arbroath and Montrose and to the south with Fife via the Tay Road Bridge.

The A930 links the city with coastal settlements to the east, including Broughty Ferry, Monifieth and Carnoustie. Progressing westward from where the A92 meets the Tay Road Bridge at the Riverside Roundabout, the A85 follows the southern boundary of the city along Riverside Drive and towards the A90 at the Swallow Roundabout. The A85 multiplexes with the A90 and diverges again at Perth.

Also meeting the A92 and A85 at the Riverside Roundabout is the A991 Inner Ring Road, which surrounds the perimeter of the city centre, returning to the A92 on the east side of the Tay Road Bridge. The A923 Dundee to Dunkeld road meets the A991 at the Dudhope Roundabout, and the A929 links the A991 to the A90 via Forfar Road.

External view of Dundee (Tay Bridge) Station

Now demolished and under modern construction- to the right Dundee Rail Station.

Dundee has an extensive network of bus routes. The Seagate bus station is the city's main terminus for journeys out of town. National Express Dundee operates most of the intra-city services, with other more rural services operated by Stagecoach Strathtay. The city's two railway stations are the main Dundee (Tay Bridge) Station near the waterfront and the much smaller Broughty Ferry Station at the eastern end of the city.

There are other nearby stations at Invergowrie, Balmossie and Monifieth. Passenger services at Dundee are provided by Abellio ScotRail, CrossCountry, Caledonian Sleeper and Virgin Trains East Coast. No freight trains serve the city since the Freightliner terminal in Dundee was closed in the 1980s. There are also many intercity bus services offered by Megabus, Citylink and National Express.

Dundee Airport offers commercial flights to London Stansted Airport. Flights to Birmingham International Airport and Belfast City were discontinued in December 2012.[116] The airport is capable of serving small aircraft and is located 3 kilometres west of the city centre, adjacent to the River Tay. The nearest major international airport is Edinburgh Airport, 59.2 miles (95.3 km) to the south.

The nearest international passenger seaport is Newcastle upon Tyne.

Education

Schools

Schools in Dundee have a pupil enrolment of over 20,300. There are 37 primary state schools and nine secondary state schools in the city. Of these, 11 primary and two secondary schools serve the city's Catholic population; the remainder are non-denominational.[117] There is also one specialist school that caters for pupils with learning difficulties aged between five and 18 from Dundee and the surrounding area.[118]

Dundee has one independent school, the High School of Dundee, which was founded in the 13th century by the Abbot and monks of Lindores Abbey.[119] The current building was designed by George Angus in a Greek Revival style and built in 1832–34.[120] Early students included Thomas Thomson and Hector Boece,[121] as well as the brothers James, John and Robert Wedderburn who were the authors of The Gude and Godlie Ballatis, used early in the Scottish Reformation as a vehicle to spread Protestant theology.[122] It was the earliest reformed school in Scotland, having adopted the new religion in 1554. According to Blind Harry's largely apocryphal work The Actes and Deidis of the Illustre and Vallyeant Campioun Schir William Wallace, William Wallace was also educated in Dundee.

Colleges and universities

The University of Dundee

Dundee is home to two universities and a student population of approximately 17,000.[2]

The University of Dundee became an independent entity in 1967, after around 70 years of being incorporated into the University of St Andrews. It was founded in 1881 by Mary Ann Baxter and her distant cousin John Boyd Baxter as University College, Dundee. it fully merged with the University of St Andrews in 1897 and was reorganised as Queen's College, Dundee in 1954.[123][124] Significant research in biomedical fields and oncology is carried out in the "College of Life Sciences".[125] The University is also home to one of the UK's top medical schools, based at the city's Ninewells Hospital.[126] The university also incorporates the Duncan of Jordanstone School of Art and Design and the teacher training college.

The Abertay University was founded as Dundee Institute of Technology in 1988. Previously, the buildings formed Bell Street Technical College, a further education college. It was granted university status in 1994 under the Further and Higher Education Act, 1992. The university is noted for its computing and creative technology courses, particularly in computer games technology.[127] and is where the makers of Grand Theft Auto started out.

Dundee College is the city's umbrella further education college, which was established in 1985 as an institution of higher education and vocational training. As of 2014 it became joined with Angus, now known as D&A College.

The Al-Maktoum College of Higher Education was established in Dundee in Blackness Road in 2002. It is a research-led institution of higher education which are currently offering programmes accredited by SQA in the study of Islam and muslims, Arabic language and Islamic Economics and Finance. It is an independent institution. It is named after its patron, Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum.[128]

Religious sites

Christian groups

Dundee Parish Church, St Mary's is one of three of the Dundee's City Churches which are joined together; only two function as places of worship: St. Mary's and St. Clement's (the Old Steeple) which can be seen in the background.

The Church of Scotland Presbytery of Dundee is responsible for overseeing the worship of 37 congregations in and around the Dundee area, 21 of which are in the city itself, with a further five in Broughty Ferry and Barnhill, although changing population patterns have led to some of the churches becoming linked charges.[129] Due to their city centre location, the City Churches, Dundee Parish Church (St Mary's) and the Steeple Church, are the most prominent Church of Scotland buildings in Dundee. They are on the site of the medieval parish kirk of St Mary, of which only the 15th century west tower survives. The attached church was once the largest parish church in medieval Scotland.[130] Dundee was unusual among Scottish medieval burghs in having two parish kirks; the second, dedicated to St Clement, has disappeared, but its site was approximately that of the present City Square.[131]

In the Middle Ages Dundee was also the site of houses of the Dominicans (Blackfriars), and Franciscans (Greyfriars), and had a number of hospitals and chapels. These establishments were sacked during the Scottish Reformation, in the mid-16th century, and were reduced to burial grounds, now Barrack Street (also referred to as the Dek-tarn street) and The Howff burial ground respectively.[132]

St. Paul's Cathedral is the seat of the Scottish Episcopal Diocese of Brechin. It is charged with overseeing the worship of 8 congregations in the city (9, including Broughty Ferry), as well as a further 17 in Angus, the Carse of Gowrie and parts of Aberdeenshire. The diocese was led by Bishop John Mantle until October 2010 when Bishop Mantle retired. The Diocese will be electing a new bishop in the Spring of 2011.[133] St. Andrew's Cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dunkeld, led by Bishop Vincent Paul Logan. The diocese is responsible for overseeing 15 congregations in Dundee and 37 in the surrounding area.[134]

There are Methodist,[135] Baptist,[136] Congregationalist,[137] United Reformed Church,[138] Pentecostalist[139] and Salvation Army[140] churches in the city, and non-mainstream Christian groups are also well represented, including the Unitarians,[141] the Society of Friends,[142] the Jehovah's Witnesses,[143] Seventh-day Adventists, Christadelphians,[144] and Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.[145]

Other religious communities

Muslims are served by the Dundee Islamic Society Central Mosque in Brown Street built in 2000 to replace their former premises on the Hilltown.[146] There are also smaller mosques at Victoria Road and Dura Street.[147]

The Sikh community is served by the Guru Nanak Gurdwara on Victoria Road, which serves its community in Dundee.[148]

A recorded Jewish community has existed in the city since the early 19th century.[149] There is a small Orthodox synagogue at Dudhope Park[150] that was built in the 1960s,[151] with the Hebrew Burial Grounds located three miles (5 km) to the east.[152] Samye Dzong Dundee is a Buddhist Temple based in Reform Street.[153] There is also a Hindu mandir in Taylor's Lane situated in the West End of the city.[154]

Culture

The McManus Galleries in the city's Albert Square

Dundee is home to a full-time repertory ensemble, which originated in 1939. One of its alumni, Hollywood actor Brian Cox, is a native of the city.[155] The Dundee Repertory Theatre, built in 1982, is also the base for the Scottish Dance Theatre company.

Dundee's principal concert auditorium, the Caird Hall (named after its benefactor, the jute baron James Key Caird) in the City Square regularly hosts the Royal Scottish National Orchestra.[156] Various smaller venues host local and international musicians during Dundee's annual Jazz, Guitar and Blues Festivals. The Dundee Contemporary Arts, which opened in 1999 in the city's cultural quarter, is home to both an art gallery and art house cinema.[157]

Dundee has hosted the National Mod a number of times – 1902, 1913, 1937, 1959 and 1974.[158]

The city's main museum and art gallery, McManus Galleries, is in Albert Square.[159] The exhibits include a collection of fine and decorative art, items from Dundee's history and natural history artefacts. Britain's only full-time public observatory, Mills Observatory at the summit of the city's Balgay Hill, was given to the city by linen manufacturer and keen amateur scientist John Mills in 1935.[160] Sensation Science Centre in the Greenmarket is a science centre based on the five senses with a series of interactive shows and exhibits.[161] Verdant Works is a museum dedicated to the once dominant jute industry in Dundee and is based in a former jute mill.[162] The University of Dundee also runs several public museums and galleries, including the D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum and the Tayside Medical History Museum. A new £47 million centre for art and design known as the "V&A at Dundee" is to be built south of Craig Harbour onto the River Tay for completion in 2015. The new museum may bring another 500,000 extra visitors to the city and create up to 900 jobs.[163]

The city's archival records are mostly kept by two archives: Dundee City Archives, operated by Dundee City Council and the University of Dundee's Archive Services. Dundee City Archives holds the official records of the city and of the former Tayside Regional Council.[164] The archive also holds the records of various people, groups and organisations connected to the city. The University's Archive Services hold a wide range of material relating to the University and its predecessor institutions and to individuals associated with the University, such as D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson. Archive Services also holds the archives of several individuals, businesses and organisations based in Dundee and the surrounding area.[165] The records held include a substantial number of business archives relating to the jute and linen industry in Dundee; records of other businesses including the archives of the Alliance Trust and the department store G. L. Wilson; the records of the Brechin Diocese of the Scottish Episcopal Church; and the NHS Tayside Archive.[166][167] The same archive also holds the Michael Peto collection which includes thousands of the photojournalist's photographs, negatives, slides, publications and papers.[168]

Dundee Headquarters of DC Thomson & Co.

Dundee is home to DC Thomson & Son Ltd, established in 1905, which produces over 200 million magazines, newspapers and comics every year; these include The Beano, The Dandy and The Press and Journal.[92] Dundee has a strong literary heritage, with several authors having been born, lived or studied in the city. These include A. L. Kennedy, Rosamunde Pilcher, Kate Atkinson, Thomas Dick, Mary Shelley, Mick McCluskey, John Burnside and Neil Forsyth. The Dundee International Book Prize is a biennial competition open to new authors, offering a prize of £10,000 and publication by Polygon Books. Past winners have included Andrew Murray Scott, Claire-Marie Watson and Malcolm Archibald. William McGonagall, regularly cited as the "world's worst poet",[169] worked and wrote in the city, often giving performances of his work in pubs and bars. Many of his poems are about the city and events therein, such as his work The Tay Bridge Disaster. Dundee's poetic heritage is represented by the 2013 poetry anthology 'Whaleback City' edited by W.N. Herbert and Andy Jackson (Dundee University Press) containing poems by McGonagall, Don Paterson, Douglas Dunn, John Burnside and many others.. City of Recovery Press was founded in Dundee, and has become a controversial figure in documenting the darker side of the city.[170]

Dundee has bid to be named 2017 UK City of Culture. On 19 June 2013 it was named as one of the four short-listed cities alongside Hull, Leicester and Swansea Bay.[171] Dundee came fifth in a newspaper survey regarding numbers of cultural venues in the United Kingdom, ahead of other Scottish cities.[172][173]

Cinema

The Dundee Mountain Film Festival (DMFF), held in the last weekend of November, presents the best presenters and films of the year in mountaineering, mountain culture and adventure sport, along with an art and trade exhibition.[174] DMFF is also one of the members of International Alliance for Mountain Film (IAMF)[175] among other important international Mountain film festivals.

Dundee Contemporary Arts hosts an annual horror film festival called Dundead, which started in 2011.[176]

Music

Popular music groups such as the 1970s soul-funk outfit Average White Band, the Associates, the band Spare Snare, Danny Wilson and the Indie rock bands The View and The Law are from Dundee. Ricky Ross of Deacon Blue and singer-songwriter KT Tunstall are former pupils of the High School of Dundee, although Tunstall is not a native of the city.[177] The Northern Irish indie rock band Snow Patrol was formed by students at the University of Dundee,[178] Brian Molko, lead singer of Placebo, grew up in the city.[179] At the end of June, Dundee hosts an annual blues festival known as the Dundee Blues Bonanza.[180]

Television and radio

Dundee is home to one of 11 BBC Scotland broadcasting centres, located within the Nethergate Centre.[181] STV North's Tayside news and advertising operations are based in the Seabraes area of the city, from where an STV News Tayside opt-out bulletin is broadcast, (though not on Digital Satellite), within the nightly regional news programme, STV News at Six. The city also had a community internet TV station called The Dundee Channel which was launched on 1 September 2009.

The city has three local radio stations. Radio Tay was launched on 17 October 1980.[182] The station split frequencies in January 1995 launching Tay FM for a younger audience and Tay AM playing classic hits. In 1999, Discovery 102 was launched, later to be renamed Wave 102.

Sports and recreation

Football

Dundee has two professional football clubs: Dundee F.C., founded in 1893, and Dundee United, founded in 1909 as Dundee Hibernian. They both currently play in the Scottish Premiership. Their grounds Dens Park and Tannadice Park are just 100 metres apart, closer together than any other football stadiums in the UK. The Dundee Derby is one of the most highly anticipated fixtures in Scottish football. Dundee is one of three British cities to have produced two European Cup semi-finalists. Dundee lost to A.C. Milan in 1963[183] and Dundee United lost to A.S. Roma in 1984.[184] Dundee also reached the semi-finals of the forerunner to the UEFA Cup in 1968 and Dundee United were runners-up in the UEFA Cup in 1987.[185] There are also seven junior football teams in the area: Dundee North End, East Craigie, Lochee Harp, Lochee United, Dundee Violet, Broughty Athletic and Downfield.[186]

Ice Hockey

Dundee Stars, the main ice hockey team, play at the Dundee Ice Arena. The team joined the Elite League in the 2010/2011 season.[187] They are one of four professional Ice Hockey teams in Scotland, and play against teams from England, Wales and Northern Ireland in the Elite League. The majority of the team are North American professionals. There are also two amateur ice hockey teams, Dundee Tigers and Dundee Comets, who both play in the Scottish National League.

Rugby

The city is also home to five rugby union teams – Dundee High School Former Pupils rugby club who play in the RBS Premiership Division One;[188] Morgan Academy Former Pupils in the RBS Premiership Division Three;[189] Harris Academy Former Pupils in the RBS Caledonian Division Two Midlands[190] and Panmure R.F.C. and Stobswell R.F.C. both in the RBS Caledonian Division Three Midlands.[191]

Other sports

Local sports clubs include Dundee Handball Club, Grove Menzieshill Hockey Club; Dundee Northern Lights floorball club, Dundee Hawkhill Harriers, Dundee City Aquatics, Dundee Hurricanes and Dundee & Angus Radio Controlled Car Klub (DARCCK).

The new £36 million Olympia leisure centre with multi-storey car park was scheduled to open in late 2012, but only 3 weeks from the original opening date, the date was pushed back by a further 6 months.[192]

There is a velodrome, Caird Park Velodrome.

Public services

Backwater Reservoir

Dundee and the surrounding area is supplied with water by Scottish Water. Dundee, along with parts of Perthshire and Angus is supplied from Lintrathen and Backwater reservoirs in Glen Isla.[193] Electricity distribution is by Scottish Hydro Electric plc, part of the Scottish and Southern Energy group.

Waste management is handled by Dundee City Council. There is a kerbside recycling scheme that currently only serves 15,500 households in Dundee. Cans, glass and plastic bottles are collected on a weekly basis.[194] Compostable material and non-recyclable material are collected on alternate weeks.[195] Paper is collected for recycling on a four-weekly basis.[196]

Recycling centres and points are at a number of locations in Dundee.[197] Items accepted include, steel and aluminium cans, cardboard, paper, electrical equipment, engine oil, fridges and freezers, garden waste, gas bottles, glass, liquid food and drinks cartons, plastic bottles, plastic carrier bags, rubble, scrap metal, shoes and handbags, spectacles, textiles, tin foil, wood and yellow pages. According to recent figures taken in 2008, suggest the city council has a recycling rate of 36.1%.[198]

Law enforcement is provided by Police Scotland. The headquarters of the Dundee Branch of Police Scotland is situated in West Bell Street.[199] There are also four police stations which serve the city: Maryfield, Lochee, Downfield and Longhaugh.[199]

Healthcare is supplied in the area by NHS Tayside. Ninewells Hospital, is the only hospital with an accident and emergency department in the area. Primary Health Care in Dundee is supplied by a number of General Practices. Dundee is also served by the East Central Region of the Scottish Ambulance Service which covers the city, Tayside and Kingdom of Fife.[200] There is one ambulance station for the city; on West School Road.[201]

The Scottish Fire and Rescue Service operate three fire stations, covering the city and surrounding villages. The main station is at Blackness Road and there is a control room at Macalpine Road fire station.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Scottish Parliament's List of Gaelic Placenames" (PDF). parliament.uk. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Population Matters
  3. ↑ 2011 Census
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Dundee awarded UK's first Unesco City of Design status". BBC News.
  5. ↑ Urquhart, Frank (13 August 2013). "V&A Museum at Dundee could see 2016 opening". The Scotsman. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  6. ↑ "Dundee wins City of Design status from UNESCO". thecourier.co.uk.
  7. ↑ "Dundee the UK’s first Unesco ‘City of Design’". scotsman.com.
  8. ↑ Watson 1926, p. 220; Dundee is also recorded as Dun-Tay, e.g. Pont c1583-96
  9. ↑ The earliest evidence for human occupation of the area dates from the Mesolithic: Mathewson 1879; RCAHMS Canmore database: Dundee, Stannergate
  10. ↑ Barrow 2003, p. 266
  11. ↑ Barrow 1990, pp. 20–21; Turnock 1982, p. 23; Mackie 1836, pp. 23–24
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Barrow 1990, p. 24
  13. ↑ Barrow 1965, p. 272; p. 374
  14. ↑ Mackie 1836, pp. 30–32; pp. 207–208
  15. ↑ McKean 2009, pp. 9–10; Merriman 2000 pp. 263, 292, 304, 360–361
  16. ↑ Lythe 1958, pp. 27–28; Reid 1990, pp. 97–99; Cowan 1995, pp. 195–198; Cullen, Whatley & Young 2009, pp. 61–63
  17. ↑ Mackie 1836, pp. 32–38; Lythe 1958, pp. 28–30; Cullen, Whatley & Young 2009, pp. 63–64
  18. ↑ Lenman 1980, p. 30; Patrick 2009, pp. 85–88
  19. ↑ J. Baynes, The Jacobite Rising of 1715 (1970), p.166
  20. ↑ Whatley, Swinfen & Smith 1993, pp. 28–30
  21. ↑ McKean, Swan & Archibald 2009, p. 274; Whatley 1992, p. 23; Checkland & Checkland 1989, p. 45; Durie 1979 p. 27; p. 52; pp. 146–147;
  22. ↑ McKean, Swan & Archibald 2009, p. 275
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Smout 1998, pp. 240–248
  24. ↑ Durie 1979, p. 169
  25. ↑ Turnock 1982, p. 60; p. 122; Watson 1990, p. 14; Watson 2004, p. 94
  26. ↑ Lenman, Lythe & Gauldie 1969, pp. 23–24; Stewart 1998, p. 1; Checkland & Checkland 1989, p. 48
  27. ↑ Swift & Gilley 1989, pp. 117–118; Dundee Heritage Trust 1998, pp. 1–3
  28. ↑ "MS 6 Cox Brothers Ltd, Jute Spinners and Manufacturers, and Cox Family Papers". Archive Services Online Catalogue. University of Dundee. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  29. ↑ Jackson & Kinnear 1990, pp. 16–22
  30. ↑ McCarthy 2007, p. 80; Kenefick 2000, pp. 38–50
  31. ↑ Huntford 1986, p. 47
  32. ↑ Hunting the Whale: The Whale Ships
  33. ↑ Mathew 1998, p. 12
  34. ↑ Neuburg 1983, p. 75
  35. ↑ Lewis 2004, p. 69
  36. ↑ Roul 2009, p. 103; Stewart 1998, pp. 16–17; Stewart 2011, p. 37
  37. ↑ Whatley 1990, p. 45; Devine, Lee & Peden 2005, p. 166
  38. ↑ Devine, Lee & Peden 2005, p. 169; Cortada 1993, p. 237; Knox & McKinlay 2011, p. 266
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 McKean 2011, p. 100; Dundee Waterfront Brochure; Dundee Central Waterfront Masterplan 2001–2031
  40. ↑ Chronicle of The City's Office Bearers, Chambers, Regalia, Castles & Twin Cities; the apocryphal toponym Dei Donum was applied by Hector Boece in the sixteenth century: Ferguson 1998, pp. 60–61
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994
  42. ↑ Councils plot revolt over re-draw plan 2005
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Dundee House
  44. ↑ "Bye-bye Tayside House — ‘Muncher’ completes its work". The Courier. 12 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  45. ↑ Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Fifth Periodical Review of Constituencies
  47. ↑ Stewart Hosie, MP for Dundee East
  48. ↑ James McGovern, MP for Dundee West
  49. ↑ Shona Robison, MSP for Dundee East
  50. ↑ Joe Fitzpatrick, MSP for Dundee West
  51. ↑ Graeme Dey, MSP for Angus South
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 List of MEPs in Scotland
  53. ↑ Pedia, Wiki. "Sir Winston Churchill MP". Wiki. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  54. ↑ BBC indyref. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/scotland-decides/live''. Missing or empty |title= (help);
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 UK Postcode to Postcode Calculator
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 Ordnance Survey Landranger Map 2007
  57. ↑ Population density: Scotland: by unitary authority
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Bluck 2000, p. 422; GeoIndex Onshore
  59. ↑ Soil Survey of Scotland 1982
  60. ↑ Merriman 2000, pp. 360–361
  61. ↑ McCarthy 2007, p. 80; The progress of waterfront development can be seen in the maps of Wood 1821, Edward 1846 and Bartholomew 1912
  62. ↑ Lenman, Lythe & Gauldie 1969, p. 9; Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland 1992 p. 25; Watson 1990, p. 8
  63. ↑ Walker 1968, p. 296
  64. ↑ Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland 1992 p. 26
  65. ↑ McKean 2011, pp. 72–76
  66. ↑ Logie Conservation Area; Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland 1992 pp. 51–52; McKean 2011, p. 81
  67. ↑ McKean 1990, p. 73; McKean 2011, p. 85
  68. ↑ McKean 1990, p. 73; McKean 2011, p. 93
  69. ↑ Walker 1968, p. 296; Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland 1992 p. 55
  70. ↑ Walker 1968, p. 296; McKean 1990, p. 73; Scott 2002 pp. 73–76; pp. 103–106; Glendinning 1997, pp. 25, 56
  71. ↑ Tenants gone, soon multi too; Last of Menzieshill multis to be brought down this week; Four Dundee Hilltown multi-storey blocks to come down; Fate of Whitfield's Skarne blocks to be decided
  72. ↑ Peel, Finlayson & McMahon 2007
  73. ↑ Regional mapped climate averages
  74. ↑ Aug 1995 Maximum
  75. ↑ Jul 2006 Mean
  76. ↑ 1971–2000 average warmest day
  77. ↑ 1971–2000 >25c days
  78. ↑ "Climate Normals and extremes". Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 79.3 Comparative Population: Dundee
  80. ↑ Comparative Employment: Dundee
  81. ↑ McCluskey 1991; Dundee Scots
  82. ↑ Swift & Gilley 1989, p. 117; Little Tipperary: The Irish in Lochee
  83. ↑ http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2asbfigure4.pdf
  84. ↑ "History of Dundee". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  85. ↑ NCR Cash Advance
  86. ↑ First Dundee computer next year
  87. ↑ General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade 1969
  88. ↑ Timex pulls the plug on Dundee plant; Scott 2002, pp. 163–165
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 89.2 89.3 89.4 89.5 Dundee Economic Profile
  90. ↑ "How Dundee became a computer games centre". BBC News.
  91. ↑ The Complete History of DMA Design
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 92.3 92.4 Discover Dundee Retail
  93. ↑ Law Hill War Memorial, Category B listing
  94. ↑ Camperdown Dock, Category A listing
    Victoria Dock with Pedestrian and Vehicular Swing Bridges, Category A listing
  95. ↑ Nethergate, City Churches, St Mary's Tower or the Steeple, Category A Listing
    McKean & Walker 1985, pp. 52–54
  96. ↑ Nethergate, City Churches, St Clement's, or Steeple Church, Category A Listing
    Nethergate, City Churches, Old St Paul's and St David's, or South Church, Category A Listing
    Nethergate, City Churches, St Mary's East, or Dundee Parish Church, Category A Listing
    McKean & Walker 1985, pp. 52–54
  97. ↑ 150 Nethergate, St Andrew's Roman Catholic Cathedral, Including Presbytery and Former Sea Wall to South, Category A Listing
    McKean & Walker 1985, p. 57
  98. ↑ Castle Hill, St Paul's Episcopal Cathedral, including steps and boundary wall, Category A Listing
    McKean & Walker 1985, p. 57
  99. ↑ Dundee, East Port of, Wishart Arch
    McKean & Walker 1985, pp. 32–33
  100. ↑ 70–73 (Inclusive Nos) High Street, Including Gardyne's Land, Gray's Close and Clock with Model of the Town House; McKean & Walker 1985, p. 18; Dragging a building into the 21st century; Gardyne's Land wins multiple awards
  101. ↑ Meadowside and Barrack Street, The Howff, Category A listing; ; McKean & Walker 1985, pp. 50–51
  102. ↑ Caird Park Mains Castle, Category A listing, McKean & Walker 1985, p. 120
  103. ↑ Dudhope Castle, Category A listing; McKean & Walker 1985, pp. 74–75
  104. ↑ Claypotts Castle, Category A listing; McKean & Walker 1985, p. 103
  105. ↑ Powrie, Old Powrie Castle, Including Adjoining Boundary Wall
  106. ↑ Euclid Crescent High School, including Lodge, Gatepiers, Boundary wall and railings, Category A listing; McKean & Walker 1985, p. 47
  107. ↑ Forfar Road, Morgan Academy, Main Block and Janitor's House with Terrace, Boundary Walls and Gatepiers, Category A listing; McKean & Walker 1985, p. 97
  108. ↑ 2 Lochee Road, Tay Works, Category A listing; McKean & Walker 1985, p. 85
  109. ↑ Methven Street, Camperdown Works High Mill or Silver Mill, Category A listing; McKean & Walker 1985, p. 89
  110. ↑ "MS 6 Cox Brothers Ltd, Jute Spinners and Manufacturers, and Cox Family Papers". archive Services Online Catalogue. University of Dundee. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  111. ↑ Princes Street and Return Elevations to Dens Street, Constable Street and St Roques Lane, Lower Dens Works, Category listing; 2 Princes Street, Upper Dens Mill, Category listing; McKean & Walker 1985, pp. 30–32
  112. ↑ "From the Archives: Fifty years since the Tower's foundation stone was laid". Contact (University of Dundee): 24–25. October 2009.
  113. ↑ "Dundee University's Tower Building needing facelift to address safety concerns". The Courier. 9 May 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
  114. ↑ "Tower Building". University of Dundee. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
  115. ↑ "Safedem: Tayside House Demolition".
  116. ↑ Dundee Airport
  117. ↑ Primary Schools; Secondary Schools
  118. ↑ Kingspark School
  119. ↑ Strong 1909, p. 19
  120. ↑ Colvin 2008, p. xx
  121. ↑ Kerr 1913, p. 13
  122. ↑ Dawson 2007, p. 159
  123. ↑ "Records of the University of Dundee and its Predecessors". Archival Sources for Local and Scottish History. University of Dundee. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  124. ↑ Baxter, Kenneth et al. (2007). A Dundee Celebration. Dundee: University of Dundee.
  125. ↑ College of Life Sciences
  126. ↑ "Medicine". The Guardian (London). 17 May 2011.
  127. ↑ money for computer games centre
  128. ↑ Al-Maktoum Institute
  129. ↑ Presbytery of Dundee
  130. ↑ McKean 2009, p. 5
  131. ↑ McKean & Walker 1985, p. 52
  132. ↑ Mackie 1836, p. 120; Foggie 2003, p. 35
  133. ↑ The Diocese of Brechin
  134. ↑ The Diocese of Dunkeld
  135. ↑ Dundee Methodist Church
  136. ↑ Trinity Baptist Church
  137. ↑ Dundee Congregational Church
  138. ↑ National Synod of Scotland, URC East Link
  139. ↑ Assemblies of God Scotland
  140. ↑ Salvation Army Dundee; Salvation Army Menzieshill
  141. ↑ Williamson Unitarian Christian Church Dundee
  142. ↑ Dundee Quaker Meeting
  143. ↑ Jehovah's Witnesses – Dundee
  144. ↑ Dundee Christadelphian Ecclesia
  145. ↑ Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
  146. ↑ Dundee Islamic Society Central Mosque
  147. ↑ UK Mosque Searcher: Mosques in Dundee
  148. ↑ Gurudwaras in Scotland
  149. ↑ Abrams 2009, pp. 65–94
  150. ↑ Dundee Hebrew Congregation
  151. ↑ Scotland's Jewish Community
  152. ↑ International Jewish Cemetery Project – Scotland
  153. ↑ Kagyu Samye Dzong Dundee (Rokpa Dundee)
  154. ↑ Hindu Council UK
  155. ↑ Cox may be ambassador for Dundee
  156. ↑ Day & Milne 2010, p. 78
  157. ↑ Jarron 2011, p. 183
  158. ↑ List of Mod's places for each year on Sabhal Mòr Ostaig website
  159. ↑ Day & Milne 2010, p. 30
  160. ↑ Day & Milne 2010, p. 47
  161. ↑ Day & Milne 2010, p. 20
  162. ↑ Gale & Kaur (2002) p187; Dundee Heritage Trust (1998) pp1-3
  163. ↑ Dundee to get its own V&A museum
  164. ↑ "Archives". Dundee City Council. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  165. ↑ "University of Dundee Archives Services". University of Dundee. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  166. ↑ "University of Dundee Archives Services the Collections". University of Dundee. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  167. ↑ "Business Archives". Archives, Records and Artefacts at the University of Dundee. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  168. ↑ "Michael Peto Photographic Collection", University of Dundee. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  169. ↑ McGonagall 1992
  170. ↑ http://www.cityofrecovery.com
  171. ↑ "UK City of Culture 2017 shortlist of four announced". BBC News. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  172. ↑ "Dundee crowned Scotland’s most cultural city (and we beat Hull too!)". eveningtelegraph.co.uk.
  173. ↑ Joe Birchenall. "Dundee is the fifth most cultural city in the UK according to new survey - STV Dundee - Dundee". STV Dundee.
  174. ↑ Dundee Mountain Film Festival
  175. ↑ International Alliance for Mountain Film
  176. ↑ "DCA Unveil Dundead II Festival Line-Up". 5 March 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  177. ↑ Almost Famous
  178. ↑ Snow Patrol
  179. ↑ NME Interview with Placebo
  180. ↑ Dundee Blues Bonanza
  181. ↑ Contact numbers for BBC Scotland
  182. ↑ Radio Tay's first day
  183. ↑ European Cup History, Season 1962–1963
  184. ↑ European Cup History, Season 1983–1984
  185. ↑ UEFA Cup History, Season 1986–1987
  186. ↑ Scottish Junior Football Clubs A–K
  187. ↑ Dundee Stars join Elite
  188. ↑ Dundee HSFP
  189. ↑ Morgan Academy
  190. ↑ Harris Academy
  191. ↑ Panmure and Stobswell
  192. ↑ new Olympia leisure centre
  193. ↑ Scrimgeour 1968, pp. 278–283
  194. ↑ Kerbside Recycling Box Scheme
  195. ↑ Brown Bin Garden Waste Collection
  196. ↑ Blue Bin Paper Collections
  197. ↑ Recycling Centres; Recycling Points
  198. ↑ Waste Aware Tayside
  199. ↑ 199.0 199.1 Policing in Dundee
  200. ↑ Scottish Ambulance Service
  201. ↑ Ambulance Stations in Scotland

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