Disenchantment
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In social science, disenchantment (German: Entzauberung) is the cultural rationalization and devaluation of mysticism apparent in modern society. The concept was borrowed from Friedrich Schiller[1] by Max Weber to describe the character of modernized, bureaucratic, secularized Western society, where scientific understanding is more highly valued than belief, and where processes are oriented toward rational goals, as opposed to traditional society where for Weber "the world remains a great enchanted garden".[2]
Enlightenment ambivalence
Weber's ambivalent appraisal of the process of disenchantment as both positive and negative[3] was taken up by the Frankfurt school in their examination of the self-destructive elements in Enlightenment rationalism.[4]
Habermas has subsequently striven to find a positive foundation for modernity in the face of disenchantment, even while appreciating Weber's recognition of how far secular society was created from, and is still "haunted by the ghosts of dead religious beliefs".[5]
Some have seen the disenchantment of the world as a call for existentialist commitment and individual responsibility in the face of a collective normative void.[6]
Sacralization
Disenchantment is related to the notion of desacralization, whereby the structures and institutions that previously channeled spiritual belief into rituals that promoted collective identities came under attack and waned in popularity. According to Henri Hubert and Marcel Mauss, the ritual of sacrifice involved two processes: sacralization and desacralization. The first process endows a profane offering with sacred properties—consecration—which provides a bridge of communication between the worlds of the sacred and profane. Once the sacrifice has been made, the ritual must be desacralized in order to return the worlds of the sacred and profane to their proper places.[7]
Disenchantment operates on a macro-level, rather than the micro-level described above. It also destroys part of the process whereby the chaotic social elements that require sacralization in the first place continue with mere knowledge as their antidote. Thereby disenchantment can be related to Durkheim's concept of anomie: an un-mooring of the individual from the ties that bind in society.[8]
Reenchantment
In recent years, Weber's paradigm has been challenged by thinkers who see a process of "reenchantment" operating alongside that of disenchantment.[9]
Jung considered symbols to provide a means for the numinous to return from the unconscious to the desacralized world[10] - a means for the recovery of myth, and the sense of wholeness it once provided, by a disenchanted modernity.[11]
Ernest Gellner argued that though disenchantment was the inevitable product of modernity, many people just could not stand a disenchanted world, and therefore opted for various "re-enchantment creeds" (as he called them) such as psychoanalysis, Marxism, Wittgensteinianism, phenomenology and ethnomethodology. A noticeable feature of these re-enchantment creeds is that they all tried to make themselves compatible with naturalism: i.e., they did not refer to supernatural forces. [12]
Leo Ruickbie showed on the basis of research in the Neopagan community that modern magical practitioners demonstrated re-enchantment. Using both qualitative participant research and quantitative survey analysis he was able to demonstrate a range of re-enchanted characteristics conforming to those extrapolated from Weber's theories.[13][14]
See also
References
- ↑ Richard Jenkins, Disenchantment, Enchantment and Re-Enchantment (2000) 1 Max Weber Studies 11.
- ↑ Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion (1971) p. 270
- ↑ A. J. Cascardi, The Subject of Modernity (1992) p. 19
- ↑ G. Borradori, Philosophy in an Age of Terror (2004) p. 69
- ↑ Murray E. G. Smith, Early Modern Social Theory (1998) p. 274
- ↑ L. Embree ed., Schutzian Social Science (1999) p. 110-1
- ↑ Bell, Catherine (1997). Ritual: Perspectives and Dimensions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 26
- ↑ Bell
- ↑ Joshua Landy and Michael Saler, eds., The Re-Enchantment of the World: Secular Magic in a Rational Age, Stanford University Press, 2009.
- ↑ C. G. Jung, Man and his Symbols (1978) p. 83-94
- ↑ Ann Casement, Who Owns Jung/ (2007) p. 20
- ↑ John A. Hall, Ernest Gellner: An Intellectual Biography, Verso, 2010.
- ↑ Leo Ruickbie, 'The Re-Enchanters: Theorising Re-Enchantment and Testing for its Presence in Modern Witchcraft', unpublished PhD thesis, King's College, London, 2005.
- ↑ Leo Ruickbie, 'Weber and the Witches: Sociological Theory and Modern Witchcraft', Journal of Alternative Spiritualities and New Age Studies, 2006, 116-130.
Further reading
- Berger, Peter (1971). A rumour of angels: modern society and the rediscovery of the supernatural. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin. ISBN 9780140211801.
- Bennett, Jane (2001). The enchantment of modern life: attachments, crossings, and ethics. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691088136.
- Berman, Morris (1981). The reenchantment of the world. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801492259.
- During, Simon (2002). Modern enchantments the cultural power of secular magic. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674013711.
- Landy, Joshua; Saler, Michael (2009). The re-enchantment of the world: secular magic in a rational age. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804752992.
- Ross, Stephen David (2012). Enchanting, beyond disenchantment. Albany: SUNY Press. ISBN 9781438445106.
- Weber, Max (author); Livingstone, Rodney (translator); Owen, David S. (editor); Strong, Tracy B. (editor) (2004). The vocation lectures. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. ISBN 9780872206656.