Dredge-up
A dredge-up is a period in the evolution of a star where a surface convection zone extends down to the layers where material has undergone nuclear fusion. As a result, the fusion products are mixed into the outer layers of the stellar atmosphere where they can appear in the spectrum of the star.
The first dredge-up occurs when a main-sequence star enters the red-giant branch. As a result of the convective mixing, the outer atmosphere will display the spectral signature of hydrogen fusion: the 12C/13C and C/N ratios are lowered, and the surface abundances of lithium and beryllium may be reduced.
The second dredge-up occurs in stars with 4–8 solar masses. When helium fusion comes to an end at the core, convection mixes the products of the CNO cycle.[1] This second dredge-up results in an increase in the surface abundance of 4He and 14N, whereas the amount of 12C and 16O decreases.[2]
The third dredge-up occurs after a star enters the asymptotic giant branch and a flash occurs along a helium burning shell. This dredge-up causes helium, carbon and the s-process products to be brought to the surface. The result is an increase in the abundance of carbon relative to oxygen, which can create a carbon star.[2]
The names of the dredge-ups are set by the evolutionary and structural state of the star in which each occurs, not by the sequence experienced by the star. As a result, lower-mass stars experience the first and third dredge-ups in their evolution but not the second.
References
- ↑ Lambert, D. L. (1992). "Observational Effects of Nucleosynthesis in Evolved Stars". In Mike G. Edmunds and Roberto J. Terlevich. Elements and the Cosmos. University of Cambridge. pp. 92–109. ISBN 0-521-41475-X.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kwok, Sun (2000). The origin and evolution of planetary nebulae. Cambridge University Press. p. 199. ISBN 0-521-62313-8.
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