Demographics of Russia
Demographics of Russia | |
---|---|
Population (in millions) 1950 – January 2012.[1] | |
Population | 146,270,033 (Official Estimate – January 2015)[2] |
Growth rate | 0.19% (2014 est.) [3] |
Birth rate | 13.3 births/1,000 population (2014)[4] |
Death rate | 13.1 deaths/1,000 population (2014)[5] |
Life expectancy | 71.6 years (2014)[6] |
• male | 66.7 years |
• female | 76.5 years |
Fertility rate | 1.76 children born/woman (2014) |
Infant mortality rate | 7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2014)[7] |
Net migration rate | 1.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014) |
Age structure | |
0–14 years | 16.4% |
15–64 years | 70.5% |
65 and over | 13.1% (2013) |
Sex ratio | |
Total | 0.86 male(s)/female (2009) |
At birth | 1.06 male(s)/female |
Under 15 | 1.06 male(s)/female (male 11,980,138/female 11,344,818) |
15–64 years | 0.925 male(s)/female (male 48,166,470/female 52,088,967) |
65 and over | 0.44 male(s)/female (male 5,783,983/female 13,105,896) |
Nationality | |
Nationality | noun: Russian(s) adjective: Russian |
Major ethnic | Russians |
Language | |
Spoken | Russian, others |
The demographics of Russia is about the demographic features of the population of the Russian Federation,[8] including population growth, population density, ethnic composition, education level, health, economic status and other aspects.
According to an official estimate for 1 January 2015, the population of Russia is 146,270,033.[9] With the 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in a move condemned by UN as illegal[10], Russia began occupying additional territory with 1,965,200 inhabitants.[11] New citizenship rules allowing citizens of former Soviet countries to gain Russian citizenship have gained strong interest among Uzbeks.[12] The population could return to levels seen just before the breakup of the Soviet Union as well as resolve problems of statelessness.
The population hit a historic peak at 148,689,000 in 1991, just before the breakup of the Soviet Union, but then began a decade-long decline, falling at a rate of about 0.5% per year due to declining birth rates, rising death rates and emigration.[13]
The decline slowed considerably in the late 2000s, and in 2009 Russia recorded population growth for the first time in 15 years, adding 23,300 people.[14][15] Key reasons for the slow current population growth are improving health care, changing fertility patterns among younger women, falling emigration and steady influx of immigrants from the ex-USSR countries. In 2012, Russia's population increased by 292,400 people.[16]
As of 2013, Russian TFR of 1.707 children per woman[17] was the highest in Eastern, Southern and Central Europe. In 2013, Russia experienced the first natural population growth since 1990 at 22,700 people. Taking into account immigration, the population grew by 294,500 people.[18]
According to the 2010 census, ethnic Russian people make up 81% of the total population. This share remained steady over the last few decades.[19][20] Six other ethnicities have a population exceeding 1 million – Tatars (3.9%), Ukrainians (1.4%), Bashkir (1.1%), Chuvash (1%), Chechens (1%) and Armenians (0.9%). In total, 160 different ethnic groups live within the Russian Federation's borders.
Russia's population density is 8.4 people per square kilometre (22 per square mile), making it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. The population is most dense in the European part of the country, with milder climate, centering around Moscow and Saint Petersburg. 74% of the population is urban, making Russia a highly urbanized country.
Main trends
The population of Russia peaked at 148,689,000 in 1991, just before the breakup of the Soviet Union. Low birth rates and abnormally high death rates caused Russia's population to decline at a 0.5% annual rate, or about 750,000 to 800,000 people per year from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s. The UN warned in 2005 that Russia's then population of about 143 million could fall by a third by 2050, if trends did not improve.[23][24]
The Russia state statistics service Rosstat had more optimistic forecasts in 2009, whose Medium variant predicted that Russia's population would only fall to 139 million by 2030[25] (Low: 127 million; High: 147 million). Furthermore, in 2008 one demographic analyst (correctly) predicted a resumption in population growth by 2010, and of natural population growth by 2013.[26]
The number of Russians living in poverty has decreased by 50% since the economic crisis following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and the improving economy had a positive impact on the country's low birth rate. The latter rose from its lowest point of 8.27 births per 1000 people in 1999 to 12.6 per 1000 in 2010. Likewise, the fertility rate rose from its lowest point of 1.16 in 1999 to 1.54 in 2009. 2007 marked the highest growth in birth rates that the country had seen in 25 years, and 2009 marked the highest total birth rate since 1991.[27]
While the Russian birth rate is comparable to that of developed countries, its death rate is much higher, especially among working-age males due to a comparatively high rate of fatalities caused by heart disease and other external causes such as accidents. The Russian death rate in 2010 was 14.3 per 1000 citizens. For comparison, the US[28] death rate in 2009 was 8.4 per 1000 .
Demographic crisis and recovery prospects
The causes for this sharp increase in mortality are widely debated. According to a 2009 report by The Lancet,[29] a British medical journal, mass privatization, an element of the economic-reform package nicknamed shock therapy, clearly correlates with higher mortality rates. The report argues that advocates of economic reforms ignored the human cost of the policies they were promoting, such as unemployment and human suffering, leading to an early death. These conclusions were criticized by The Economist.[30] A WHO press-release in 2000, on the other hand, reported widespread alcohol abuse in Russia being used as the most common explanation of higher men's mortality.[31]
A 2009 study blamed alcohol for more than half the deaths (52%) among Russians aged 15 to 54 in the '90s. For the same demographic, this compares to 4% of deaths for the rest of the world. The study claimed alcohol consumption in mid-90s in Russia averaged 10.5 litres, and was based on personal interviews conducted in three Siberian industrial cities, Barnaul, Biysk and Omsk.[32]
According to the Russian demographic publication Demoscope,[33] the rising male death rate was a long-term trend from 1960 to 2005. The only significant reversion of the trend was caused by Mikhail Gorbachev's anti-alcohol campaign, but its effect was only temporary. According to the publication, the sharp rise of death rates in the early 1990s was caused by the exhaustion of the effect of the anti-alcohol campaign, while the market reforms were only of secondary importance. The authors also claimed the Lancet's study is flawed because it used the 1985 death rate as the base, while that was in fact the very maximum of the effect of the anti-alcohol campaign.[33]
Other factors contributing to the collapse, along with the economic problems, include the dying off of a relatively large cohort of people born between 1925 and 1940 (between the Russian Civil War and World War II), when Russian birth rates were very high, along with, ironically enough, an "echo boom" in the 1980s that may have satisfied the demand of women for children, leading to a subsequent drop in birth rates.
In 2006, the Minister of Health Mikhail Zurabov and Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee for Health Protection Nikolai Gerasimenko proposed reinstating the Soviet-era tax on childlessness, which ended in 1992.[34] So far, it has not been reinstated.[34]
Government measures to halt the demographic crisis was a key subject of Vladimir Putin's 2006 state of the nation address.[35] As a result, a national programme was developed with the goal to reverse the trend by 2020. Soon after, a study published in 2007 showed that the rate of population decrease had begun to slow: if the net decrease from January to August 2006 was 408,200 people, it was 196,600 in the same period in 2007. The death rate accounted for 357,000 of these, which is 137,000 less than in 2006.[36]
At the same time period in 2007, there were just over one million births in Russia (981,600 in 2006), whilst deaths decreased from 1,475,000 to 1,402,300. In all, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births by 1.3 times, down from 1.5 in 2006. 18 of the 83 provinces showed a natural growth of population (in 2006: 16). The Russian Ministry of Economic Development expressed hope that by 2020 the population would stabilize at 138–139 million, and by 2025, to increase again to its present day status of 143–145, also raising the life expectancy to 75 years.[36]
The natural population decline continued to slow through 2008—2012 due to declining death rates and increasing birth rates. In 2009 the population saw yearly growth for the first time in 15 years.[14][15] In September 2009, the Ministry of Health and Social Development reported that Russia recorded natural population growth for the first time in 15 years, with 1,000 more births than deaths in August.[37] In April 2011 the Russian Prime Minister (Russian president as of 2012) Vladimir Putin pledged to spend the 1.5 trillion rubles (£32.5 billion or $54 billion) on various measures to boost Russia's declining birthrate by 30 per cent in the next four years.[38]
In 2012, the birth rate increased again. Russia recorded 1,896,263 births, the highest number since 1990, and even exceeding annual births during the period 1967–1969, with a TFR of about 1.7, the highest since 1991. (Source: Vital statistics table below). In fact, Russia, despite having only slightly more people than Japan, has recently had nearly twice as many births as that country. The number of births is expected to fall over the next few years as women born during the baby bust in the 1990s enter their prime childbearing years, but this would not have an effect on the TFR. The figures for 2013 and 2014 again showed around 1.9 million births, about the same as in 2012, but because the number of women of childbearing age is dropping, especially for those in their early 20s, the TFR actually rose to 1.75. Preliminary 2015 figures show a decrease setting in, although this decrease appears to so far be concentrated in heavily Muslim or other minority areas.
Immigration
In 2006, in a bid to compensate for the country's demographic decline, the Russian government started simplifying immigration laws and launched a state program "for providing assistance to voluntary immigration of ethnic Russians from former Soviet republics".[39] In August 2012, as the country saw its first demographic growth since the 1990s, President Putin declared that Russia's population could reach 146 million by 2025, mainly as a result of immigration.[40]
There are an estimated 4 million illegal immigrants from the ex-Soviet states in Russia.[41] In 2012, the Russian Federal Security Service's Border Service stated there had been an increase in illegal migration from the Middle East and Southeast Asia.[42] Under legal changes made in 2012, illegal immigrants who are caught will be banned from reentering the country for 10 years.[43][44][45]
In recent years, most immigrants have come from Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, Moldova, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. This has resulted in ethnic tension. Every year, 300,000 immigrants arrive in Russia, of which almost half are ethnic Russians. In the 1990s, immigration was the main reason Russia didn't suffer substantial population decline. It reached a peak of 1,200,000 in 1994, mostly ethnic Russians from ex-Soviet states fleeing from social, economic or political reasons such as the civil war in Tajikistan from 1992 to 1997. It has been noted that in the Far East a number of Mongols and Chinese immigrate for work. The problem has become so severe it has caused a rise in Russian nationalism, and spawned groups like Movement Against Illegal Immigration.[46][47]
Emigration in recent years
Russia’s official statistics service, Rosstat, states that 186,382 Russians left the country in 2013 and 122,751 in 2012. These numbers represent a significant increase over the 36,774 that left in 2011 and the 33,578 in 2010.[48]
Population statistics
Population density
8.4 people per square kilometer (2010 Russian Census)[49]
Population distribution
74% urban, 26% rural (2010 Russian Census)
Population growth rate
−0.03% (2014 est.)[50]
Median age
total: 39.6 years
male: 36.7 years
female: 41.6 years (2009)[51]
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.09 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.46 male(s)/female
total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2009)[51]
Natural increase current
The number of births during March 2015 increased by 8,616 relative to March 2014 and for the period January–March 2015 births decreased by 3,448 compared to the period January–March 2014.
- Number of births during March 2014 = 152,359
- Number of births during March 2015 = 160,975
- The birth rate for January–March 2014 was 12.6 births per 1,000 population versus 12.7 during the same period in 2014.
- Number of births from January–March 2014 = 458,285
- Number of births from January–March 2015 = 454,837
The number of deaths during March increased by 16,923 but for the period January–March 2014 total deaths increased by 23,773 compared to the previous year.
-Number of deaths during March 2014 = 159,517
-Number of deaths during March 2015 = 175,810
-The death rate for January–March 2015 was 14.1 per 1,000 population, versus 13.4 during the same period in 2014.
-Number of deaths from January–March 2014 = 483,497
-Number of deaths from January–March 2015 = 507,270
Total natural increase during January–March 2015 has decreased to -1.5 per thousand in 2014 and increase to -0.7 per thousand in 2014.
Natural increase in March 2014 = - 7,158
Natural increase in March 2015 = - 14,835
Natural increase between January–March 2014 = - 25,212
Natural increase between January–March 2015 = - 52,433
January–March | Birth/2015 | Birth/2014 | Death/2015 | Death/2014 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Russian Federation | 12,6 | 12,7 | 14,1 | 13,4 |
North Caucasian Federal District | 16,2 | 16,9 | 8,6 | 8,7 |
Chechnya | 23,0 | 24,4 | 5,0 | 5,1 |
Ingushetia | 19,6 | 20,8 | 3,3 | 3,5 |
Dagestan | 17,6 | 18,7 | 5,6 | 6,1 |
Kabardino-Balkaria | 14,7 | 15,0 | 10,0 | 9,7 |
North Ossetia-Alania | 14,2 | 14,9 | 11,9 | 11,9 |
Stavropol Krai | 12,5 | 12,2 | 13,0 | 12,7 |
Karachay-Cherkessia | 11,7 | 14,1 | 10,3 | 10,8 |
Ural Federal District | 14,3 | 14,6 | 13,4 | 12,6 |
Tyumen Oblast | 16,3 | 16,4 | 8,9 | 8,3 |
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug | 15,8 | 16,4 | 6,7 | 6,4 |
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug | 16,3 | 16,3 | 6,0 | 5,2 |
Chelyabinsk Oblast | 13,4 | 13,7 | 14,8 | 14,0 |
Sverdlovsk Oblast | 13,6 | 14,2 | 15,1 | 14,3 |
Kurgan Oblast | 12,9 | 13,3 | 17,7 | 16,4 |
Siberian Federal District | 13,9 | 14,4 | 14,1 | 13,6 |
Tuva | 23,7 | 25,0 | 11,0 | 10,6 |
Altai Republic | 18,5 | 22,7 | 11,4 | 11,9 |
Buriatia | 17,1 | 17,4 | 12,2 | 11,9 |
Zabaykalsky Krai | 15,6 | 15,4 | 13,8 | 13,4 |
Irkutsk Oblast | 14,6 | 15,1 | 14,6 | 14,1 |
Khakassia | 14,6 | 14,9 | 14,5 | 14,0 |
Omsk Oblast | 13,9 | 14,4 | 14,0 | 13,3 |
Krasnoyarsk Krai | 13,8 | 14,2 | 13,4 | 13,0 |
Novosibirsk Oblast | 13,3 | 13,6 | 13,9 | 13,4 |
Altai Krai | 12,3 | 13,2 | 15,8 | 14,9 |
Kemerovo Oblast | 12,3 | 13,1 | 15,6 | 15,1 |
Tomsk Oblast | 12,6 | 12,9 | 12,3 | 12,0 |
Far East Federal District | 13,7 | 13,7 | 13,4 | 13,3 |
Sakha Republic | 16,6 | 17,3 | 9,0 | 8,6 |
Jewish Autonomous Oblast | 14,5 | 13,6 | 16,6 | 16,5 |
Khabarovsk Krai | 14,3 | 13,4 | 14,2 | 13,7 |
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug | 13,9 | 12,0 | 9,9 | 11,1 |
Sakhalin Oblast | 13,2 | 13,0 | 13,4 | 13,0 |
Amur Oblast | 13,3 | 13,7 | 15,1 | 15,5 |
Primorsky Krai | 12,4 | 12,7 | 14,5 | 14,5 |
Kamchatka Krai | 12,5 | 13,4 | 12,2 | 12,1 |
Magadan Oblast | 11,2 | 11,9 | 12,6 | 12,0 |
Volga Federal District | 12,7 | 13,0 | 15,0 | 14,1 |
Tatarstan | 14,1 | 14,2 | 12,7 | 12,5 |
Perm Krai | 14,0 | 14,7 | 15,3 | 14,3 |
Bashkortostan | 14,0 | 14,4 | 14,1 | 13,0 |
Orenburg Oblast | 13,9 | 14,5 | 15,1 | 14,6 |
Udmurtia | 13,9 | 14,3 | 13,5 | 12,7 |
Mari El | 13,8 | 14,7 | 14,4 | 13,5 |
Chuvashia Republic | 13,2 | 13,4 | 14,1 | 13,2 |
Kirov Oblast | 12,0 | 12,6 | 16,7 | 15,6 |
Samara Oblast | 11,8 | 11,8 | 15,7 | 14,6 |
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast | 11,4 | 11,5 | 16,4 | 15,8 |
Ulyanovsk Oblast | 11,4 | 11,4 | 16,0 | 14,9 |
Saratov Oblast | 10,9 | 10,9 | 15,6 | 14,2 |
Penza Oblast | 9,8 | 10,4 | 16,7 | 15,3 |
Mordovia | 9,0 | 9,9 | 14,7 | 14,3 |
Southern Federal District | 12,2 | 12,1 | 14,7 | 14,0 |
Astrakhan Oblast | 14,1 | 14,9 | 13,1 | 13,1 |
Kalmukia | 13,0 | 13,7 | 10,4 | 10,2 |
Krasnodar Krai | 13,0 | 12,7 | 14,6 | 13,9 |
Adygea | 12,4 | 11,3 | 14,5 | 13,5 |
Rostov Oblast | 11,3 | 11,5 | 15,3 | 14,8 |
Volgograd Oblast | 10,9 | 10,8 | 15,1 | 13,9 |
Crimea Federal District | 11,8 | 11,0 | 16,6 | 15,2 |
Sevastopol | 12,4 | 11,2 | 16,4 | 15,1 |
Republic of Crimea | 11,6 | 11,0 | 16,7 | 15,0 |
North-West Federal District | 11,7 | 11,5 | 14,4 | 13,5 |
Nenets Autonomous Okrug | 15,2 | 13,8 | 9,9 | 9,9 |
Komi Republic | 13,2 | 13,6 | 13,3 | 12,5 |
Vologda Oblast | 13,2 | 12,8 | 16,0 | 15,0 |
Kaliningrad Oblast | 12,3 | 12,2 | 14,5 | 13,8 |
St-Petersburg | 12,3 | 11,9 | 12,6 | 12,0 |
Murmansk Oblast | 11,8 | 11,3 | 12,2 | 11,3 |
Arkhangelsk Oblast | 11,4 | 12,1 | 14,6 | 13,4 |
Republic of Karelia | 11,4 | 11,7 | 16,2 | 14,7 |
Novgorod Oblast | 11,1 | 9,6 | 18,5 | 17,6 |
Pskov Oblast | 10,5 | 10,5 | 19,6 | 18,8 |
Leningrad Oblast | 8,7 | 8,3 | 15,5 | 14,2 |
Central Federal District | 10,9 | 10,7 | 14,5 | 13,9 |
Kostroma Oblast | 12,1 | 12,7 | 18,5 | 16,3 |
Moscow Oblast | 12,1 | 11,5 | 13,9 | 14,0 |
Kaluga Oblast | 11,8 | 11,2 | 16,2 | 15,6 |
Lipetsk Oblast | 11,1 | 10,9 | 17,0 | 15,6 |
Kursk Oblast | 10,9 | 11,4 | 17,5 | 16,8 |
Belgorod Oblast | 10,9 | 10,8 | 14,9 | 14,5 |
Tver Oblast | 10,9 | 10,6 | 19,0 | 17,6 |
Yaroslavl Oblast | 10,8 | 11,3 | 16,9 | 15,7 |
City of Moscow | 10,7 | 10,5 | 10,7 | 10,0 |
Bryansk Oblast | 10,7 | 10,3 | 16,6 | 16,7 |
Oryol Oblast | 10,6 | 10,4 | 17,9 | 16,4 |
Ryazan Oblast | 10,6 | 10,2 | 16,6 | 16,6 |
Ivanovo Oblast | 10,5 | 10,9 | 17,1 | 16,3 |
Vladimir Oblast | 10,5 | 10,7 | 17,4 | 16,7 |
Voronezh Oblast | 10,5 | 10,1 | 17,0 | 16,0 |
Smolensk Oblast | 10,0 | 10,1 | 18,1 | 16,7 |
Tula Oblast | 9,7 | 9,2 | 18,5 | 17,2 |
Tambov Oblast | 9,6 | 9,3 | 17,2 | 16,6 |
Natural increase 2014
January–December 2014 | Birth/2014 | Birth/2013 | Birth/2012 | Birth/2011 | Death/2014 | Death/2013 | Death/2012 | Death/2011 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Russian Federation | 13,3 | 13,2 | 13,3 | 12,6 | 13,1 | 13,1 | 13,3 | 13,5 |
North Caucasian Federal District | 17,3 | 17,2 | 17,4 | 17,3 | 8,1 | 8,0 | 8,2 | 8,4 |
Chechnya | 24,2 | 24,9 | 25,9 | 28,9 | 5,0 | 5,0 | 5,4 | 5,3 |
Ingushetia | 20,7 | 21,4 | 22,6 | 25,9 | 3,5 | 3,5 | 3,7 | 4,1 |
Dagestan | 19,1 | 18,8 | 19,0 | 18,1 | 5,6 | 5,5 | 5,6 | 5,6 |
Kabardino-Balkaria | 15,7 | 15,5 | 15,9 | 14,9 | 8,8 | 8,9 | 8,9 | 9,4 |
North Ossetia-Alania | 15,4 | 15,3 | 15,0 | 14,5 | 10,7 | 10,5 | 10,6 | 10,8 |
Karachay-Cherkessia | 13,6 | 13,8 | 13,5 | 13,1 | 9,7 | 9,5 | 9,7 | 9,7 |
Stavropol Krai | 13,1 | 12,7 | 12,5 | 11,8 | 11,8 | 11,7 | 12,0 | 12,3 |
Ural Federal District | 15,2 | 15,1 | 15,1 | 14,2 | 12,4 | 12,4 | 12,6 | 12,7 |
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug | 17,3 | 17,5 | 17,6 | 16,4 | 6,4 | 6,3 | 6,3 | 6,5 |
Tyumen Oblast | 17,2 | 17,0 | 17,2 | 16,1 | 8,3 | 8,2 | 8,4 | 8,6 |
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug | 16,9 | 16,4 | 16,7 | 15,6 | 5,1 | 5,1 | 5,3 | 5,4 |
Sverdlovsk Oblast | 14,5 | 14,5 | 14,3 | 13,5 | 14,0 | 13,8 | 13,9 | 14,1 |
Chelyabinsk Oblast | 14,3 | 14,2 | 14,3 | 13,6 | 13,8 | 13,9 | 14,2 | 14,2 |
Kurgan Oblast | 13,6 | 14,0 | 13,8 | 12,7 | 15,9 | 16,1 | 15,9 | 15,7 |
Siberian Federal District | 14,7 | 14,9 | 14,9 | 14,1 | 13,3 | 13,3 | 13,6 | 13,8 |
Tuva | 25,3 | 26,1 | 26,5 | 27,1 | 10,9 | 11,0 | 11,1 | 10,9 |
Altai Republic | 20,9 | 20,9 | 22,4 | 22,5 | 11,2 | 11,4 | 11,4 | 12,2 |
Buriatia | 17,5 | 17,6 | 17,4 | 16,9 | 11,5 | 11,8 | 12,4 | 12,6 |
Zabaykalsky Krai | 16,0 | 15,9 | 16,1 | 15,4 | 12,4 | 12,5 | 13,0 | 13,2 |
Khakassia | 15,3 | 15,7 | 16,0 | 15,1 | 13,2 | 13,1 | 13,3 | 13,5 |
Irkutsk Oblast | 15,4 | 15,6 | 15,9 | 15,3 | 13,8 | 13,7 | 13,8 | 14,0 |
Omsk Oblast | 15,1 | 14,8 | 14,9 | 13,5 | 13,3 | 13,4 | 13,8 | 13,5 |
Krasnoyarsk Krai | 14,5 | 14,5 | 14,5 | 13,5 | 12,7 | 12,8 | 12,9 | 13,1 |
Novosibirsk Oblast | 14,1 | 14,2 | 13,9 | 13,1 | 13,3 | 13,6 | 13,6 | 13,6 |
Tomsk Oblast | 13,7 | 13,8 | 13,6 | 13,1 | 11,8 | 11,8 | 11,9 | 12,2 |
Kemerovo Oblast | 13,2 | 13,6 | 13,7 | 12,7 | 14,6 | 14,6 | 15,1 | 15,5 |
Altai Krai | 13,2 | 13,5 | 13,6 | 12,7 | 14,2 | 14,2 | 14,6 | 14,6 |
Far East Federal District | 14,1 | 13,9 | 13,9 | 13,2 | 12,6 | 12,6 | 13,0 | 13,4 |
Sakha Republic | 17,8 | 17,5 | 17,6 | 17,1 | 8,6 | 8,7 | 9,3 | 9,3 |
Khabarovsk Krai | 14,0 | 14,0 | 13,6 | 12,9 | 13,3 | 13,4 | 13,5 | 14,6 |
Amur Oblast | 13,8 | 14,1 | 14,3 | 13,5 | 13,9 | 13,8 | 14,7 | 14,7 |
Jewish Autonomous Oblast | 13,8 | 13,7 | 14,0 | 14,1 | 14,9 | 14,5 | 15,1 | 15,3 |
Sakhalin Oblast | 13,6 | 13,0 | 12,8 | 11,8 | 13,0 | 13,1 | 13,8 | 14,1 |
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug | 13,3 | 13,1 | 14,1 | 13,7 | 10,7 | 10,5 | 11,5 | 11,1 |
Kamchatka Krai | 13,2 | 13,0 | 13,0 | 12,4 | 11,5 | 11,4 | 11,5 | 12,0 |
Primorsky Krai | 12,8 | 12,6 | 12,6 | 11,9 | 13,4 | 13,5 | 13,7 | 14,1 |
Magadan Oblast | 12,2 | 12,5 | 12,4 | 11,5 | 11,9 | 11,9 | 12,6 | 12,9 |
Volga Federal District | 13,4 | 13,3 | 13,2 | 12,4 | 13,9 | 14,0 | 13,9 | 14,4 |
Bashkortostan | 14,9 | 14,6 | 14,5 | 13,7 | 13,2 | 13,2 | 13,1 | 13,4 |
Tatarstan | 14,8 | 14,8 | 14,5 | 13,4 | 12,2 | 12,1 | 12,2 | 12,4 |
Perm Krai | 14,8 | 14,7 | 14,8 | 14,0 | 14,0 | 14,1 | 14,2 | 14,7 |
Mari El | 14,7 | 14,6 | 14,2 | 13,0 | 13,7 | 13,7 | 13,6 | 14,1 |
Orenburg Oblast | 14,6 | 14,8 | 14,7 | 13,8 | 14,2 | 13,9 | 13,9 | 14,3 |
Udmurtia | 14,6 | 14,6 | 15,2 | 14,3 | 12,8 | 12,8 | 12,8 | 13,4 |
Chuvashia Republic | 13,9 | 14,0 | 14,0 | 12,9 | 13,3 | 13,2 | 13,3 | 13,5 |
Kirov Oblast | 12,8 | 13,0 | 12,7 | 11,8 | 15,1 | 15,4 | 15,5 | 15,8 |
Samara Oblast | 12,6 | 12,3 | 12,1 | 11,5 | 14,3 | 14,4 | 13,9 | 14,4 |
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast | 11,9 | 11,8 | 11,8 | 11,0 | 15,9 | 15,9 | 16,0 | 16,4 |
Ulyanovsk Oblast | 11,9 | 11,6 | 11,3 | 10,8 | 14,6 | 14,4 | 14,1 | 14,8 |
Saratov Oblast | 11,5 | 11,5 | 11,3 | 10,7 | 14,2 | 14,4 | 14,2 | 14,5 |
Penza Oblast | 10,9 | 10,7 | 10,8 | 10,1 | 14,8 | 14,8 | 14,9 | 15,2 |
Mordovia | 10,1 | 10,1 | 9,9 | 9,5 | 14,3 | 14,8 | 14,4 | 14,8 |
Southern Federal District | 12,9 | 12,6 | 12,6 | 11,8 | 13,4 | 13,2 | 13,4 | 13,7 |
Astrakhan Oblast | 15,0 | 14,8 | 15,1 | 14,2 | 12,7 | 12,3 | 12,6 | 13,0 |
Kalmukia | 14,1 | 14,5 | 14,8 | 14,5 | 9,9 | 9,9 | 10,0 | 10,1 |
Krasnodar Krai | 13,6 | 13,2 | 13,1 | 12,2 | 13,0 | 12,9 | 13,1 | 13,6 |
Adygea | 12,8 | 12,7 | 12,8 | 12,5 | 13,3 | 13,2 | 13,4 | 13,8 |
Rostov Oblast | 12,2 | 11,7 | 11,7 | 10,9 | 14,1 | 13,8 | 14,0 | 14,2 |
Volgograd Oblast | 11,5 | 11,6 | 11,7 | 11,1 | 13,7 | 13,5 | 13,5 | 13,8 |
Crimea Federal District | 12,5 | 12,4 | 12,6 | 11,9 | 14,7 | 13,8 | 13,7 | 14,1 |
Sevastopol | 12,7 | 11,7 | 12,0 | 11,2 | 14,4 | 14,0 | 13,7 | 14,1 |
Republic of Crimea | 12,4 | 12,3 | 12,6 | 11,9 | 14,7 | 13,8 | 13,7 | 14,0 |
North-West Federal District | 12,3 | 12,2 | 12,2 | 11,5 | 13,3 | 13,5 | 13,8 | 14,0 |
Nenets Autonomous Okrug | 16,6 | 16,6 | 17,4 | 15,0 | 8,9 | 10,7 | 10,2 | 10,4 |
Komi Republic | 14,1 | 14,2 | 13,9 | 13,0 | 12,2 | 11,9 | 12,1 | 12,3 |
Vologda Oblast | 13,6 | 13,8 | 13,9 | 12,9 | 14,8 | 15,1 | 15,0 | 15,7 |
St-Petersburg | 13,1 | 12,8 | 12,6 | 11,7 | 11,7 | 12,0 | 12,5 | 12,7 |
Arkhangelsk Oblast | 12,6 | 12,7 | 12,8 | 12,2 | 13,2 | 13,4 | 13,5 | 13,8 |
Kaliningrad Oblast | 12,7 | 12,5 | 12,4 | 11,8 | 13,3 | 13,2 | 13,2 | 13,3 |
Republic of Karelia | 12,4 | 12,0 | 12,5 | 12,0 | 14,6 | 14,7 | 15,3 | 14,7 |
Novgorod Oblast | 11,8 | 12,0 | 11,9 | 11,5 | 17,3 | 17,8 | 17,9 | 18,4 |
Murmansk Oblast | 11,8 | 11,8 | 11,7 | 11,4 | 11,4 | 11,0 | 11,2 | 11,5 |
Pskov Oblast | 10,9 | 11,0 | 11,0 | 10,5 | 18,5 | 18,6 | 19,5 | 19,4 |
Leningrad Oblast | 9,1 | 9,0 | 9,0 | 8,7 | 14,6 | 14,6 | 14,7 | 14,8 |
Central Federal District | 11,5 | 11,4 | 11,4 | 10,8 | 13,7 | 13,7 | 13,9 | 14,0 |
Kostroma Oblast | 12,6 | 12,7 | 12,8 | 12,2 | 15,9 | 16,2 | 16,0 | 16,6 |
Moscow Oblast | 12,6 | 12,1 | 12,0 | 11,2 | 13,9 | 14,1 | 14,4 | 14,4 |
Yaroslavl Oblast | 12,0 | 12,1 | 11,9 | 11,2 | 15,6 | 15,9 | 15,9 | 15,8 |
Kaluga Oblast | 11,8 | 11,8 | 11,8 | 10,9 | 15,3 | 15,3 | 15,7 | 15,4 |
Kursk Oblast | 11,8 | 11,7 | 11,9 | 11,6 | 16,6 | 16,3 | 16,6 | 16,8 |
Belgorod Oblast | 11,6 | 11,6 | 11,7 | 11,0 | 14,0 | 13,9 | 14,0 | 14,0 |
Lipetsk Oblast | 11,6 | 11,4 | 11,6 | 10,7 | 15,4 | 15,3 | 15,3 | 15,2 |
City of Moscow | 11,4 | 11,3 | 11,3 | 10,7 | 9,7 | 9,7 | 9,9 | 9,7 |
Tver Oblast | 11,2 | 11,4 | 11,6 | 11,0 | 17,8 | 18,1 | 18,2 | 18,7 |
Ivanovo Oblast | 11,2 | 11,2 | 11,0 | 10,4 | 16,4 | 16,4 | 16,8 | 16,9 |
Vladimir Oblast | 11,2 | 11,1 | 11,5 | 10,9 | 16,5 | 16,7 | 16,6 | 17,1 |
Bryansk Oblast | 11,0 | 11,1 | 11,4 | 10,9 | 16,0 | 15,9 | 16,1 | 16,1 |
Oryol Oblast | 11,0 | 11,1 | 11,1 | 10,5 | 16,4 | 16,3 | 16,2 | 16,3 |
Ryazan Oblast | 11,0 | 10,8 | 10,8 | 10,3 | 16,1 | 15,8 | 16,3 | 16,5 |
Voronezh Oblast | 10,9 | 10,7 | 10,9 | 10,2 | 15,7 | 15,7 | 15,6 | 15,9 |
Smolensk Oblast | 10,8 | 10,6 | 10,5 | 10,4 | 16,1 | 16,5 | 16,7 | 16,8 |
Tula Oblast | 10,0 | 9,9 | 10,1 | 9,4 | 17,1 | 17,4 | 17,7 | 17,7 |
Tambov Oblast | 9,8 | 9,6 | 9,6 | 9,3 | 16,3 | 16,1 | 16,1 | 16,4 |
Net migration rate
- 2.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011)[52]
Vital statistics
Before WWII
No exact vital statistics for Russia are available for the period before WWII. Andreev[53] made the following estimates:
Average population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1,000) | Crude death rate (per 1,000) | Natural change (per 1,000) | Fertility rates | Life Expectancy (male) | Life Expectancy (female) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1927 | 94,596,000 | 4,688,000 | 2,705,000 | 1,983,000 | 43.6 | 20.9 | 22.7 | 6.729 | 33.7 | 37.9 |
1928 | 96,654,000 | 4,723,000 | 2,589,000 | 2,134,000 | 43.3 | 21.2 | 22.1 | 6.556 | 35.9 | 40.4 |
1929 | 98,644,000 | 4,633,000 | 2,819,000 | 1,814,000 | 42.2 | 22.8 | 19.4 | 6.227 | 33.7 | 38.2 |
1930 | 100,419,000 | 4,413,000 | 2,738,000 | 1,675,000 | 39.3 | 22.6 | 16.7 | 5.834 | 34.6 | 38.7 |
1931 | 101,948,000 | 4,412,000 | 3,090,000 | 1,322,000 | 39.9 | 26.9 | 13.0 | 5.626 | 30.7 | 35.5 |
1932 | 103,136,000 | 4,058,000 | 3,077,000 | 981,000 | 39.3 | 29.8 | 9.5 | 5.093 | 30.5 | 35.7 |
1933 | 102,706,000 | 3,313,000 | 5,239,000 | -1,926,000 | 32.3 | 51.0 | -18.8 | 4.146 | 15.2 | 19.5 |
1934 | 102,922,000 | 2,923,000 | 2,659,000 | 264,000 | 28.7 | 26.1 | 2.6 | 3.566 | 30.5 | 35.7 |
1935 | 102,684,000 | 3,577,000 | 2,421,000 | 1,156,000 | 34.8 | 23.6 | 11.3 | 4.305 | 33.1 | 38.4 |
1936 | 103,904,000 | 3,899,000 | 2,719,000 | 1,180,000 | 37.5 | 26.2 | 11.4 | 4.535 | 30.4 | 35.7 |
1937 | 105,358,000 | 4,377,000 | 2,760,000 | 1,617,000 | 41.5 | 26.2 | 15.3 | 5.079 | 30.5 | 40.0 |
1938 | 107,044,000 | 4,379,000 | 2,739,000 | 1,640,000 | 40.9 | 25.6 | 15.3 | 4.989 | 31.7 | 42.5 |
1939 | 108,785,000 | 4,329,000 | 2,600,000 | 1,729,000 | 39.8 | 23.9 | 15.9 | 4.907 | 34.9 | 42.6 |
1940 | 110,333,000 | 3,814,000 | 2,561,000 | 1,253,000 | 34.6 | 23.2 | 11.4 | 4.260 | 35.7 | 41.9 |
After WWII
Average population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1,000) | Crude death rate (per 1,000) | Natural change (per 1,000) | Fertility rates | Urban fertility | Rural fertility | Life Expectancy (male) | Life Expectancy (female) | Life Expectancy (total) | Abortions reported | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1946 | 98,028,000 | 2,546,000 | 1,210,000 | 1,336,000 | 26.0 | 12.3 | 13.6 | 2.806 | 46.6 | 55.3 | ||||
1947 | 98,834,000 | 2,715,000 | 1,680,000 | 1,035,000 | 27.5 | 17.0 | 10.5 | 2.938 | 39.9 | 49.8 | ||||
1948 | 99,706,000 | 2,516,000 | 1,310,000 | 1,206,000 | 25.2 | 13.1 | 12.1 | 2.604 | 47.0 | 56.0 | ||||
1949 | 101,160,000 | 3,089,000 | 1,187,000 | 1,902,000 | 30.5 | 11.7 | 18.8 | 3.205 | 51.0 | 59.8 | ||||
1950 | 102,833,000 | 2,859,000 | 1,180,000 | 1,679,000 | 27.8 | 11.5 | 16.7 | 2.889 | 52.3 | 61.0 | ||||
1951 | 104,439,000 | 2,938,000 | 1,210,000 | 1,728,000 | 28.1 | 11.6 | 17.0 | 2.918 | 52.3 | 60.6 | ||||
1952 | 106,164,000 | 2,928,000 | 1,138,000 | 1,790,000 | 27.6 | 10.7 | 17.0 | 2.871 | 54.6 | 62.9 | ||||
1953 | 107,828,000 | 2,822,000 | 1,118,000 | 1,704,000 | 26.2 | 10.4 | 15.7 | 2.733 | 55.5 | 63.9 | ||||
1954 | 109,643,000 | 3,048,000 | 1,133,000 | 1,915,000 | 27.8 | 10.3 | 17.6 | 2.970 | 55.9 | 64.1 | ||||
1955 | 111,572,000 | 2,942,000 | 1,037,000 | 1,905,000 | 26.4 | 9.3 | 17.2 | 2.818 | 58.3 | 66.6 | ||||
1956 | 113,327,000 | 2,827,000 | 956,000 | 1,871,000 | 24.9 | 8.4 | 16.8 | 2.731 | 60.1 | 68.8 | ||||
1957 | 115,035,000 | 2,880,000 | 1,017,000 | 1,863,000 | 25.0 | 8.8 | 16.7 | 2.750 | 59.7 | 68.4 | 3,407,398 | |||
1958 | 116,749,000 | 2,861,000 | 931,000 | 1,930,000 | 24.5 | 8.0 | 17.0 | 2.689 | 61.8 | 70.4 | 3,939,362 | |||
1959 | 118,307,000 | 2,796,228 | 920,225 | 1,876,003 | 23.6 | 7.8 | 15.9 | 2.58 | 2.03 | 3.34 | 62.84 | 71.14 | 67.65 | 4,174,111 |
1960 | 119,906,000 | 2,782,353 | 886,090 | 1,896,263 | 23.2 | 7.4 | 15.8 | 2.56 | 2.06 | 3.26 | 63.67 | 72.31 | 68.67 | 4,373,042 |
1961 | 121,586,000 | 2,662,135 | 901,637 | 1,760,498 | 21.9 | 7.4 | 14.5 | 2.47 | 2.04 | 3.08 | 63.91 | 72.63 | 68.92 | 4,759,040 |
1962 | 123,128,000 | 2,482,539 | 949,648 | 1,532,891 | 20.2 | 7.7 | 12.4 | 2.36 | 1.98 | 2.92 | 63.67 | 72.27 | 68.58 | 4,925,124 |
1963 | 124,514,000 | 2,331,505 | 932,055 | 1,399,450 | 18.7 | 7.5 | 11.2 | 2.31 | 1.93 | 2.87 | 64.12 | 72.78 | 69.05 | 5,134,100 |
1964 | 125,744,000 | 2,121,994 | 901,751 | 1,220,243 | 16.9 | 7.2 | 9.7 | 2.19 | 1.88 | 2.66 | 64.89 | 73.58 | 69.85 | 5,376,200 |
1965 | 126,749,000 | 1,990,520 | 958,789 | 1,031,731 | 15.7 | 7.6 | 8.1 | 2.14 | 1.82 | 2.58 | 64.37 | 73.33 | 69.44 | 5,463,300 |
1966 | 127,608,000 | 1,957,763 | 974,299 | 983,464 | 15.3 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 2.13 | 1.85 | 2.58 | 64.29 | 73.55 | 69.51 | 5,322,500 |
1967 | 128,361,000 | 1,851,041 | 1,017,034 | 834,007 | 14.4 | 7.9 | 6.5 | 2.03 | 1.79 | 2.46 | 64.02 | 73.43 | 69.30 | 5,005,000 |
1968 | 129,037,000 | 1,816,509 | 1,040,096 | 776,413 | 14.1 | 8.1 | 6.0 | 1.98 | 1.75 | 2.44 | 63.73 | 73.56 | 69.26 | 4,872,900 |
1969 | 129,660,000 | 1,847,592 | 1,106,640 | 740,952 | 14.2 | 8.5 | 5.7 | 1.99 | 1.78 | 2.44 | 63.07 | 73.29 | 68.74 | 4,751,100 |
1970 | 130,252,000 | 1,903,713 | 1,131,183 | 772,530 | 14.6 | 8.7 | 5.9 | 2.00 | 1.77 | 2.52 | 63.07 | 73.44 | 68.86 | 4,837,700 |
1971 | 130,934,000 | 1,974,637 | 1,143,359 | 831,278 | 15.1 | 8.7 | 6.3 | 2.02 | 1.80 | 2.60 | 63.24 | 73.77 | 69.12 | 4,838,749 |
1972 | 131,687,000 | 2,014,638 | 1,181,802 | 832,836 | 15.3 | 9.0 | 6.3 | 2.03 | 1.81 | 2.59 | 63.24 | 73.62 | 69.02 | 4,765,900 |
1973 | 132,434,000 | 1,994,621 | 1,214,204 | 780,417 | 15.1 | 9.2 | 5.9 | 1.96 | 1.75 | 2.55 | 63.28 | 73.56 | 69.00 | 4,747,037 |
1974 | 133,217,000 | 2,079,812 | 1,222,495 | 857,317 | 15.6 | 9.2 | 6.4 | 2.00 | 1.78 | 2.63 | 63.12 | 73.77 | 68.99 | 4,674,050 |
1975 | 134,092,000 | 2,106,147 | 1,309,710 | 796,437 | 15.7 | 9.8 | 5.9 | 1.97 | 1.76 | 2.64 | 62.48 | 73.23 | 68.35 | 4,670,700 |
1976 | 135,026,000 | 2,146,711 | 1,352,950 | 793,761 | 15.9 | 10.0 | 5.9 | 1.96 | 1.74 | 2.62 | 62.19 | 73.04 | 68.10 | 4,757,055 |
1977 | 135,979,000 | 2,156,724 | 1,387,986 | 768,738 | 15.9 | 10.2 | 5.7 | 1.92 | 1.72 | 2.58 | 61.82 | 73.19 | 67.97 | 4,686,063 |
1978 | 136,922,000 | 2,179,030 | 1,417,377 | 761,653 | 15.9 | 10.4 | 5.6 | 1.90 | 1.70 | 2.55 | 61.83 | 73.23 | 68.01 | 4,656,057 |
1979 | 137,758,000 | 2,178,542 | 1,490,057 | 688,485 | 15.8 | 10.8 | 5.0 | 1.87 | 1.67 | 2.54 | 61.49 | 73.02 | 67.73 | 4,544,040 |
1980 | 138,483,000 | 2,202,779 | 1,525,755 | 677,024 | 15.9 | 11.0 | 4.9 | 1.87 | 1.68 | 2.51 | 61.38 | 72.96 | 67.70 | 4,506,249 |
1981 | 139,221,000 | 2,236,608 | 1,524,286 | 712,322 | 16.1 | 10.9 | 5.1 | 1.88 | 1.69 | 2.55 | 61.61 | 73.18 | 67.92 | 4,400,676 |
1982 | 140,067,000 | 2,328,044 | 1,504,200 | 823,844 | 16.6 | 10.7 | 5.9 | 1.96 | 1.76 | 2.63 | 62.24 | 73.64 | 68.38 | 4,462,825 |
1983 | 141,056,000 | 2,478,322 | 1,563,995 | 914,327 | 17.6 | 11.1 | 6.5 | 2.11 | 1.89 | 2.76 | 62.15 | 73.41 | 68.15 | 4,317,729 |
1984 | 142,061,000 | 2,409,614 | 1,650,866 | 758,748 | 17.0 | 11.6 | 5.3 | 2.06 | 1.86 | 2.69 | 61.71 | 72.96 | 67.67 | 4,361,959 |
1985 | 143,033,000 | 2,375,147 | 1,625,266 | 749,881 | 16.6 | 11.4 | 5.2 | 2.05 | 1.87 | 2.68 | 62.72 | 73.23 | 68.33 | 4,552,443 |
1986 | 144,156,000 | 2,485,915 | 1,497,975 | 987,940 | 17.2 | 10.4 | 6.9 | 2.18 | 1.98 | 2.83 | 64.77 | 74.22 | 69.95 | 4,579,400 |
1987 | 145,386,000 | 2,499,974 | 1,531,585 | 968,389 | 17.2 | 10.5 | 6.7 | 2.219 | 1.974 | 3.187 | 64.83 | 74.26 | 69.96 | 4,385,627 |
1988 | 146,505,000 | 2,348,494 | 1,569,112 | 779,382 | 16.0 | 10.7 | 5.3 | 2.130 | 1.896 | 3.057 | 64.61 | 74.25 | 69.81 | 4,608,953 |
1989 | 147,342,000 | 2,160,559 | 1,583,743 | 576,816 | 14.7 | 10.7 | 3.9 | 2.007 | 1.826 | 2.630 | 64.20 | 74.50 | 69.73 | 4,427,713 |
1990 | 147,969,000 | 1,988,858 | 1,655,993 | 332,865 | 13.4 | 11.2 | 2.3 | 1.892 | 1.698 | 2.600 | 63.76 | 74.32 | 69.36 | 4,103,425 |
1991 | 148,394,000 | 1,794,626 | 1,690,657 | 103,969 | 12.1 | 11.4 | 0.7 | 1.732 | 1.531 | 2.447 | 63.41 | 74.23 | 69.11 | 3,608,421 |
1992 | 148,538,000 | 1,587,644 | 1,807,441 | -219,797 | 10.7 | 12.2 | -1.5 | 1.547 | 1.351 | 2.219 | 61.96 | 73.71 | 67.98 | 3,436,695 |
1993 | 148,459,000 | 1,378,983 | 2,129,339 | -750,356 | 9.3 | 14.3 | -5.1 | 1.360 | 1.195 | 1.913 | 58.80 | 71.85 | 65.24 | 3,243,957 |
1994 | 148,408,000 | 1,408,159 | 2,301,366 | -893,207 | 9.5 | 15.5 | -6.0 | 1.385 | 1.234 | 1.884 | 57.38 | 71.07 | 63.93 | 3,060,237 |
1995 | 148,376,000 | 1,363,806 | 2,203,811 | -840,005 | 9.2 | 14.9 | -5.7 | 1.337 | 1.193 | 1.813 | 58.11 | 71.60 | 64.62 | 2,766,362 |
1996 | 148,160,000 | 1,304,638 | 2,082,249 | -777,611 | 8.8 | 14.1 | -5.2 | 1.270 | 1.140 | 1.705 | 59.61 | 72.41 | 65.89 | 2,652,038 |
1997 | 147,915,000 | 1,259,943 | 2,015,779 | -755,836 | 8.5 | 13.6 | -5.1 | 1.218 | 1.097 | 1.624 | 60.84 | 72.85 | 66.79 | 2,498,716 |
1998 | 147,671,000 | 1,283,292 | 1,988,744 | -705,452 | 8.7 | 13.5 | -4.8 | 1.232 | 1.109 | 1.643 | 61.19 | 73.12 | 67.14 | 2,346,138 |
1999 | 147,215,000 | 1,214,689 | 2,144,316 | -929,627 | 8.3 | 14.6 | -6.3 | 1.157 | 1.045 | 1.534 | 59.86 | 72.42 | 65.99 | 2,181,153 |
2000 | 146,597,000 | 1,266,800 | 2,225,332 | -958,532 | 8.6 | 15.2 | -6.5 | 1.195 | 1.089 | 1.554 | 58.99 | 72.25 | 65.38 | 2,138,800 |
2001 | 145,976,000 | 1,311,604 | 2,254,856 | -943,252 | 9.0 | 15.4 | -6.5 | 1.223 | 1.124 | 1.564 | 58.88 | 72.16 | 65.30 | 2,114,700 |
2002 | 145,306,496 | 1,396,967 | 2,332,272 | -935,305 | 9.6 | 16.1 | -6.4 | 1.286 | 1.189 | 1.633 | 58.68 | 71.90 | 64.95 | 1,944,481 |
2003 | 144,648,624 | 1,477,301 | 2,365,826 | -888,525 | 10.2 | 16.4 | -6.1 | 1.320 | 1.223 | 1.666 | 58.53 | 71.85 | 64.84 | 1,864,647 |
2004 | 144,067,312 | 1,502,477 | 2,295,402 | -792,925 | 10.4 | 15.9 | -5.5 | 1.344 | 1.253 | 1.654 | 58.91 | 72.36 | 65.31 | 1,797,567 |
2005 | 143,518,816 | 1,457,376 | 2,303,935 | -846,559 | 10.2 | 16.1 | -5.9 | 1.294 | 1.207 | 1.576 | 58.92 | 72.47 | 65.37 | 1,732,300 |
2006 | 143,049,632 | 1,479,637 | 2,166,703 | -687,066 | 10.3 | 15.1 | -4.8 | 1.305 | 1.210 | 1.601 | 60.43 | 73.34 | 66.69 | 1,582,400 |
2007 | 142,805,120 | 1,610,122 | 2,080,445 | -470,323 | 11.3 | 14.6 | -3.3 | 1.416 | 1.294 | 1.798 | 61.46 | 74.02 | 67.61 | 1,479,000 |
2008 | 142,742,368 | 1,713,947 | 2,075,954 | -362,007 | 12.0 | 14.5 | -2.6 | 1.502 | 1.372 | 1.912 | 61.92 | 74.28 | 67.99 | 1,385,600 |
2009 | 142,785,344 | 1,761,687 | 2,010,543 | -248,856 | 12.3 | 14.1 | -1.8 | 1.542 | 1.415 | 1.941 | 62.87 | 74.79 | 68.78 | 1,292,400 |
2010 | 142,849,472 | 1,788,948 | 2,028,516 | -239,568 | 12.5 | 14.2 | -1.7 | 1.567 | 1.439 | 1.983 | 63.09 | 74.88 | 68.94 | 1,186,100 |
2011 | 142,960,908 | 1,796,629 | 1,925,720 | -129,091 | 12.6 | 13.5 | -0.9 | 1.582 | 1.442 | 2.056 | 64.04 | 75.61 | 69.83 | 1,124,900 |
2012 | 143,201,700 | 1,902,084 | 1,906,335 | -4,251 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 0.0 | 1.691 | 1.541 | 2.215 | 64.56 | 75.86 | 70.24 | 1,063,982 |
2013 | 143,506,995 | 1,895,822 | 1,871,809 | 24,013 | 13.2 | 13.0 | 0.2 | 1.707 | 1.551 | 2.264 | 65.14 | 76.31 | 70.77 | 1,012,399 |
2014 | 146,090,613 | 1,947,301 | 1,913,613 | 33,688 | 13.3 | 13.1 | 0.2 | 1.750 | 1.585 | 2.338 | 65.29 | 76.49 | 70.93 | 944,000 |
Urban live births | Urban deaths | Urban natural change | Urban rude birth rate (per 1,000) | Urban rude death rate (per 1,000) | Urban natural change (per 1,000) | Rural live births | Rural deaths | Rural natural change | Rural crude birth rate (per 1,000) | Rural crude death rate (per 1,000) | Rural natural change (per 1,000) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1950 | 1,171,250 | 436,792 | 734,458 | 26.1 | 9.7 | 16.4 | 1,574,747 | 594,218 | 980,529 | 27.5 | 10.4 | 17.1 |
1960 | 1,332,812 | 436,709 | 896,103 | 20.4 | 6.7 | 13.7 | 1,449,541 | 449,831 | 1,000,160 | 26.5 | 8.2 | 18.3 |
1970 | 1,205,207 | 646,129 | 559,078 | 14.8 | 7.9 | 6.9 | 698,506 | 485,054 | 213,452 | 14.3 | 10.0 | 4.3 |
1980 | 1,535,723 | 970,256 | 565,467 | 15.8 | 10.0 | 5.8 | 667,056 | 555,499 | 111,557 | 16.1 | 13.4 | 2.7 |
1990 | 1,386,247 | 1,140,613 | 245,634 | 12.7 | 10.5 | 2.2 | 602,611 | 515,380 | 87,231 | 15.5 | 13.2 | 2.3 |
1995 | 933,460 | 1,554,182 | -620,722 | 8.7 | 14.4 | -5.7 | 430,346 | 649,269 | -219,283 | 10.9 | 16.5 | -5.6 |
2000 | 886,908 | 1,564,034 | -677,126 | 8.3 | 14.6 | -6.3 | 379,892 | 661,298 | -281,406 | 9.8 | 17.1 | -7.3 |
2001 | 928,642 | 1,592,254 | -663,612 | 8.7 | 14.9 | -6.2 | 382,962 | 662,602 | -279,640 | 10.0 | 17.3 | -7.3 |
2002 | 998,056 | 1,638,822 | -640,766 | 9.4 | 15.4 | -6.0 | 398,911 | 693,450 | -294,539 | 10.5 | 18.2 | -7.7 |
2003 | 1,050,565 | 1,657,569 | -607,004 | 9.9 | 15.6 | -5.7 | 426,736 | 708,257 | -281,521 | 11.1 | 18.4 | -7.3 |
2004 | 1,074,247 | 1,606,894 | -532,647 | 10.1 | 15.2 | -5.1 | 428,230 | 688,508 | -260,278 | 11.2 | 18.1 | -6.9 |
2005 | 1,036,870 | 1,595,762 | -558,892 | 9.8 | 15.1 | -5.3 | 420,506 | 708,173 | -287,667 | 11.0 | 18.6 | -7.6 |
2006 | 1,044,540 | 1,501,245 | -456,705 | 10.0 | 14.3 | -4.3 | 435,097 | 665,458 | -230,361 | 11.4 | 17.4 | -6.0 |
2007 | 1,120,741 | 1,445,411 | -324,670 | 10.7 | 13.8 | -3.1 | 489,381 | 635,034 | -145,653 | 12.9 | 16.7 | -3.8 |
2008 | 1,194,820 | 1,443,529 | -248,709 | 11.4 | 13.8 | -2.4 | 519,127 | 632,425 | -113,298 | 13.7 | 16.7 | -3.0 |
2009 | 1,237,615 | 1,397,591 | -159,976 | 11.8 | 13.3 | -1.5 | 524,072 | 612,952 | -88,880 | 13.9 | 16.3 | -2.4 |
2010 | 1,263,893 | 1,421,734 | -157,841 | 12.0 | 13.5 | -1.5 | 520,055 | 606,782 | -81,727 | 14.0 | 16.1 | -2.1 |
2011 | 1,270,047 | 1,356,696 | -88,649 | 12.0 | 12.8 | -0.8 | 526,582 | 569,024 | -42,442 | 14.1 | 15.2 | -1.1 |
2012 | 1,355,674 | 1,353,635 | 2,039 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 0.0 | 546,410 | 552,700 | -6,290 | 14.7 | 14.8 | -0.1 |
2013 | 1,357,310 | 1,332,505 | 24,805 | 12.8 | 12.5 | 0.3 | 538,512 | 539,304 | -792 | 14.5 | 14.5 | 0.0 |
Note: Russian data includes Crimea starting in 2014.
Total fertility rates
As of 2013, Russian TFR of 1.707 children per woman[17] is among the highest in the Eastern Europe, which means an average Russian family has more children (1.7) than an average family in most other Eastern European countries. Still, this rate is far below the replacement rate of 2.1 – 2.14.
In 1990, just prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia's total fertility rate (TFR) stood at 1.89. Fertility rates had already begun to decline in the late 80s due to the natural progression of Russia's demographic structure, but the rapid and widely negative changes in society following the collapse greatly influenced the rate of decline.[59] The TFR hit an historic low of 1.157 in 1999 and has since begun to rise again, reaching 1.707 in 2013 (growth of 47.5%).[60] The only federal subject of Russia to see a decline in fertility since 1999 is Ingushetia, where the TFR has fallen by 20% from 2.44 to 1.97 as of 2009.[61] However, TFR for Ingushetia for the year 2011 was recorded at 2.94.[62]
In 2009, 8 of Russia's federal subjects had a TFR above 2.1 children per woman (the approximate minimum required to ensure population replacement). These federal subjects are Chechnya (3.38), Tuva (2.81), Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug (2.73), Agin-Buryat Okrug (2.63), Komi-Permyak (2.16), Evenk Okrug (2.58), Altai Republic (2.36), Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2.1). Of these federal subjects, four have an ethnic Russian majority (Altai, Evenk, Ust-Orda and Nenets).[61][63] In 2011, the highest TFR were recorded in Chechnya (3.362), Tyva (3.249), Ingushetia (2.94), Altai Republic (2.836), Sakha Republic (2.057), Buryatia (2.027), and Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2.007).[62]
Until 2010, the Russian republic of Chechnya was the region with the highest birth rate in the former USSR (excluding Central Asia). However in 2011, the Armenian province of Qashatagh overtook it (28.9 vs 29.3 per 1,000).[64]
In 2010, The average number of children born to women has decreased from 1513 to 1000 women from 2002 to 1469 in 2010 in urban areas the figure was 1328 children (2002–1350), and in the village – 1876 (in 2002. – 1993 ).
In recent years the percentage of children per woman 16 years or more were:
Year : 2002–2010
1 child : 30.5%–31.2%
2 children : 33.7%–34.4%
3 children : 8.9%–8.7%
4 or more children : 5.2%–4.2%
no children : 21.7%–21.5%
Note that despite a decrease in women who have not had children, the number of three-child and large families has declined between 2002 and 2010.
In every region in Russia rural areas reported higher TFR compared to urban areas. In most of the federal subjects in Siberia and the Russian Far East, the total fertility rates were high, but not high enough to ensure population replacement. For example, Zabaykalsky Krai had a TFR of 1.82, which is higher than the national average, but less than the 2.1 needed for population replacement.[61]
Compared to the G7 countries, in 2013, Russian TFR of 1.707 children/ woman[17] was lower than that of France (2.00), the UK (1.97), the USA (1.89). Yet its TFR is higher than in other G7 countries like Canada (1.59), Italy (1.40), Japan (1.39) and Germany (1.36).
Compared to other most populous nations, Russia has a lower TFR than Nigeria (5.49), Pakistan (3.42), India (2.59), Mexico (2.27), Indonesia (2.09), the USA (1.895),[65] Brazil (1.74), and higher TFR than China (1.40).
Compared to its neighbors, in 2011 Russia has a lower TFR than Kazakhstan (2.41), Mongolia (2.19), Azerbaijan (1.92), Norway (1.88), North Korea (2.01), Finland (1.83). While Russian TFR is higher than in Estonia (1.52), Lithuania (1.55), Belarus (1.50), Georgia (1.70), Ukraine (1.45), Poland (1.31) and Latvia (1.32).
Also many other European countries like Czech Republic (1.42), Spain (1.35), Greece (1.41), Hungary (1.26), Switzerland (1.53), Portugal (1.51) Albania (1.48) as well as East Asian countries and territories like South Korea (1.23), Taiwan (1.10), Singapore (0.78), Hong Kong (1.09), Macau (0.92) have a lower TFR than Russia.
Children Born Per Woman by Oblast | Total Fertility Rate/2013 | Urban Fertility Rate/2013 | Rural Fertility Rate/2013 |
---|---|---|---|
Russian Federation | 1,71 | 1,55 | 2,26 |
North Caucasian Federal District | 1,99 | 1,65 | 2,36 |
Chechnya | 2,93 | 3,06 | 2,84 |
Ingushetia | 2,23 | 2,08 | 2,34 |
Dagestan | 2,02 | 1,40 | 2,65 |
North Ossetia-Alania | 1,98 | 1,96 | 1,99 |
Kabardino-Balkaria | 1,80 | 1,70 | 1,91 |
Karachay-Cherkessia | 1,67 | 1,49 | 1,82 |
Stavropol Krai | 1,55 | 1,35 | 1,90 |
Ural Federal District | 1,91 | 1,76 | 2,69 |
Kurgan Oblast | 2,12 | 1,81 | 2,81 |
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug | 2,09 | 1,89 | 3,19 |
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug | 2,05 | 2,02 | 2,40 |
Tyumen Oblast | 2,00 | 1,86 | 2,71 |
Sverdlovsk Oblast | 1,87 | 1,77 | 2,62 |
Chelyabinsk Oblast | 1,80 | 1,65 | 2,70 |
Siberian Federal District | 1,88 | 1,64 | 2,86 |
Tuva Republic | 3,42 | 2,30 | 6,43 |
Altai Republic | 2,82 | 1,81 | 5,20 |
Buriatia | 2,21 | 1,80 | 3,06 |
Zabaykalsky Krai | 2,01 | 1,74 | 2,89 |
Khakassia | 2,01 | 1,76 | 2,70 |
Irkutsk Oblast | 1,98 | 1,78 | 2,97 |
Altai Krai | 1,83 | 1,53 | 2,62 |
Omsk Oblast | 1,87 | 1,61 | 2,78 |
Kemerovo Oblast | 1,79 | 1,70 | 2,41 |
Krasnoyarsk Krai | 1,78 | 1,59 | 2,82 |
Novosibirsk Oblast | 1,75 | 1,59 | 2,66 |
Tomsk Oblast | 1,59 | 1,36 | 2,65 |
Far East Federal District | 1,81 | 1,60 | 2,71 |
Sakha Republic | 2,17 | 1,78 | 3,15 |
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug | 1,91 | 1,56 | 2,59 |
Jewish Autonomous Oblast | 1,86 | 1,68 | 2,34 |
Amur Oblast | 1,84 | 1,55 | 2,83 |
Sakhalin Oblast | 1,81 | 1,66 | 2,73 |
Kamchatka Krai | 1,77 | 1,69 | 2,16 |
Khabarovsk Krai | 1,74 | 1,61 | 2,63 |
Magadan Oblast | 1,69 | 1,65 | 3,44 |
Primorsky Krai | 1,68 | 1,51 | 2,52 |
Volga Federal District | 1,75 | 1,58 | 2,36 |
Orenburg Oblast | 2,00 | 1,60 | 3,04 |
Perm Krai | 1,93 | 1,70 | 3,02 |
Mari El | 1,93 | 1,71 | 2,51 |
Udmurtia | 1,92 | 1,58 | 2,92 |
Bashkortostan | 1,89 | 1,70 | 2,39 |
Kirov Oblast | 1,87 | 1,61 | 3,50 |
Chuvashia Republic | 1,85 | 1,54 | 2,73 |
Tatarstan | 1,83 | 1,74 | 2,20 |
Ulyanovsk Oblast | 1,61 | 1,53 | 1,90 |
Samara Oblast | 1,59 | 1,50 | 2,03 |
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast | 1,56 | 1,48 | 1,94 |
Saratov Oblast | 1,54 | 1,38 | 2,11 |
Penza Oblast | 1,49 | 1,36 | 1,85 |
Mordovia | 1,37 | 1,34 | 1,44 |
Southern Federal District | 1,64 | 1,53 | 1,86 |
Astrakhan Oblast | 1,91 | 1,76 | 2,20 |
Kalmukia | 1,88 | 1,81 | 1,94 |
Krasnodar Krai | 1,72 | 1,74 | 1,70 |
Adygea | 1,68 | 1,43 | 1,97 |
Volgograd Oblast | 1,53 | 1,37 | 2,11 |
Rostov Oblast | 1,52 | 1,38 | 1,91 |
North-West Federal District | 1,57 | 1,50 | 2,17 |
Nenets Autonomous Okrug | 2,31 | 1,84 | 4,68 |
Komi Republic | 1,96 | 1,63 | 4,60 |
Vologda Oblast | 1,85 | 1,63 | 2,73 |
Arkhangelsk Oblast | 1,80 | 1,55 | 3,81 |
Novgorod Oblast | 1,70 | 1,59 | 2,09 |
Pskov Oblast | 1,68 | 1,49 | 2,41 |
Republic of Karelia | 1,65 | 1,45 | 3,34 |
Kaliningrad Oblast | 1,64 | 1,53 | 2,03 |
Murmansk Oblast | 1,62 | 1,60 | 1,95 |
St-Petersburg | 1,48 | 1,48 | 1,48 |
Leningrad Oblast | 1,23 | 1,28 | 1,13 |
Central Federal District | 1,48 | 1,42 | 1,80 |
Kostroma Oblast | 1,85 | 1,66 | 2,53 |
Kursk Oblast | 1,67 | 1,48 | 2,31 |
Tver Oblast | 1,64 | 1,51 | 2,16 |
Yaroslavl Oblast | 1,64 | 1,55 | 2,14 |
Kaluga Oblast | 1,64 | 1,58 | 1,87 |
Lipetsk Oblast | 1,60 | 1,45 | 1,92 |
Vladimir Oblast | 1,59 | 1,52 | 1,88 |
Ryazan Oblast | 1,55 | 1,34 | 2,28 |
Ivanovo Oblast | 1,55 | 1,52 | 1,75 |
Bryansk Oblast | 1,53 | 1,40 | 1,86 |
Oryol Oblast | 1,53 | 1,23 | 2,31 |
Belgorod Oblast | 1,53 | 1,40 | 1,86 |
Moscow Oblast | 1,52 | 1,54 | 1,42 |
Smolensk Oblast | 1,48 | 1,39 | 1,80 |
Voronezh Oblast | 1,44 | 1,33 | 1,77 |
Tula Oblast | 1,42 | 1,35 | 1,70 |
Tambov Oblast | 1,42 | 1,34 | 1,56 |
City of Moscow | 1,33 | 1,33 | 0,97 |
Health
Life expectancy
total population: 71.6 years[68]
male: 65.1 years[69]
female: 76.5 years (2013)[69]
The disparity in the average lifespan between genders in Russia is largest in the world. Women live 9–12 years longer than men, while the difference in lifespan is typically only five years in other parts of the world. While medical sources, like The Lancet,[29] name mass privatization, and the neo-liberalist shock therapy policies of Yeltsin administration as key reasons of falling life expectancy of Russian men, other sources, like Luke Harding from The Guardian claim alcoholism explains the large difference in gender mortality levels in Russia.[70] As of 2011, the average life expectancy in Russia was 64.3 years for males and 76.1 years for females.[71] According to the WHO 2011 report,[72] annual per capita alcohol consumption in Russia is about 15.76 litres, fourth highest volume in Europe (compare to 13.37 in the UK, 13.66 in France, 15.6 in Ukraine, 16.45 in the Czech Republic, etc.). In the late 1950s, the USSR claimed a higher life expectancy than the United States,[73] but the Soviet Union has lagged behind Western countries in terms of mortality and life expectancy since the late 1960s.
The life expectancy was about 70 in 1986,[74] prior to the transition-induced disruption of the healthcare system. The turmoil in the early 1990s caused life expectancy in Russia to steadily decrease while it was steadily increasing in the rest of the world. Recently however, Russian life expectancy has again begun to rise. Between 2006—2011 the male life expectancy in Russia rose by almost four years, increasing the overall life expectancy by nearly 4 years to 70.3.[71]
Mortality
In 2012, 1,043,292, or 55% of all deaths in Russia were caused by cardiovascular disease. The second leading cause of death was cancer which claimed 287,840 lives (15.2%). External causes of death such as suicide (1.5%), road accidents (1.5%), murders (0.8%), accidental alcohol poisoning (0.4%), and accidental drowning (0.5%), claimed 202,175 lives in total (10.6%). Other major causes of death were diseases of the digestive system (4.6%), respiratory disease (3.6%), infectious and parasitic diseases (1.6%), and tuberculosis (0.9%).[55] The infant mortality rate in 2012 was 7.6 deaths per 1,000 (down from 8.2 in 2009 and 16.9 in 1999).[55]
Under-five mortality rate
- 13 deaths/1,000 live births (2008)[75]
Abortions and family planning
In the 1980s only 8% to 10% of married Russian women of reproductive age used hormonal and intrauterine contraception methods, compared to 20% to 40% in developed countries.[76] This led to much higher abortion rates in Russia compared to developed countries: in the 1980s Russia had a figure of 120 abortions per 1,000 women of reproductive age compared with only 20 per 1,000 in Western countries. However, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 many changes took place, such as the demonopolization of the market for contraceptive drugs and media liberalization, which led to a rapid conversion to more efficient pregnancy-control practices. Abortion rates fell in the first half of the 1990s for the first time in Russia's history, even despite declining fertility rates. From the early 1990s to 2006, the number of expected abortions per woman during her lifetime fell by nearly 2.5 times, from 3.4 to 1.2. As of 2004, the share of women of reproductive age using hormonal or intrauterine birth control methods was about 46% (29% intrauterine, 17% hormonal).[77]
Despite an increase in "family planning", a large portion of Russian families do not achieve the target of desired children at the desired time. According to a 2004 study, current pregnancies were termed "desired and timely" by 58% of respondents, while 23% described them as "desired, but untimely", and 19% said they were "undesired". The share of unexpected pregnancies remains much lower in countries with developed family planning culture, such as the Netherlands, whose percentage of unwanted pregnancies 20 years before was half of that in Russia as of 2008.[77]
Ethnic groups
The Russian Federation is home to as many as 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. As of the 2010 census, 80.90% of the population that disclosed their ethnicity (111,016,896 people) is ethnically Russian, followed by (groups larger than one million):[19][20]
- 3.87% Tatars (5,310,649)
- 1.40% Ukrainians (1,927,988)
- 1.15% Bashkirs (1,584,554)
- 1.05% Chuvashs (1,435,872)
- 1.04% Chechens (1,431,360)
- 0.86% Armenians (1,182,388)
According to the 2010 Census in Russia lived 142,856,536 people. It is important to note that 5,629,429 people (3.94% of the overall population.) did not declare any ethnic origin, compared to about 1 million in the 2002 Census. This is due to the fact that those people were counted from administrative databases and not directly, and were therefore unable to state their ethnicity.[19][78] Therefore, the percentages mentioned above are taken from the total population that declared their ethnicity, given that the non-declared remainder is thought to have an ethnic composition similar to the declared segment.[79]
Most smaller groups live compactly in their respective regions and can be categorized by language group. The ethnic divisions used here are those of the official census, and may in some respects be controversial. The following lists all ethnicities resolved by the 2010 census, grouped by language:[19]
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|
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Historical perspective[81]
The ethno-demographic structure of Russia has gradually changed over time. During the past century the most striking change is the fast increase of the peoples from the Caucasus. In 1926, these people composed 2% of the Russian population, compared to 6.5% in 2010. Though low in absolute numbers, the Siberian people also increased during the past century, but their growth was mainly realized after WW II (from 0.7% in 1959 to 1.2% in 2010) and not applicable to most of the small peoples (less than 10,000 people).
Peoples of European Russia
The relative proportion of the peoples of European Russia gradually decreased during the past century, but still compose 91% of the total population of Russia in 2010. The absolute numbers of most of these peoples reached its highest level in the beginning of the 1990s. Since 1992, natural growth in Russia has been negative and the numbers of all peoples of European Russia were lower in 2010 than in 2002, the only exceptions being the Roma (due to high fertility rates) and the Gagauz (due to high levels of migration from Moldova to Russia).
Several peoples saw a much larger decrease than can be explained by the low fertility rates and high mortality rates in Russia during the past two decades. Emigration and assimilation contributed to the decrease in numbers of many peoples. Emigration was the most important factor for Germans, Jews and Baltic peoples (Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians). The number of Germans halved between 1959 and 2010. Their main country of destination is Germany.
The number of Jews decreased by more than 80% between 1959 and 2010. In 1970, the Soviet Union had the third largest population of Jews in the world, (2,183,000 of whom 808,000 with residence in Russia), following only that of the United States and Israel. By 2010, due to Jewish emigration, their number fell as low as 158,000. A sizeable emigration of other minorities has been enduring, too. The main destinations of emigrants from Russia are the USA (Jews, Belarusians, Chechens, Meskhetian Turks, Ukrainians and others), Israel (Jews), Germany (Germans and Jews), Poland (Poles), Canada (Finns and Ukrainians), Finland (Finns), France (Jews and Armenians) and the United Kingdom (mainly rich Russians).
Assimilation (i.e., marrying Russians and having children of such unions counted as Russians) explains the decrease in numbers of Ukrainians, Belarusians and most of the Uralic peoples. The assimilation is reflected in the high median age of these peoples (see the table below), as assimilation is stronger among young people than among old people. The process of assimilation of the Uralic peoples of Russia is probably going on for centuries and is most prominent among the Mordvins (1.4% of the Russian population in 1926 and 0.5% in 2010), the Karelians, Veps and Izhorians.
Assimilation on the other hand slowed down the decrease of the number of ethnic Russians. Besides, the decrease of the number of Russians was also slowed down by the immigration of ethnic Russians from the former Soviet republics, especially Central Asia. Similarly, the numbers of Ukrainians, Belarusians, Germans, Jews, and other non-autochthonous ethnic groups has also been decreased by emigration to Ukraine, Belarus, Germany, Israel, and so forth, respectively.
Peoples of European Russia in the Russian Federation, 1926–2010
Ethnic group |
Language family |
1926 Census | 1939 Census | 1959 Census | 1970 Census | 1979 Census | 1989 Census | 2002 Census | 2010 Census | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | ||
Russians | Indo-European | 72,374,283 | 78.1% | 89,747,795 | 82.9% | 97,863,579 | 83.3% | 107,747,630 | 82.8% | 113,521,881 | 82.6% | 119,865,469 | 81.5% | 115,889,107 | 80.6% | 111,016,896 | 80.9% |
Tatars | Turkic | 2,926,053 | 3.2% | 3,682,956 | 3.4% | 4,074,253 | 3.5% | 4,577,061 | 3.5% | 5,055,757 | 3.6% | 5,522,096 | 3.8% | 5,554,601 | 3.9% | 5,310,649 | 3.9% |
Ukrainians | Indo-European | 6,870,976 | 7.4% | 3,205,061 | 3.0% | 3,359,083 | 2.9% | 3,345,885 | 2.6% | 3,657,647 | 2.7% | 4,362,872 | 3.0% | 2,942,961 | 2.0% | 1,927,888 | 1.4% |
Bashkirs | Turkic | 738,861 | 0.80% | 824,537 | 0.76% | 953,801 | 0.81% | 1,180,913 | 0.91% | 1,290,994 | 0.94% | 1,345,273 | 0.92% | 1,673,389 | 1.16% | 1,584,554 | 1.15% |
Chuvashs | Turkic | 1,112,478 | 1.20% | 1,346,232 | 1.24% | 1,436,218 | 1.22% | 1,637,028 | 1.26% | 1,689,847 | 1.23% | 1,773,645 | 1.21% | 1,637,094 | 1.14% | 1,435,872 | 1.05% |
Mordvins | Uralic | 1,306,798 | 1.41% | 1,375,558 | 1.27% | 1,211,105 | 1.03% | 1,177,492 | 0.91% | 1,111,075 | 0.81% | 1,072,939 | 0.73% | 843,350 | 0.59% | 744,237 | 0.54% |
Udmurts (incl. Besermyan 1939–1989) | Uralic | 503,970 | 0.54% | 599,893 | 0.55% | 615,640 | 0.52% | 678,393 | 0.52% | 685,718 | 0.50% | 714,883 | 0.49% | 636,906 | 0.45% | 552,299 | 0.40% |
Besermyan | Uralic | 10,035 | 0.01% | 3,122 | 0.00% | 2,201 | 0.00% | ||||||||||
Mari | Uralic | 427,874 | 0.46% | 476,314 | 0.44% | 498,066 | 0.42% | 581,082 | 0.45% | 599,637 | 0.44% | 643,698 | 0.44% | 604,298 | 0.42% | 547,605 | 0.40% |
Belarusians | Indo-European | 607,845 | 0.66% | 451,933 | 0.42% | 843,985 | 0.72% | 964,082 | 0.74% | 1,051,900 | 0.77% | 1,206,222 | 0.82% | 807,970 | 0.56% | 521,443 | 0.38% |
Germans | Indo-European | 707,277 | 0.76% | 811,205 | 0.75% | 820,016 | 0.70% | 761,888 | 0.59% | 790,762 | 0.58% | 842,295 | 0.57% | 597,212 | 0.42% | 394,138 | 0.29% |
Komi (incl. Komi-Permyak 1939) | Uralic | 226,012 | 0.24% | 415,009 | 0.38% | 281,780 | 0.24% | 315,347 | 0.24% | 320,078 | 0.23% | 336,309 | 0.23% | 293,406 | 0.20% | 228,235 | 0.17% |
Komi-Permyak | Uralic | 149,275 | 0.16% | 143,030 | 0.12% | 150,244 | 0.12% | 145,993 | 0.11% | 147,269 | 0.10% | 125,235 | 0.09% | 94,456 | 0.07% | ||
Roma | Indo-European | 39,089 | 0.04% | 59,198 | 0.05% | 72,488 | 0.06% | 97,955 | 0.08% | 120,672 | 0.09% | 152,939 | 0.10% | 183,252 | 0.13% | 204,958 | 0.15% |
Jews | Semitic | 539,086 | 0.58% | 891,147 | 0.82% | 875,058 | 0.74% | 807,526 | 0.62% | 699,286 | 0.51% | 550,709 | 0.37% | 233,439 | 0.16% | 156,801 | 0.11% |
Moldovans | Indo-European | 16,870 | 0.02% | 21,974 | 0.02% | 62,298 | 0.05% | 87,538 | 0.07% | 102,137 | 0.07% | 172,671 | 0.12% | 172,330 | 0.12% | 156,400 | 0.11% |
Karelians | Uralic | 248,017 | 0.27% | 249,778 | 0.23% | 164,050 | 0.14% | 141,148 | 0.11% | 133,182 | 0.10% | 124,921 | 0.08% | 93,344 | 0.06% | 60,815 | 0.04% |
Poles | Indo-European | 189,269 | 0.20% | 142,461 | 0.13% | 118,422 | 0.10% | 107,084 | 0.08% | 99,733 | 0.07% | 94,594 | 0.06% | 73,001 | 0.05% | 47,125 | 0.03% |
Lithuanians | Indo-European | 26,128 | 0.03% | 20,795 | 0.02% | 108,579 | 0.09% | 76,718 | 0.06% | 66,783 | 0.05% | 70,427 | 0.05% | 45,569 | 0.03% | 31,377 | 0.02% |
Bulgarians | Indo-European | 4,087 | 0.00% | 8,338 | 0.01% | 24,899 | 0.02% | 27,321 | 0.02% | 24,943 | 0.02% | 32,785 | 0.02% | 31,965 | 0.02% | 24,038 | 0.02% |
Finns | Uralic | 134,089 | 0.14% | 138,962 | 0.13% | 72,356 | 0.06% | 62,307 | 0.05% | 55,687 | 0.04% | 47,102 | 0.03% | 34,050 | 0.02% | 20,267 | 0.01% |
Latvians | Indo-European | 124,312 | 0.13% | 104,877 | 0.10% | 74,932 | 0.06% | 59,695 | 0.05% | 67,267 | 0.05% | 46,829 | 0.03% | 28,520 | 0.02% | 18,979 | 0.01% |
Estonians | Uralic | 146,051 | 0.16% | 130,494 | 0.12% | 78,556 | 0.07% | 62,980 | 0.05% | 55,539 | 0.04% | 46,390 | 0.03% | 28,113 | 0.02% | 17,875 | 0.01% |
Gagauz | Turkic | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 3,012 | 0.00% | 3,704 | 0.00% | 4,176 | 0.00% | 10,051 | 0.01% | 12,210 | 0.01% | 13,690 | 0.01% |
Veps | Uralic | 32,783 | 0.04% | 31,442 | 0.03% | 16,170 | 0.01% | 8,057 | 0.01% | 7,550 | 0.01% | 12,142 | 0.01% | 8,240 | 0.01% | 5,936 | 0.00% |
Sami | Uralic | 1,715 | 0.00% | 1,828 | 0.00% | 1,760 | 0.00% | 1,836 | 0.00% | 1,775 | 0.00% | 1,835 | 0.00% | 1,991 | 0.00% | 1,771 | 0.00% |
Izhorians | Uralic | 16,136 | 0.02% | 7,720 | 0.01% | 564 | 0.00% | 561 | 0.00% | 449 | 0.00% | 449 | 0.00% | 327 | 0.00% | 266 | 0.00% |
Karaites | Turkic | 1,608 | 0.00% | 1,608 | 0.00% | 1,236 | 0.00% | 939 | 0.00% | 680 | 0.00% | 366 | 0.00% | 205 | 0.00% |
Peoples of the Caucasus
Peoples of the Caucasus in the Russian Federation, 1926–2010
Ethnic group |
Language family |
1926 Census | 1939 Census | 1959 Census | 1970 Census | 1979 Census | 1989 Census | 2002 Census | 2010 Census | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | ||
Chechens | Northeast Caucasian | 318,361 | 0.34% | 400,325 | 0.37% | 261,311 | 0.22% | 572,220 | 0.44% | 712,161 | 0.52% | 898,999 | 0.61% | 1,360,253 | 0.95% | 1,431,360 | 1.04% |
Armenians | Indo-European | 183,785 | 0.20% | 205,233 | 0.19% | 255,978 | 0.22% | 298,718 | 0.23% | 364,570 | 0.27% | 532,390 | 0.36% | 1,132,033 | 0.79% | 1,182,388 | 0.86% |
Avars | Northeast Caucasian | 178,263 | 0.19% | 235,715 | 0.22% | 249,529 | 0.21% | 361,613 | 0.28% | 438,306 | 0.32% | 544,016 | 0.37% | 814,473 | 0.57% | 912,090 | 0.66% |
Azerbaijanis | Turkic | 24,335 | 0.03% | 43,014 | 0.04% | 70,947 | 0.06% | 95,689 | 0.07% | 152,421 | 0.11% | 335,889 | 0.23% | 621,840 | 0.43% | 603,070 | 0.44% |
Dargins | Northeast Caucasian | 125,759 | 0.14% | 152,007 | 0.14% | 152,563 | 0.13% | 224,172 | 0.17% | 280,444 | 0.20% | 353,348 | 0.24% | 510,156 | 0.35% | 589,386 | 0.43% |
Ossetians | Indo-European | 157,280 | 0.17% | 195,624 | 0.18% | 247,834 | 0.21% | 313,458 | 0.24% | 352,080 | 0.26% | 402,275 | 0.27% | 514,875 | 0.36% | 528,515 | 0.38% |
Kabardins | Northwest Caucasian | 139,864 | 0.15% | 161,216 | 0.15% | 200,634 | 0.17% | 277,435 | 0.21% | 318,822 | 0.23% | 386,055 | 0.26% | 519,958 | 0.36% | 516,826 | 0.38% |
Kumyks | Turkic | 94,509 | 0.10% | 110,299 | 0.10% | 132,896 | 0.11% | 186,690 | 0.14% | 225,800 | 0.16% | 277,163 | 0.19% | 422,409 | 0.29% | 503,060 | 0.37% |
Lezgians | Northeast Caucasian | 92,937 | 0.10% | 100,328 | 0.09% | 114,210 | 0.10% | 170,494 | 0.13% | 202,854 | 0.15% | 257,270 | 0.17% | 411,535 | 0.29% | 473,722 | 0.34% |
Ingush | Northeast Caucasian | 72,137 | 0.08% | 90,980 | 0.08% | 55,799 | 0.05% | 137,380 | 0.11% | 165,997 | 0.12% | 215,068 | 0.15% | 413,016 | 0.29% | 444,833 | 0.32% |
Karachays | Turkic | 55,116 | 0.06% | 74,488 | 0.07% | 70,537 | 0.06% | 106,831 | 0.08% | 125,792 | 0.09% | 150,332 | 0.10% | 192,182 | 0.13% | 218,403 | 0.16% |
Kalmyks | Mongolic | 128,809 | 0.14% | 129,786 | 0.12% | 100,603 | 0.09% | 131,318 | 0.10% | 140,103 | 0.10% | 165,103 | 0.11% | 174,000 | 0.12% | 183,372 | 0.13% |
Laks | Northeast Caucasian | 40,243 | 0.04% | 54,348 | 0.05% | 58,397 | 0.05% | 78,625 | 0.06% | 91,412 | 0.07% | 106,245 | 0.07% | 156,545 | 0.11% | 178,630 | 0.13% |
Georgians | South Caucasian | 20,551 | 0.02% | 43,585 | 0.04% | 57,594 | 0.05% | 68,971 | 0.05% | 89,407 | 0.07% | 130,688 | 0.09% | 197,934 | 0.14% | 157,803 | 0.11% |
Tabasarans | Northeast Caucasian | 31,983 | 0.03% | 33,471 | 0.03% | 34,288 | 0.03% | 54,047 | 0.04% | 73,433 | 0.05% | 93,587 | 0.06% | 131,785 | 0.09% | 146,360 | 0.11% |
Adyghe (incl. Shapsugs 1926–1989 and Circassians 1926–1939) | Northwest Caucasian | 64,959 | 0.07% | 85,588 | 0.08% | 78,561 | 0.07% | 98,461 | 0.08% | 107,239 | 0.08% | 122,908 | 0.08% | 128,528 | 0.09% | 124,835 | 0.09% |
Shapsugs | Northwest Caucasian | 3,231 | 0.00% | 3,882 | 0.00% | ||||||||||||
Circassians | Northwest Caucasian | 28,986 | 0.02% | 38,356 | 0.03% | 44,572 | 0.03% | 50,572 | 0.03% | 60,517 | 0.04% | 73,184 | 0.05% | ||||
Balkars | Turkic | 33,298 | 0.04% | 41,949 | 0.04% | 35,249 | 0.03% | 52,969 | 0.04% | 61,828 | 0.04% | 78,341 | 0.05% | 108,426 | 0.08% | 112,924 | 0.08% |
Turks (incl. Meskhetian Turks 1926–1989) | Turkic | 1,846 | 0.00% | 2,668 | 0.00% | 1,377 | 0.00% | 1,568 | 0.00% | 3,561 | 0.00% | 9,890 | 0.01% | 92,415 | 0.06% | 105,058 | 0.08% |
Meskhetian Turks | Turkic | 3,527 | 0.00% | 4,825 | 0.00% | ||||||||||||
Nogais | Turkic | 36,089 | 0.04% | 36,088 | 0.03% | 37,656 | 0.03% | 51,159 | 0.04% | 58,639 | 0.04% | 73,703 | 0.05% | 90,666 | 0.06% | 103,660 | 0.08% |
Greeks | Indo-European | 34,439 | 0.04% | 65,705 | 0.06% | 47,024 | 0.04% | 57,847 | 0.04% | 69,816 | 0.05% | 91,699 | 0.06% | 97,827 | 0.07% | 85,640 | 0.06% |
Kurds (incl. Yazidis 1939–1989) | Indo-European | 164 | 0.00% | 387 | 0.00% | 855 | 0.00% | 1,015 | 0.00% | 1,634 | 0.00% | 4,724 | 0.00% | 19,607 | 0.01% | 23,232 | 0.01% |
Yazidis | Indo-European | 1 | 0.00% | 31,273 | 0.02% | 40,586 | 0.03% | ||||||||||
Abazas | Northwest Caucasian | 13,825 | 0.01% | 14,739 | 0.01% | 19,059 | 0.02% | 24,892 | 0.02% | 28,800 | 0.02% | 32,983 | 0.02% | 37,942 | 0.03% | 43,341 | 0.03% |
Small Dagestan Peoples (SDP) | 20,962 | 0.02% | |||||||||||||||
Rutuls | Northeast Caucasian | 10,333 | 0.01% | SDP | SDP | 6,703 | 0.01% | 11,904 | 0.01% | 14,835 | 0.01% | 19,503 | 0.01% | 29,929 | 0.02% | 35,240 | 0.03% |
Aghuls | Northeast Caucasian | 7,653 | 0.01% | SDP | SDP | 6,460 | 0.01% | 8,751 | 0.01% | 11,752 | 0.01% | 17,728 | 0.01% | 28,297 | 0.02% | 34,160 | 0.02% |
Tsakhurs | Northeast Caucasian | 3,533 | 0.00% | SDP | SDP | 4,437 | 0.00% | 4,730 | 0.00% | 4,774 | 0.00% | 6,492 | 0.00% | 10,366 | 0.01% | 12,769 | 0.01% |
Udis | Northeast Caucasian | 2 | 0.00% | SDP | SDP | 35 | 0.00% | 94 | 0.00% | 216 | 0.00% | 1,102 | 0.00% | 3,721 | 0.00% | 4,267 | 0.00% |
Abkhaz | Northwest Caucasian | 97 | 0.00% | 647 | 0.00% | 1,400 | 0.00% | 2,427 | 0.00% | 4,058 | 0.00% | 7,239 | 0.00% | 11,366 | 0.01% | 11,249 | 0.01% |
Assyrians | Semitic | 2,791 | 0.00% | 7,446 | 0.01% | 7,612 | 0.01% | 8,098 | 0.01% | 8,708 | 0.01% | 9,622 | 0.01% | 13,649 | 0.01% | 11,084 | 0.01% |
Persians | Indo-European | 8,626 | 0.01% | 6,041 | 0.01% | 2,490 | 0.00% | 2,548 | 0.00% | 1,747 | 0.00% | 2,572 | 0.00% | 3,821 | 0.00% | 3,696 | 0.00% |
Talysh | Indo-European | 0 | 0.00% | 47 | 0.00% | 33 | 0.00% | 2 | 0.00% | 202 | 0.00% | 2,548 | 0.00% | 2,529 | 0.00% | ||
Tats | Indo-European | 223 | 0.00% | 5,136 | 0.00% | 8,753 | 0.01% | 12,748 | 0.01% | 19,420 | 0.01% | 2,303 | 0.00% | 1,585 | 0.00% |
Peoples of Siberia
Peoples of Siberia in the Russian Federation, 1926–2010
Ethnic group |
Language family |
1926 Census | 1939 Census | 1959 Census | 1970 Census | 1979 Census | 1989 Census | 2002 Census | 2010 Census | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | ||
Sakha (icl. Dolgans 1939–1959) | Turkic | 240,682 | 0.26% | 241,870 | 0.22% | 236,125 | 0.20% | 295,223 | 0.23% | 326,531 | 0.24% | 380,242 | 0.26% | 443,852 | 0.31% | 478,085 | 0.35% |
Dolgans | Turkic | 656 | 0.00% | 4,718 | 0.00% | 4,911 | 0.00% | 6,584 | 0.00% | 7,261 | 0.01% | 7,885 | 0.01% | ||||
Buryats (incl. Soyots 1939–1989) | Mongolic | 237,490 | 0.26% | 220,618 | 0.20% | 251,504 | 0.21% | 312,847 | 0.24% | 349,760 | 0.25% | 417,425 | 0.28% | 445,175 | 0.31% | 461,389 | 0.34% |
Soyots | Mongolic | 229 | 0.00% | 2,769 | 0.00% | 3,608 | 0.00% | ||||||||||
Tuvans | Turkic | 200 | 0.00% | 794 | 0.00% | 99,864 | 0.08% | 139,013 | 0.11% | 165,426 | 0.12% | 206,160 | 0.14% | 243,442 | 0.17% | 263,934 | 0.19% |
Altay | Turkic | 52,248 | 0.06% | 46,489 | 0.04% | 44,654 | 0.04% | 54,614 | 0.04% | 58,879 | 0.04% | 69,409 | 0.05% | 77,822 | 0.05% | 89,773 | 0.06% |
Khakas | Turkic | 45,607 | 0.05% | 52,033 | 0.05% | 56,032 | 0.05% | 65,368 | 0.05% | 69,247 | 0.05% | 78,500 | 0.05% | 76,278 | 0.05% | 72,959 | 0.05% |
Nenets (incl. Enets 1926–1979 and Nganasans 1926–1939) | Uralic | 17,560 | 0.02% | 24,716 | 0.02% | 22,845 | 0.02% | 28,487 | 0.02% | 29,487 | 0.02% | 34,190 | 0.02% | 41,302 | 0.03% | 44,640 | 0.03% |
Enets | Uralic | 198 | 0.00% | 237 | 0.00% | 227 | 0.00% | ||||||||||
Nganasans | Uralic | 721 | 0.00% | 823 | 0.00% | 842 | 0.00% | 1,262 | 0.00% | 834 | 0.00% | 862 | 0.00% | ||||
Evenks | Tungusic | 38,804 | 0.03% | 29,599 | 0.02% | 24,583 | 0.02% | 25,051 | 0.02% | 27,278 | 0.02% | 29,901 | 0.02% | 35,527 | 0.02% | 37,843 | 0.03% |
Khanty | Uralic | 22,301 | 0.02% | 18,447 | 0.02% | 19,246 | 0.02% | 21,007 | 0.02% | 20,743 | 0.02% | 22,283 | 0.02% | 28,678 | 0.02% | 30,943 | 0.02% |
Evens | Tungusic | 2,044 | 0.00% | 9,674 | 0.01% | 9,023 | 0.01% | 11,819 | 0.01% | 12,215 | 0.01% | 17,055 | 0.01% | 19,071 | 0.01% | 22,383 | 0.02% |
Chukchi (incl. Kereks 1926–1989 and Chuvans 1939–1979) | Chukotko-Kamchatkan | 12,331 | 0.01% | 13,830 | 0.01% | 11,680 | 0.01% | 13,500 | 0.01% | 13,937 | 0.01% | 15,107 | 0.01% | 15,767 | 0.01% | 15,908 | 0.01% |
Kereks | Chukotko-Kamchatkan | 8 | 0.00% | 4 | 0.00% | ||||||||||||
Chuvans | Chukotko-Kamchatkan | 704 | 0.00% | 1,384 | 0.00% | 1,087 | 0.00% | 1,002 | 0.00% | ||||||||
Shors | Turkic | 13,000 | 0.01% | 16,042 | 0.01% | 14,938 | 0.01% | 15,950 | 0.01% | 15,182 | 0.01% | 15,745 | 0.01% | 13,975 | 0.01% | 12,888 | 0.01% |
Mansi | Uralic | 5,754 | 0.01% | 6,295 | 0.01% | 6,318 | 0.01% | 7,609 | 0.01% | 7,434 | 0.01% | 8,279 | 0.01% | 11,432 | 0.01% | 12,269 | 0.01% |
Nanais | Tungusic | 5,860 | 0.01% | 8,411 | 0.01% | 7,919 | 0.01% | 9,911 | 0.01% | 10,357 | 0.01% | 11,883 | 0.01% | 12,160 | 0.01% | 12,003 | 0.01% |
Koryaks | Chukotko-Kamchatkan | 7,437 | 0.01% | 7,337 | 0.01% | 6,168 | 0.01% | 7,367 | 0.01% | 7,637 | 0.01% | 8,942 | 0.01% | 8,743 | 0.01% | 7,953 | 0.01% |
Nivkh | Nivkh | 4,076 | 0.00% | 3,857 | 0.00% | 3,690 | 0.00% | 4,356 | 0.00% | 4,366 | 0.00% | 4,631 | 0.00% | 5,162 | 0.00% | 4,652 | 0.00% |
Selkups | Uralic | 1,630 | 0.00% | 2,604 | 0.00% | 3,704 | 0.00% | 4,249 | 0.00% | 3,518 | 0.00% | 3,564 | 0.00% | 4,249 | 0.00% | 3,649 | 0.00% |
Udege (incl. Taz 1926–1989) | Tungusic | 1,357 | 0.00% | 1,701 | 0.00% | 1,395 | 0.00% | 1,396 | 0.00% | 1,431 | 0.00% | 1,902 | 0.00% | 1,657 | 0.00% | 1,496 | 0.00% |
Taz | Sino-Tibetan | 276 | 0.00% | 274 | 0.00% | ||||||||||||
Small Siberian Peoples (SSP) | 11,824 | 0.01% | |||||||||||||||
Itelmeni | Chukotko-Kamchatkan | 803 | 0.00% | SSP | SSP | 1,096 | 0.00% | 1,255 | 0.00% | 1,335 | 0.00% | 2,429 | 0.00% | 3,180 | 0.00% | 3,193 | 0.00% |
Ulchs | Tungusic | 723 | 0.00% | SSP | SSP | 2,049 | 0.00% | 2,410 | 0.00% | 2,494 | 0.00% | 3,173 | 0.00% | 2,913 | 0.00% | 2,765 | 0.00% |
Eskimo | Eskimo-Aleut | 1,292 | 0.00% | SSP | SSP | 1,111 | 0.00% | 1,265 | 0.00% | 1,460 | 0.00% | 1,704 | 0.00% | 1,750 | 0.00% | 1,738 | 0.00% |
Yukaghir | Yukaghir | 443 | 0.00% | SSP | SSP | 440 | 0.00% | 593 | 0.00% | 801 | 0.00% | 1,112 | 0.00% | 1,509 | 0.00% | 1,603 | 0.00% |
Ket | Yeniseian | 1,428 | 0.00% | SSP | SSP | 1,017 | 0.00% | 1,161 | 0.00% | 1,072 | 0.00% | 1,084 | 0.00% | 1,494 | 0.00% | 1,219 | 0.00% |
Tofalars | Turkic | 2,828 | 0.00% | SSP | SSP | 476 | 0.00% | 570 | 0.00% | 576 | 0.00% | 722 | 0.00% | 837 | 0.00% | 762 | 0.00% |
Orochs (incl. Oroks 1970–1979) | Tungusic | 646 | 0.00% | SSP | SSP | 779 | 0.00% | 1,037 | 0.00% | 1,040 | 0.00% | 883 | 0.00% | 686 | 0.00% | 596 | 0.00% |
Oroks | Tungusic | 162 | 0.00% | SSP | SSP | 2 | 0.00% | 179 | 0.00% | 346 | 0.00% | 295 | 0.00% | ||||
Negidals | Tungusic | 683 | 0.00% | SSP | SSP | 495 | 0.00% | 477 | 0.00% | 587 | 0.00% | 567 | 0.00% | 513 | 0.00% | ||
Aleut | Eskimo-Aleut | 353 | 0.00% | SSP | SSP | 399 | 0.00% | 410 | 0.00% | 489 | 0.00% | 644 | 0.00% | 540 | 0.00% | 482 | 0.00% |
Foreign-born population
Russia experiences a constant flow of immigration. On average, close to 300,000 legal immigrants enter the country every year; about half are ethnic Russians from the other republics of the former Soviet Union. There is a significant inflow of ethnic Armenians, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz and Tajiks into big Russian cities, something that is viewed unfavorably by some citizens.[82] In addition, there are an estimated 4 million illegal immigrants from the ex-Soviet states in Russia.[83]
The Kazakhs in Russia are mostly not recent immigrants. The majority inhabit regions bordering Kazakhstan such as the Astrakhan (16% of the population are Kazakhs), Orenburg (6% of the population are Kazakhs), Omsk (4% of the population are Kazakhs) and Saratov (3% of the population are Kazakhs) oblasts. Together these oblasts host 60% of the Kazakh population in Russia. The number of Kazakhs slightly decreased between 2002 and 2010 due to emigration to Kazakhstan, which has by far the strongest economy in Central Asia (Russia does receive immigration from Kazakhstan, but they are mainly ethnic Russians); other Central Asian populations, especially Uzbeks, Tajiks, and Kyrgyz, have continued to rise rapidly. (Turkmen are an exception; citizens of Turkmenistan do not have visa-free access to Russia.)
Russian statistical organizations classify the immigrants based on their ethnicity, although the information is published only up to 2007. In that year, the net immigration was 190,397 (plus another 49,546 for which ethnicity was unknown). Of this, 97,813 was Slavic / Germanic / Finnic (51.4%, of which Russian – 72,769, Ukrainian – 17,802), Turkic and other Muslim – 52,536 (27.6%, of which Azeri – 14,084, Tatar – 10,391, Uzbek – 10,517, Tajik – 9,032, Kyrgyz – 7,533 & Kazakh – (-) 1,424) and Others – 40,048 (21.0%, of which Armenian – 25,719).[84]
Peoples of Central Asia in the Russian Federation, 1926–2010
Ethnic group |
Language family |
1926 Census | 1939 Census | 1959 Census | 1970 Census | 1979 Census | 1989 Census | 2002 Census | 2010 Census | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | ||
Kazakhs | Turkic | 136,501 | 0.15% | 356,500 | 0.33% | 382,431 | 0.33% | 477,820 | 0.37% | 518,060 | 0.38% | 635,865 | 0.43% | 653,962 | 0.46% | 647,732 | 0.47% |
Uzbeks | Turkic | 942 | 0.00% | 16,166 | 0.01% | 29,512 | 0.03% | 61,588 | 0.05% | 72,385 | 0.05% | 126,899 | 0.09% | 122,916 | 0.09% | 289,862 | 0.21% |
Tajiks | Indo-European | 52 | 0.00% | 3,315 | 0.00% | 7,027 | 0.01% | 14,108 | 0.01% | 17,863 | 0.01% | 38,208 | 0.03% | 120,136 | 0.08% | 200,666 | 0.15% |
Kyrgyz | Turkic | 285 | 0.00% | 6,311 | 0.01% | 4,701 | 0.00% | 9,107 | 0.01% | 15,011 | 0.01% | 41,734 | 0.03% | 31,808 | 0.02% | 103,422 | 0.08% |
Turkmens | Turkic | 7,849 | 0.01% | 12,869 | 0.01% | 11,631 | 0.01% | 20,040 | 0.02% | 22,979 | 0.02% | 39,739 | 0.03% | 33,053 | 0.02% | 36,885 | 0.03% |
Uygurs | Turkic | 26 | 0.00% | 642 | 0.00% | 720 | 0.00% | 1,513 | 0.00% | 1,707 | 0.00% | 2,577 | 0.00% | 2,867 | 0.00% | 3,696 | 0.00% |
Karakalpaks | Turkic | 14 | 0.00% | 306 | 0.00% | 988 | 0.00% | 2,267 | 0.00% | 1,743 | 0.00% | 6,155 | 0.00% | 1,609 | 0.00% | 1,466 | 0.00% |
-
Ethnic map of Russia, 1989
-
Ethnic map of Russia, 2010
The 2010 census[19] found the following figures for foreign citizens resident in Russia:
Uzbekistan: 131,100
Ukraine: 93,400
Tajikistan: 87,100
Azerbaijan: 67,900
Armenia: 59,400
Kyrgyzstan: 44,600
Moldova: 33,900
China: 28,400
Kazakhstan: 28,100
Belarus: 27,700
Georgia: 12,100
Vietnam: 11,100
Turkmenistan: 5,600
Turkey: 5,400
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania: 5,300
India: 4,500
All others: 41,400
Median age and fertility
Median ages of ethnic groups vary considerably between groups. Ethnic Russians and other Slavic and Finnic groups have higher median age compared to the Caucasian groups.
Median ages are strongly correlated with fertility rates, ethnic groups with higher fertility rates have lower median ages, and vice versa. For example, in 2002, in the ethnic group with the lowest median age – Ingush – women 35 or older had, on average, 4.05 children; in the ethnic group with the highest median age – Jews – women 35 or older averaged only 1.37 children.[85] Ethnic Jews have both the highest median age and the lowest fertility rate; this is a consequence of Jewish emigration.
Ethnic Russians represent a significant deviation from the pattern, with second lowest fertility rate of all major groups, but relatively low median age (37.6 years). This phenomenon is at least partly due to the fact that children from mixed marriages are often registered as ethnic Russians in the census. The most noticeable trend in the past couple of decades is the convergence of birth rates between minorities (including Muslim minorities) and the Russian majority.
The following table shows the variation in median age and fertility rates according to 2002 census.[86]
Ethnic Group |
Median Age |
Male |
Female |
Urban |
Urban M |
Urban F |
Rural |
Rural M |
Rural F |
Children / woman (15+) |
Children / woman (35+) |
Predominant religion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Russian | 37.6 | 34.0 | 40.5 | 37.1 | 33.5 | 40.1 | 39.0 | 35.7 | 41.7 | 1.446 | 1.828 | Christianity |
Tatar | 37.7 | 35.3 | 39.6 | 37.2 | 34.7 | 39.1 | 38.8 | 36.5 | 41.1 | 1.711 | 2.204 | Islam |
Ukrainian | 45.9 | 44.7 | 47.3 | 45.6 | 44.5 | 46.8 | 47.0 | 45.2 | 49.0 | 1.726 | 1.946 | Christianity |
Bashkir | 34.2 | 32.1 | 36.2 | 32.9 | 30.6 | 34.7 | 35.4 | 33.3 | 37.6 | 1.969 | 2.658 | Islam |
Chuvash | 38.6 | 36.4 | 40.4 | 37.9 | 36.3 | 39.1 | 39.4 | 36.5 | 42.5 | 1.884 | 2.379 | Christianity |
Chechen | 22.8 | 22.1 | 23.5 | 22.9 | 22.5 | 23.4 | 22.7 | 21.9 | 23.5 | 2.163 | 3.456 | Islam |
Armenian | 32.8 | 33.4 | 32.0 | 33.0 | 33.7 | 32.2 | 32.1 | 32.6 | 31.5 | 1.68 | 2.225 | Christianity |
Mordvin | 44.4 | 42.1 | 46.9 | 44.2 | 42.3 | 45.9 | 44.7 | 41.7 | 48.5 | 1.986 | 2.303 | Christianity |
Avar | 24.6 | 23.8 | 25.4 | 23.8 | 23.4 | 24.1 | 25.1 | 24.0 | 26.2 | 2.09 | 3.319 | Islam |
Belarusian | 48.0 | 45.9 | 50.2 | 47.7 | 45.8 | 49.6 | 49.1 | 46.1 | 52.4 | 1.765 | 1.941 | Christianity |
Kazakh/Kyrgyz | 30.2 | 29.4 | 31 | 29.5 | 29 | 30.1 | 30.6 | 29.7 | 31.4 | 2.015 | 2.964 | Islam |
Udmurt | 40.0 | 37.4 | 42.0 | 41.2 | 39.0 | 42.6 | 38.9 | 36.1 | 41.3 | 1.93 | 2.378 | Christianity |
Azerbaijani | 29.5 | 31.9 | 24.6 | 30.0 | 32.3 | 24.7 | 26.5 | 28.7 | 24.1 | 1.83 | 2.619 | Islam |
Mari | 36.7 | 34.5 | 38.5 | 36.4 | 34.6 | 37.7 | 36.9 | 34.5 | 39.3 | 1.917 | 2.493 | Christianity |
German | 39.7 | 38.2 | 41.2 | 39.6 | 38.0 | 41.0 | 40.0 | 38.4 | 41.4 | 1.864 | 2.443 | Christianity |
Kabardin | 28.2 | 27.1 | 29.3 | 28.8 | 27.4 | 30.2 | 27.7 | 26.9 | 28.4 | 1.799 | 2.654 | Islam |
Ossetian | 34.1 | 32.5 | 35.7 | 34.0 | 32.2 | 35.7 | 34.4 | 33.2 | 35.6 | 1.665 | 2.267 | Christianity |
Dargwa | 24.6 | 23.9 | 25.3 | 24.3 | 23.8 | 24.8 | 24.8 | 24.0 | 25.6 | 2.162 | 3.476 | Islam |
Buryat | 28.6 | 26.6 | 30.5 | 27.6 | 25.7 | 29.5 | 29.5 | 27.4 | 31.5 | 1.949 | 2.861 | Buddhism |
Yakut | 26.9 | 25.1 | 28.7 | 26.9 | 25.2 | 28.5 | 27.0 | 25.1 | 28.8 | 1.972 | 2.843 | Christianity |
Kumyk | 24.6 | 23.7 | 25.4 | 24.8 | 23.9 | 25.6 | 24.4 | 23.5 | 25.2 | 1.977 | 3.123 | Islam |
Ingush | 22.7 | 22.4 | 23.0 | 22.9 | 22.5 | 23.4 | 22.5 | 22.3 | 22.7 | 2.325 | 4.05 | Islam |
Lezgian | 25.4 | 25.2 | 25.7 | 25.0 | 25.2 | 24.8 | 25.9 | 25.2 | 26.6 | 2.045 | 3.275 | Islam |
Komi | 38.8 | 35.8 | 41.0 | 39.4 | 35.5 | 41.6 | 38.3 | 36.0 | 40.4 | 1.869 | 2.363 | Christianity |
Tuvan | 23.0 | 21.7 | 24.2 | 22.3 | 21.4 | 23.3 | 23.6 | 22.0 | 25.1 | 1.996 | 3.407 | Buddhism |
Jewish | 57.5 | 55.7 | 61.1 | 57.6 | 55.7 | 61.2 | 53.5 | 52.0 | 55.3 | 1.264 | 1.371 | Judaism |
Karachay | 29.5 | 28.3 | 30.5 | 27.6 | 26.4 | 28.9 | 30.5 | 29.5 | 31.5 | 1.86 | 2.836 | Islam |
Kalmyk | 31.3 | 29.2 | 33.3 | 28.6 | 26.3 | 31.3 | 33.9 | 32.6 | 35.1 | 1.853 | 2.625 | Buddhism |
Adyghe | 34.2 | 32.4 | 36.0 | 32.0 | 30.3 | 33.7 | 36.2 | 34.2 | 38.2 | 1.757 | 2.363 | Islam |
Permyak | 40.8 | 38.6 | 42.7 | 41.3 | 39.5 | 42.5 | 40.5 | 38.1 | 42.8 | 2.145 | 2.604 | Christianity |
Balkar | 30.1 | 29.5 | 30.7 | 29.3 | 28.8 | 29.8 | 30.9 | 30.1 | 31.9 | 1.689 | 2.624 | Islam |
Karelian | 45.7 | 42.4 | 48.6 | 44.7 | 41.3 | 47.2 | 47.0 | 43.5 | 51.2 | 1.823 | 2.108 | Christianity |
Kazakh | 30.7 | 28.4 | 32.9 | 30.1 | 27.9 | 32.4 | 31.2 | 28.8 | 33.5 | 1.872 | 2.609 | Islam |
Altay | 27.5 | 25.5 | 29.4 | 22.7 | 21.5 | 24.2 | 28.9 | 26.9 | 30.8 | 2.021 | 2.933 | Buddhism |
Cherkess | 31.2 | 30.1 | 32.3 | 29.7 | 28.3 | 30.9 | 32.1 | 31.1 | 33.3 | 1.807 | 2.607 | Islam |
Languages
Russian is the common official language throughout Russia understood by 99% of its current inhabitants and widespread in many adjacent areas of Asia and Eastern Europe. National subdivisions of Russia have additional official languages (see their respective articles). There are more than 100 languages spoken in Russia, many of which are in danger of extinction.
Religion
Over 80% of ethnic Russians identify themselves as Orthodox. Of these, approximately 2–4%[87] of the general population are integrated into church life (воцерковленные), while others attend on a less regular basis or not at all. Many non-religious ethnic Russians identify with the Orthodox faith for cultural reasons.[88] The majority of Muslims live in the Volga–Ural region and the North Caucasus, although Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and parts of Siberia also have sizable Muslim populations.[89][90]
Other branches of Christianity present in Russia include Roman Catholicism (approx. 1%), Baptists, Pentecostals, Lutherans and other Protestant churches (together totalling about 0.5% of the population) and Old Believers. There is some presence of Judaism, Buddhism, and Krishnaism, as well. Shamanism and other pagan beliefs are present to some extent in remote areas, sometimes syncretized with one of the mainstream religions.
According to the data of the 2010 Census, presented above, 88, 26% of the people who stated them ethnicity belong to traditional Christian ethnic groups, 10.90% belong to traditional Muslim ethnic groups and 0.84% belong to traditional Buddhist, Jewish and other ethnic groups.
Education
Literacy
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total literacy: 99.4% (2002)
male: 99.7%
female: 99.2%[90]
Russia's free, widespread and in-depth educational system, inherited with almost no changes from the Soviet Union, has produced nearly 100% literacy. 97% of children receive their compulsory 9-year basic or complete 11-year education in Russian. Other languages are also used in their respective republics, for instance Tatar (1%), Yakut (0.4%) etc.
About 3 million students attend Russia's 519 institutions of higher education and 48 universities. As a result of great emphasis on science and technology in education, Russian medical, mathematical, scientific, and space and aviation research is generally of a high order.[91]
Labour force
The Russian labour force is undergoing tremendous changes. Although well-educated and skilled, it is largely mismatched to the rapidly changing needs of the Russian economy. The unemployment rate in Russia was 5.3% as of 2013.[92] Unemployment is highest among women and young people. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union and the economic dislocation it engendered, the standard of living fell dramatically. However, since recovering from the 1998 economic crisis, the standard of living has been on the rise. As of 2010 about 13.1% of the population was living below the poverty line, compared to 40% in 1999.[93] The average yearly salary in Russia was $14,302 (about $23,501 PPP) as of October 2013, up from $455 per year in August 1999.[94][95][96]
According to the FMS, as of 2011, there were 7,000,000 immigrants working in Russia. Half of these were from Ukraine, while the remainder was mostly from Central Asia. Only 3 million or less than half of all the immigrants are legal. Illegal immigrants number 4 million, mostly from Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Moldova.[41] The Census usually covers only a part of this population and the last one (2002 Census) counted one million non-citizens.
Population of main cities
| |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Name | Federal subject | Pop. | Rank | Name | Federal subject | Pop. | ||
Moscow Saint Petersburg |
1 | Moscow | Moscow | 12,100,000 | 11 | Ufa | Bashkortostan | 1,090,000 | Novosibirsk Yekaterinburg |
2 | Saint Petersburg | Saint Petersburg | 5,190,000 | 12 | Krasnoyarsk | Krasnoyarsk Krai | 1,050,000 | ||
3 | Novosibirsk | Novosibirsk Oblast | 1,560,000 | 13 | Perm | Perm Krai | 1,030,000 | ||
4 | Yekaterinburg | Sverdlovsk Oblast | 1,420,000 | 14 | Voronezh | Voronezh Oblast | 1,000,496 | ||
5 | Nizhny Novgorod | Nizhny Novgorod Oblast | 1,250,000 | 15 | Volgograd | Volgograd Oblast | 1,000,000 | ||
6 | Kazan | Tatarstan | 1,200,000 | 16 | Saratov | Saratov Oblast | 840,000 | ||
7 | Chelyabinsk | Chelyabinsk Oblast | 1,180,000 | 17 | Krasnodar | Krasnodar Krai | 800,000 | ||
8 | Samara | Samara Oblast | 1,170,000 | 18 | Tolyatti | Samara Oblast | 710,000 | ||
9 | Omsk | Omsk Oblast | 1,170,000 | 19 | Izhevsk | Udmurtia | 640,000 | ||
10 | Rostov-na-Donu | Rostov Oblast | 1,100,000 | 20 | Ulyanovsk | Ulyanovsk Oblast | 615,000 |
Rural life
Rural life in Russia is distinct from many other nations. Russia is one of few nations that have small towns hundreds of kilometres from major population centres. Relatively few Russian people live in villages—rural population accounted for 26% of the total population according to the 2010 Russian Census. Some people own or rent village houses and use them as dachas (summer houses).
See also
- Demographics of Siberia
- Demography of Central Asia
- Health in Russia
- Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East
- Russian cross
Soviet Union:
- Demographics of the Soviet Union
- Tax on childlessness, Soviet era policy
Census information:
References
- ↑ Population data since 1992 from Russian Federal Service of State Statistics (Rosstat)
- ↑ http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/prpopul2015.xls
- ↑ http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/prPopul2015.xls
- ↑ http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2014/demo/tab12_2014.xls
- ↑ http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2014/demo/tab12_2014.xls
- ↑ http://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/547c6fe1cbb20f4a9df08559
- ↑ http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2014/demo/tab12_2014.xls
- ↑ Statistics on the Total Population in Russia, 2002–2012, International Monetary Fund, retrieved on 1 August 2012.
- ↑ http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/prpopul2015.xls
- ↑ http://nypost.com/2014/03/27/un-russias-annexation-of-crimea-is-illegal/
- ↑ http://knoema.com/atlas/Ukraine/Autonomous-Republic-of-Crimea/topics/Demography/Population/Total-Population
- ↑ http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68936
- ↑ The mood of Russia: Time to shove off, The Economist, 10 September 2011.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 2009 demographic figures Rosstat Retrieved on 18 February 2010
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Russia sees first population increase in 15 years BBC Retrieved on 18 February 2009
- ↑ "Russian population rises by 292,400 in 2012 – Rosstat. | HighBeam Business: Arrive Prepared". Business.highbeam.com. 19 February 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Russian Birth Rate above Regional Average, Euromonitor International, retrieved on 26 March 2013.
- ↑ Демография
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 ВПН-2010
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Более восьми тысяч деревень исчезли с карты России — Татьяна Смольякова — Российская газета". Rg.ru. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
- ↑ Russian death rates 1950–2008, Demoscope.ru, Retrieved on 29 May 2009
- ↑ Russian birth rates 1950–2008, Demoscope.ru, Retrieved on 29 May 2009
- ↑ Steven Eke (23 June 2005 2007). "Russia's population falling fast". BBC News. Retrieved 15 March 2008. Check date values in:
|date=
(help) - ↑ United Nations ECOSOC,http://esa.un.org/unpp/ World Population Prospects: the 2008 Revision Population Database, Medium variant.
- ↑ Rosstat Retrieved 16 March 2010
- ↑ Da Russophile: Faces of the Future Retrieved 16 March 2010
- ↑ Russian policies ignite unprecedented birth rate in 2007 The Economic Times 21 March 2008
- ↑ CIA Factbook – USA Retrieved on 27 March 2010
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Mass privatisation and the post-communist mortality crisis: a cross-national analysis The Lancet Retrieved on 02-12-09
- ↑ Ex-communist reform – Mass murder and the market The Economist Retrieved on 02-12-09
- ↑ "WHO Life Expectancy Projections 2000 – ministry". World Health Organisation. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
- ↑ Burlington Free Press, 26 June 2009, page 2A, "Study blames alcohol for half Russian deaths"
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Смертность в России сквозь призму приватизации (Russian)
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Childless Russian families to pay taxes for their social inaction," http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/15-09-2006/84467-childless-0 (accessed 3 January 2010.)
- ↑ "Vladimir Putin's State-of-the-Nation Address". Mosnews.com. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Newsru, Население России за пять лет уменьшилось на 3,2 миллиона до 142 миллионов человек, 19.Oct.2007 Retrieved same date
- ↑ In Russia the first time in 15 years recorded population growth Retrieved on 09-09-30
- ↑ Tom Parfitt in Moscow (21 April 2011). "Vladimir Putin pledges to spend £32bn on increasing Russian life expectancy, World news". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 14 May 2011.
- ↑ RIA Novosti, 14 July 2006 http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20060714/51327247.html
- ↑ RIA Novosti, 20 August 2012, http://en.ria.ru/society/20120820/175324629.html
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Новости NEWSru.com :: ФМС: в РФ нелегально работают 3 млн трудовых мигрантов, остальные 4 млн "халтурят" с налогами". Newsru.com. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
- ↑ "Russia reports surge in illegal migration from Asia". Indian Express. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ↑ "Migration law violators to be banned from entering Russia – Putin". Russia Today. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ↑ "Illegal immigrants can be barred from Russia for 5–10 years". The Voice of Russia. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ↑ "Russia closed for immigration?". Russia. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ↑ "The Backlash Against Immigration in Russia". Newsweek. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ↑ "Some 500 illegal immigrants from Vietnam arrested in Moscow". RIA Novosti. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ↑ "Russian Emigration Spikes in 2013-2014". thediplomat.org, Reuters. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ↑ "Сообщение Росстата". Perepis-2010.ru. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
- ↑ "[Russia Profile;". CIA.gov>. Retrieved 2 Dec 2014.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Age structure of the Russian population as of 1 January 2009 Rosstat Retrieved on 8 October 2009
- ↑ 2010 Rosstat overview Retrieved on 17 February 2011
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 E.Andreev, L.Darski, T. Kharkova "Histoire démographique de la Russie. 1927–1959"
- ↑ "Goskomstat". Goskomstat. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 Демография::Федеральная служба государственной статистики
- ↑ "Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики". Gks.ru. 8 May 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
- ↑
- ↑ Число прерываний беременности::Единая межведомственная информационно-статистическая система
- ↑ Russia's Demographic "Crisis" 1996 RAND, page 13-18, Retrieved on 3 March 2009, ISBN 0-8330-2446-9
- ↑ "The World Factbook 2009". Washington DC: Central Intelligence Agency. 2009. Retrieved 7 December 9. Check date values in:
|accessdate=
(help) - ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 "Rosstat TFR database". Gks.ru. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2012/wo-man12.rar
- ↑ Fertility Rate Statistics, Demoscope.ru, Retrieved on 10 September 2009
- ↑ http://www.stat-nkr.am/files/yearbooks/2004_2010/5_bnakchut.pdf
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_05.pdf
- ↑ "Life expectancy of the Russian Federation since 1950". Demoscope.ru. 26 April 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
- ↑ Life Expectancy of the Russian Federation since 1992 Retrieved on 29 May 2008
- ↑ http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1614450
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 Россия побила свой рекорд по продолжительности жизни женщин - 76,5 лет | РИА Новости
- ↑ Luke Harding: No country for old men The Guardian, 11 February 2008
- ↑ 71.0 71.1 "Ожидаемая продолжительность жизни россиян выросла на 3,7 года в 2011г – Голикова". Perepis-2010.ru. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
- ↑ http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msbgsruprofiles.pdf
- ↑ Yeltsin: healthier than the average Russian: Poverty, pollution and drink has slashed life expectancy, writes Phil Reeves The Independent, 29 September 1996
- ↑ A Country Study: Soviet Union (Former) Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Edited by Raymond E. Zickel 1989. Chapter 3 – Population – Vital Statistics
- ↑ UNICEF Rate of Progress Index UNICEF Retrieved on 27 December 2009
- ↑ Vishnevsky, Anatoly G. (2009). "National Human Development Report: Russian Federation 2008: Russia Facing Demographic Challenges" (PDF). Moscow: UNDP Russia. p. 48. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
In the 1980s only 8-10% of married women of reproductive age in Russia used hormonal and intrauterine contraception, compared with 20-40% in developed countries.
- ↑ 77.0 77.1 National Human Development Report Russian Federation 2008, UNDP,pages 47–49, Retrieved on 10 October 2009
- ↑ "Владивосток: В России стало больше русских". Perepis-2010.ru. 20 December 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
- ↑ "Перепись-2010: русских становится больше". Perepis-2010.ru. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
- ↑ "СОСТАВ ГРУППЫ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ "ЛИЦА, УКАЗАВШИЕ ДРУГИЕ ОТВЕТЫ О НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ПРИНАДЛЕЖНОСТИ" ПО СУБЪЕКТАМ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ"".
- ↑ "Приложение Демоскопа Weekly". Demoscope.ru. 15 January 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
- ↑ Central Asia: Labor Migrants Face Abuse, Xenophobia Retrieved on 15 March 2008
- ↑ "Новости NEWSru.com :: ФМС: в РФ нелегально работают 3 млн трудовых мигрантов, остальные 4 млн "халтурят" с налогами". Newsru.com. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
- ↑ Национальный состав международных мигрантов
- ↑ 2002 Russian census, Женщины наиболее многочисленных национальностей по возрастным группам и числу рожденных детей по субъектам Российской Федерации
- ↑ 2002 Russian census, Население отдельных национальностей по возрастным группам и полу по субъектам Российской Федерации
- ↑ "Русская линия / Библиотека периодической печати / Как пишутся страшные сказки о Церкви". Rusk.ru. 31 August 2005. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
- ↑ in Russian:Социология религии
- ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2007 Retrieved on 29 March 2008
- ↑ 90.0 90.1 Russia CIA World Factbook CIA World Factbook updated 6 March 2008
- ↑ "Russia country guide – EUbusiness.com – business, legal and financial news and information from the European Union". Eubusiness.com. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
- ↑ "Russia Capital Investment Falls 1.6% in September - Rosstat". The Wall Street Journal.
- ↑ Russia Population below poverty line - Economy
- ↑ Russians weigh an enigma with Putin’s protégé MSNBC Retrieved on 29 March 2009
- ↑ "Putin's Economy—Eight Years On". russiaprofile.org. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
- ↑ GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) | Data | Table
- ↑ Cities with over 1 million population Rosstat
- ↑ Cities with population between 500,000 and 1 million Rosstat
Further reading
- Gavrilova N.S., Gavrilov L.A. Aging Populations: Russia/Eastern Europe. In: P. Uhlenberg (Editor), International Handbook of the Demography of Aging, New York: Springer-Verlag, 2009, pp. 113–131.
- Gavrilova N.S., Semyonova V.G., Dubrovina E., Evdokushkina G.N., Ivanova A.E., Gavrilov L.A. Russian Mortality Crisis and the Quality of Vital Statistics. Population Research and Policy Review, 2008, 27: 551–574.
- Gavrilova, N.S., Gavrilov, L.A., Semyonova, V.G., Evdokushkina, G.N., Ivanova, A.E. 2005. Patterns of violent crime in Russia. In: Pridemore, W.A. (ed.). Ruling Russia: Law, Crime, and Justice in a Changing Society. Boulder, CO: Rowman & Littlefield Publ., Inc, 117–145
- Gavrilova, N.S., Semyonova, V.G., Evdokushkina G.N., Gavrilov, L.A. The response of violent mortality to economic crisis in Russia. Population Research and Policy Review, 2000, 19: 397–419.
External links
- Igor Beloborodov, Demographic situation in Russia in 1992–2010 (report at the Moscow Demographic Summit — June 2011)
- Nicholas Eberstadt, Russia’s Peacetime Demographic Crisis: Dimensions, Causes, Implications (National Bureau of Asian Research Project Report, May 2010)
- Edited by Julie DaVanzo, Gwen Farnsworth Russia's Demographic "Crisis" 1996 RAND ISBN 0-8330-2446-9
- Jessica Griffith The Regional Consequences of Russia’s Demographic Crisis University of Leicester
- Results of population policy and current demographic situation (2008)
- Interactive statistics for all countries, site of United States Census Bureau.
- 2009 World Population Data Sheet by the Population Reference Bureau
- Population density and distribution maps (text is in Russian; the topmost map shows population density based on 1996 data)
- Ethnic groups of Russia
- Problems with mortality data in Russia
- V. Borisov “Demographic situation in Russia and the role of mortality in reproduction of population”, 2005 (in English)
- Russian Empire:
- (Russian) В погоне за малыми, an article about treatment of minorities in the Russian Empire, Kommersant-Money, 25 October 2005
- Choice between mass migration and birth rate increase as possible solutions of depopulation problem in Russia (in Russian)
- Build Russian population graph 1960 - 2013 (World Bank data)
- Build Russian population projection graph till 2100 (United Nation data)
- Build Russian life expectancy at birth graph 1950 - 2013 (United Nation data)
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