Death of Eric Garner

Death of Eric Garner

Facebook profile photo of Eric Garner
Date July 17, 2014
approx. 3:30-4:45 p.m. (EST)
Location 202 Bay Street, Staten Island, New York, U.S.
Coordinates Location of event: 40°38′14″N 74°04′36″W / 40.637147°N 74.076574°W
Cause Compression of neck (choke hold), compression of chest and prone positioning during physical restraint by police[1][2][3][4]
First reporter Daily News (New York)
Filmed by Ramsey Orta[5]
Participants Daniel Pantaleo and Justin Damico (New York City Police Department (NYPD) officers)
Outcome No indictment of Pantaleo[6][7]
Deaths 1
Litigation $75 million lawsuit filed by Garner's family against New York City, the NYPD, and six NYPD officers[8]

On July 17, 2014, Eric Garner died in Staten Island, New York City, after a police officer put him in a chokehold for 15[9] seconds. The New York City Medical Examiner's Office concluded that Garner died partly as a result of the chokehold.[5][10][11][12] New York City Police Department (NYPD) policy prohibits the use of chokeholds,[13] and the Patrolmen's Benevolent Association (PBA), a NYPD police union, said that the officer did not use a chokehold.[14]

NYPD officers approached Garner on suspicion of selling "loosies" (single cigarettes) from packs without tax stamps. After Garner told the police that he was tired of being harassed and that he was not selling cigarettes, the officers went to arrest Garner.[15] When officer Daniel Pantaleo took Garner's wrist behind his back, Garner swatted his arms away.[16] Pantaleo then put his arm around Garner's neck and pulled him backwards and down onto the ground.[17] After Pantaleo removed his arm from Garner's neck, he pushed Garner's face into the ground[18][19] while four officers moved to restrain Garner, who repeated "I can't breathe" eleven times while lying facedown on the sidewalk.[7][20][21] After Garner lost consciousness, officers turned him onto his side to ease his breathing.[22] Garner remained lying on the sidewalk for seven minutes while the officers waited for an ambulance to arrive.[23] The officers and EMTs did not perform CPR on Garner at the scene; according to a spokesman for the PBA, this was because they believed that Garner was breathing and that it would be improper to perform CPR on someone who was still breathing.[24][25] He was pronounced dead on arrival at the hospital approximately one hour later.[26][27]

Medical examiners concluded that Garner was killed by "compression of neck (choke hold), compression of chest and prone positioning during physical restraint by police",[1][2][28] though no damage to his windpipe or neck bones was found.[29] The medical examiner ruled Garner's death a homicide. According to the medical examiner's definition, a homicide is a death caused by the intentional actions of another person or persons, which is not necessarily an intentional death or a criminal death.[30]

On December 3, 2014, a grand jury decided not to indict Pantaleo.[31] The event stirred public protests[32] and rallies[33] with charges of police brutality. As of December 28, 2014, at least 50 demonstrations had been held nationwide specifically for Garner while hundreds of demonstrations against general police brutality counted Garner as a focal point.[34] The Justice Department announced an independent federal investigation.[17]

Background

Eric Garner

Eric Garner (September 15, 1970 – July 17, 2014) was a 350-pound (160 kg), 43-year-old, 6'3" (1.91 m) tall, African American man[35][36] who was formerly employed as a horticulturist at the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, but quit due to health reasons.[17] Garner, who was married to Esaw Garner,[37] had been described by his friends as a "neighborhood peacemaker" and as a generous, congenial person.[38] Garner was the father of six children and three grandchildren;[39] at the time of his death, he had a three-month-old child.[40]

Garner had been arrested by the NYPD thirty times since 1980 on charges such as assault, resisting arrest, and grand larceny. An official said the arrests include multiple incidents in which he was arrested for allegedly selling unlicensed cigarettes.[41][42][43] In 2007, Garner filed a handwritten complaint[44] in federal court accusing a police officer of conducting a cavity search of him on the street, "digging his fingers in my rectum in the middle of the street" while people passed by.[39] Garner had, according to the New York Times, "recently … told lawyers at Legal Aid that he intended to take all the cases against him to trial".[39] At the time of the incident, Garner was out on bail for selling untaxed cigarettes, driving without a license, marijuana possession, and false impersonation.[45]

Daniel Pantaleo

Daniel Pantaleo[46] is a New York City Police Department officer who was, at the time of Garner's death, age 29 and living in Eltingville, Staten Island.[47] Pantaleo's father was a New York City Fire Department firefighter, and his uncle was an NYPD officer. He graduated from Monsignor Farrell High School and received a bachelor's degree from the College of Staten Island. He joined the NYPD in 2006.[48] Pantaleo was the subject of two civil rights lawsuits in 2013 where plaintiffs accused Pantaleo of falsely arresting them and abusing them. In one of the cases, Pantaleo and other officers allegedly ordered two black men to strip naked on the street for a search and the charges against the men were dismissed.[49][50][51][52]

Death

On July 17, 2014, at 4:45 p.m., Eric Garner was approached by a plainclothes police officer, Justin Damico, in front of a beauty supply store at 202 Bay Street in the Tompkinsville neighborhood in Staten Island. According to bystanders, including Ramsey Orta, a friend of Garner's who videotaped the incident,[5][53] Garner had broken up a fight just prior to his death, which may have drawn Orta's and Officer Daniel Pantaleo's attention to him.[54] After telling the police officers, "Get away [garbled] for what? Every time you see me, you want to mess with me. I'm tired of it. It stops today. Why would you...? Everyone standing here will tell you I didn't do nothing. I did not sell nothing. Because everytime you see me, you want to harass me. You want to stop me [garbled] selling cigarettes. I'm minding my business, officer, I'm minding my business. Please just leave me alone. I told you the last time, please just leave me alone."[55]

When Pantaleo approached Garner from behind and attempted to handcuff him, Garner swatted his arms away, saying "Don't touch me, please."[16] Pantaleo then put Garner in a chokehold from behind, and pulled backwards in an attempt to bring Garner to the ground. As Garner was brought to the ground, the police and Garner slammed into a glass window, though the window did not break. As Garner was being brought to the ground, other uniformed officers surrounded him. For a few moments, Garner went to his knees and forearms and did not say anything. At that point, three uniformed officers and the two plainclothes officers had surrounded him. After a few seconds, the video showed Pantaleo had removed his arm from around Garner's neck; Pantaleo then used his hands to push Garner's face[18][19] into the sidewalk.[56] Garner is heard saying "I can't breathe" multiple times while lying facedown on the sidewalk.[7][20][21] The arrest was supervised by a female African American NYPD sergeant, Kizzy Adoni, who did not intercede.[57] Adoni was quoted in the original police report as stating, "The perpetrator's condition did not seem serious and he did not appear to get worse."[58][59]

Garner lay motionless, handcuffed, and unresponsive for several minutes before an ambulance arrived, as shown in a second video.[33][60] Other than one officer who told the then-unconscious Garner to "breathe in, breathe out", the police made no attempt to resuscitate Garner.[23] The police defended their decision to not perform CPR on Garner because they stated that he was still breathing and that it would have been improper to do CPR on someone who was breathing on his own.[61] When an ambulance eventually arrived on scene, two medics and two EMTs inside the ambulance did not administer any emergency medical aid[62] or promptly place him on a stretcher.[62] According to police, Garner had a heart attack while being transported to Richmond University Medical Center.[63] He was pronounced dead on arrival at the hospital one hour later.[64]

A funeral was held for Garner on July 23, 2014, at Bethel Baptist Church in Brooklyn. At the funeral, Al Sharpton gave a speech calling for harsher punitive measures to be taken against the officers responsible for the incident.[65]

Aftermath

Investigation

On July 20, the officer who grabbed Garner by the neck, Daniel Pantaleo,[56] was put on desk duty and stripped of his service handgun and badge.[66] Officer Justin Damico was allowed to keep his badge and handgun but was also placed on desk duty.[67] Four of the EMTs and paramedics that took Garner to the hospital were suspended on July 21,[56] The two paramedics have since been returned to their duties. The remaining two EMTs are doing non-medical work at the hospital pending the Richmond University Medical Center's own investigation into the incident.[68][69]

Three weeks after recording his friend's arrest on his cell phone, Ramsey Orta was arrested on weapons charges.[5] Al Sharpton made a statement that prosecuting Orta while also calling him as a witness could constitute a conflict of interest.[5] After prosecutors questioned whether the money raised for his bail was crowd-sourced legally, Orta was released from jail on bail on April 10, 2015 .[70][71]

On August 1, Garner's death was found by the New York City Medical Examiner's Office to be a result of "compression of neck (chokehold), compression of chest and prone positioning during physical restraint by police."[2] Asthma, heart disease, and obesity were cited as contributing factors.[72] There was no damage to the windpipe or neckbones.[29] On August 1, the medical examiner's spokesperson, Julie Bolcer, announced that Garner's death has been ruled a homicide.[73] As of December 3, 2014 the United States Department of Justice launched further investigation towards the death.[74]

First wave of protests

Al Sharpton organized a protest in Staten Island on the afternoon of July 19, and condemned the police's use of the chokehold on Garner, saying that "there is no justification" for it.[75]

On July 29, a protest organized by WalkRunFly Productions and poet Daniel J. Watts was held in Times Square. The protest was in the form of poetry and many Broadway entertainers participated in the event.[76] Al Sharpton originally planned to lead a protest on August 23 in which participants would drive over the Verrazano–Narrows Bridge, then travel to the site of the altercation and the office of District Attorney Daniel M. Donovan, Jr.[77] This idea was scrapped in favor of Sharpton leading a march along Bay Street in Staten Island, where Garner died; police estimated that over 2,500 people participated in the march.[78][79]

Grand jury

On August 19, Staten Island District Attorney Daniel M. Donovan, Jr. announced that the case against Pantaleo would go to a grand jury, saying that after considering the medical examiner's findings, his office decided "it is appropriate to present evidence regarding circumstances of his death to a Richmond County Grand Jury."[80] On September 29, the grand jury began hearing evidence in the Garner case.[80] The 23-member panel was made up of fourteen white members and nine non-white members, at least five of whom were black.[80] On November 21, Pantaleo testified before the Garner grand jury for about two hours, giving his account of Garner's death.[80] After having the case for two months, a grand jury decided not to indict Pantaleo on December 3.[80] A Staten Island Judge recused himself from hearing on whether to release transcript grand jury proceedings in the case.[81]

Reaction to grand jury

Public

Al Sharpton and Eric Garner's wife, Esaw Garner (right), at a protest in Staten Island on July 19, 2014.
Chicago protesters protesting the Staten Island grand jury's decision, December 4, 2014

After the Staten Island grand jury decided not to indict Pantaleo on December 3, people in New York City and San Francisco gathered in protest, demonstrating with several die-ins.[82][83] On December 5, thousands gathered in protest on the Boston Common in Boston, and then marched around the downtown area, blocking traffic, especially on I-90, in addition to staging "die-ins".[84] Protests also occurred in Chicago, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Minneapolis, and Atlanta.[85][86] At least 300 people were arrested at the New York City protests on December 4 and 5, most of them for charges of disorderly conduct or refusal to clear the streets, but two for assault on a police officer.[87][88] On December 6, 300 protesters marched in Berkeley, California as well.[89][90] On December 10, 76 protesters were arrested at Westfield shopping centre in Shepherd's Bush in west London, England, during a rally to show solidarity with rallies in the United States.[91] Protesters have made use of Garner's last words, "I can't breathe", as a slogan and chant against police brutality since Garner's death and Officer Pantaleo's grand jury decision.[92][93]

Counter protests have also been launched in support of police and the NYPD specifically. On December 19, during a New York City protest about the grand jury decision, supporters of the NYPD held a counter-demonstration, wearing shirts with the phrase, "I can breathe, thanks to the NYPD", on them, holding signs with phrases like "Bluelivesmatter", and chanting, "Don't resist arrest".[94][95]

On December 20, two NYPD officers were killed in an ambush in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. The suspected gunman, Ismaaiyl Brinsley, "declared his intention on his Instagram account to kill police officers as retribution for the recent police killings of Michael Brown and Eric Garner".[96] The suspect, who has a long criminal record, then entered the New York City Subway and committed suicide.[97][98][99]

Police

As a result of Eric Garner's death, Police Commissioner William Bratton ordered an extensive review of the NYPD's training procedures, specifically focusing on the appropriate amount of force that can be used while detaining a suspect.[100] However, the $35 million retraining efforts were ineffective and considered a "waste of time" according to an unnamed NYPD official quoted in the New York Post.[101] Patrick Lynch, leader of the police union Patrolmen's Benevolent Association, challenged the claim that a chokehold was used, further stating that the union would be able to find many use-of-force experts who would also challenge the claim that a chokehold was used.[102] Lynch also attributed Garner's death to resisting arrest and, "a lack of the respect for law enforcement, resulting from the slanderous, insulting, and unjust manner in which police officers are being portrayed." [103][104] Edward D. Mullins, the head of the union representing police sergeants, called on members not to slow down police response across the city by supervising every arrest. He also commented saying that the use of the term "chokehold" by the chief medical examiner's office was political.[102] Police union officials and Pantaleo's lawyer argued that Pantaleo did not use the chokehold, but instead used a NYPD-taught takedown move because Garner was resisting arrest.[105]

An Indiana police officer sold T-shirts saying "Breathe Easy. Don't Break the Law."[106] A veteran San Jose Police Officer, Phillip White, tweeted: "Threaten me or my family and I will use my God given and law appointed right and duty to kill you. #CopsLivesMatter", which sparked controversy.[107]

Family

In an interview with CNN, Eric's daughter Erica felt that it was pride and not racism that led to the officer choking her father. She continued: "It was about the officer's pride. It was about my father being 6'4" and 350 pounds and he wants to be the top cop that brings a man down."[108]

Erica held a vigil and "die-in" on December 11 on Staten Island in memory of her father, near where Eric Garner died.[109] On her twitter she vowed to continue to lead protests in Staten island twice a week, lying down in the spot where her father collapsed and died.[110][111]

One of Garner's daughters, Emerald Snipes, created a fund for his kids for Christmas as Garner used to play Santa Claus.[112] Garner's daughters Erica and Emerald, his wife Esaw, and his stepfather Ben Carr all went to the Justice for All March in Washington, DC.[113]

Esaw Garner said in response to whether she accepted Pantaleo's condolences, "The time for remorse would have been when my husband was yelling to breathe." She went on: "No, I don't accept his apology. No, I could care less about his condolences ... He's still working. He's still getting a paycheck. He's still feeding his kids, when my husband is six feet under and I'm looking for a way to feed my kids now."[114]

Eric's mother, Gwenn Carr, expressed surprise and disappointment with the grand jury decision.[114][115]

Politicians

New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio called Garner's death a "terrible tragedy".[116] De Blasio, at a July 31 roundtable meeting in response to the death, convened with police officers and political activists, called upon mutual respect and understanding. On August 1, in a statement, the mayor urged all parties involved to create a dialogue, and find a path "to heal the wounds from decades of mistrust and create a culture where the police department and the communities they protect respect each other".[117][118] New York Governor Andrew Cuomo said that New York State should consider appointing a special prosecutor to handle cases of alleged police brutality. He told CNN: "We have a problem. Let's acknowledge it."[119]

U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder said that the Department of Justice was "closely monitoring" investigations into Garner's death.[120]

Two U.S. Presidents have expressed thoughts about Garner's death. Barack Obama addressed the grand jury's decision by making a speech, stating that Garner's death and the legal outcome of it is an "American problem".[121] Obama also reacted by saying that Mr. Garner's death "speaks to the larger issues" of trust between police and civilians.[122] Former U.S. President George W. Bush said he found the verdict "hard to understand" and "very sad" in an interview.[123]

Peter King, a U.S. Representative for New York, however, stated that if Eric Garner had been healthier, he would not have died after a police officer placed him in a chokehold. "If he had not had asthma, and a heart condition, and was so obese, almost definitely he would not have died from this." King added that there "was not a hint" that anyone used any racial epithets, and that if Garner were a "350-pound white guy, he would have been treated the same."[124]

Athletes

After the grand jury declined to indict Pantaleo, professional athletes such as NFL players Reggie Bush, Ryan Davis, Cecil Shorts III, Marquise Lee, Ace Sanders and Allen Hurns;[125] and NBA players LeBron James, Kobe Bryant and the Los Angeles Lakers, Kyrie Irving, and Deron Williams, wore T-shirts bearing the phrase "I can't breathe" during pregame warmups.[126][127][128] The Phoenix Suns also wore the shirts.[129] President Obama and attorney general Holder applauded James for wearing the shirt.[130][131]

The Georgetown University men's basketball team wore "I can't breathe" shirts,[132] as well as the Notre Dame Women's Basketball team.[133]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Death of Eric Garner.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/02/nyregion/staten-island-man-died-from-officers-chokehold-autopsy-finds.html
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nathan, Giri (1 August 2014). "Eric Garner Died from Chokehold While in Police Custody". Time. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  3. ↑ "Medical Examiner Rules Eric Garner's Death a Homicide, Says He Was Killed By Chokehold". NBC New York. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  4. ↑ "Autopsy: Police chokehold caused NYC man's death". The Big Story. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Goodman, J. David. "Man Who Filmed Fatal Police Chokehold Is Arrested on Weapons Charges: After Recording Eric Garner Chokehold, Ramsey Orta Gets Charged With Gun Possession," New York Times (Aug 3, 2014).
  6. ↑ Sanchez, Ray; Debucquoy-Dodley, Dominique (December 3, 2014). "N.Y. cop not indicted in choke hold death". CNN.com. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Eversley, Melanie (3 December 2014). "Lawyer: Cop in chokehold case won't be charged". USA Today. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  8. ↑ $75 million suit over NYC chokehold death planned, Associated Press, October 7, 2014.
  9. ↑ "Did the NYPD Let Eric Garner Die? Video Shows Police Ignored Pleas to Help Him After Chokehold". Democracy Now. December 5, 2014. at 19 minutes 3 seconds in video. Retrieved March 18, 2015. Officer Daniel Pantaleo chokes Garner for 15 seconds ..." from http://www.democracynow.org/2014/12/5/did_the_nypd_let_eric_garner
  10. ↑ "Eric Garner death: US orders civil rights inquiry". BBC. December 4, 2014.
  11. ↑ "Eric Garner death: Fresh protests across US cities". BBC. December 5, 2014.
  12. ↑ "Eric Garner: No charges in NY chokehold case". BBC. December 3, 2014.
  13. ↑ "How will NYPD respond to the Eric Garner grand jury verdict?". YouTube.
  14. ↑ Los Angeles Times (December 9, 2014). "Police wrestle with definition of chokehold". latimes.com.
  15. ↑ "Two cops pulled off streets, Staten Island DA looking into death of dad of six after NYPD cop put him in chokehold during sidewalk takedown". New York Daily News (New York). July 18, 2014. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 NYPD Strips Badge, Gun From Cop Involved In Fatal Chokehold, Gothamist, July 20, 2014.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "Man's Death After Chokehold Raises Old Issue for the Police". The New York Times. July 19, 2014.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Ex-NYPD Trials Chief: Need Special Prosecutor for Cases Like ‘Garner’ By RICHARD STEIER. The Chief Civil Service Leader. Dec 11, 2014.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Eric Garner deserves justice By Mel Robbins. CNN. December 8, 2014
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Chokehold Cop Is 'Eagle Scout' Blameless In Eric Garner's Death, NYPD Union President Says". The Huffington Post. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Staten Island man dies after NYPD cop puts him in chokehold". New York Daily News. July 17, 2014. Archived from the original on July 19, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  22. ↑ http://www.cbsnews.com/news/second-tape-of-nypd-chokehold-raises-new-questions-in-eric-garner-case/
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Cop Who Choked Garner Stripped of Badge and Gun -- NYMag". Daily Intelligencer.
  24. ↑ PBA Blasts "Anti-Police Rhetoric" After Eric Garner Death. YouTube. August 5, 2014.
  25. ↑ Susanna Capelouto, CNN (December 4, 2014). "Videos document Garner's last moments". CNN.
  26. ↑ "Transcript: Mayor de Blasio Holds Media Availability With Police Commissioner Bratton On The Death Of Eric Garner". Nyc.gov. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  27. ↑ "I can't breathe". The Courier Journal. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  28. ↑ "Autopsy: Police chokehold caused NYC man's death". The Big Story.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Man in chokehold had no throat damage". The New York Post. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  30. ↑ Calabresi, Massimo (4 December 2014). "Why a Medical Examiner Called Eric Garner’s Death a ‘Homicide’". Time. Time Inc. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  31. ↑ Eversley, Melanie (December 3, 2014). "Lawyer: No charges in NYC chokehold death; federal inquiry launched". USA Today. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
  32. ↑ Associated Press (July 23, 2014). "'When does your morality kick in': Al Sharpton demands justice in defiant speech against NYPD at funeral of father who died after officer put him choke hold". Mail Online.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Niraj Chokshi (July 19, 2014). "New video purports to show aftermath of the chokehold that led to Eric Garner’s death". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
  34. ↑ "2014 Black Lives Matter Demonstrations". Elephrame. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  35. ↑ Sullivan, C. (July 18, 2014). "Man dies after suffering heart attack during arrest". New York Post (New York City: Jesse Angelo). Retrieved August 10, 2014.
  36. ↑ Goodman, David (August 4, 2014). "Difficult Decisions Ahead in Responding to Police Chokehold Homicide". The New York Times (New York City: Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.). Retrieved August 10, 2014.
  37. ↑ "Eric Garner, who died after NYPD chokehold, laid to rest". NY Daily News.
  38. ↑ Blidner, Rachelle (July 21, 2014). "Friends: Man in NYC chokehold case 'gentle giant'". Yahoo! News. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Joseph Goldstein; Nate Schweber (July 18, 2014). "Man’s Death After Chokehold Raises Old Issue for the Police". The New York Times.
  40. ↑ ""He was a great dad," says family of man who died while being arrested in Tompkinsville". SILive.com.
  41. ↑ Rebecca Davis O'Brien, Michael Howard Saul and Pervaiz Shallwani (December 4, 2014). "New York City Police Officer Won’t Face Criminal Charges in Eric Garner Death". WSJ. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
  42. ↑ Donnelly, Frank. "Misdemeanor cases over alleged untaxed cigarettes preceded fatal police incident with Eric Garner". Retrieved August 8, 2014.
  43. ↑ DeNinno, Nadine. "Eric Garner Died After NYPD Put Him In A Chokehold, Slammed His Head On Ground During Arrest [VIDEO]". International Business Times. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  44. ↑ "Garner v. Owens, City of New York, NYPD - USDC SDNY (07 CV 11513)".
  45. ↑ "Misdemeanor cases over alleged untaxed cigarettes preceded fatal police incident with Eric Garner". SILive.com.
  46. ↑ Ray Sanchez and Shimon Prokupecz, CNN (December 3, 2014). "N.Y. cop not indicted in chokehold death - CNN.com". CNN.
  47. ↑ Prendergast, Daniel; Schram, Jamie. Officer in chokehold arrest receives death threats online, New York Post, July 22, 2014.
  48. ↑ Eric Garner case: Cop 'model officer,' supporters say, CNN, December 5, 2014.
  49. ↑ "CNN: Anderson Cooper 360 Degrees transcript Dec. 1, 2014". CNN. December 1, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
  50. ↑ Jonsson, Patrik. NYPD Officer Daniel Pantaleo Stripped Of Gun, Badge After Chokehold Death, Huffington Post, 19 July 2014.
  51. ↑ Jonsson, Patrik. Eric Garner ruled victim of chokehold ‘homicide’: Should a grand jury indict?, Christian Science Monitor, August 2, 2014.
  52. ↑ Kevin McCoy, USA TODAY (December 4, 2014). "Choke-hold cop sued in prior misconduct cases".
  53. ↑ A Grand Jury Did Indict One Person Involved In Eric Garner's Killing -- The Man Who Filmed It, Nick Wing, Huffington Post, December 3, 2014
  54. ↑ "Eric Garner was killed by more than just a chokehold". MSNBC.
  55. ↑ Susanna Capelouto, CNN (December 4, 2014). "Eric Garner's haunting last words - CNN.com". CNN.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 "Behind the Eric Garner Video of a Deadly Confrontation With Police", Time, 31 July 2014
  57. ↑ Dorsey, Cheryl. "Watching Eric Garner Die". Retrieved December 21, 2014.
  58. ↑ Cashill, Jack (December 8, 2014). "Sgt. Kizzy Adoni, Meet Sgt. Stacey Koon". Retrieved December 21, 2014.
  59. ↑ "EXCLUSIVE: Police report in Eric Garner’s death conflicts with videos - New York's PIX11 / WPIX-TV". New York's PIX11 / WPIX-TV.
  60. ↑ Koeske, Zack (July 19, 2014). cops_dug_through_garners_pocke.html "New video shows Eric Garner motionless on ground as police wait for EMS". Staten Island Advance. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  61. ↑ "Staten Islander Eric Garner's Death - Panel Discussion on NY1". YouTube. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 "4 EMS workers barred from duty after chokehold death". New York Post.
  63. ↑ Bloom, Deborah E.; Imam, Jareen (8 December 2014). "New York man dies after chokehold by police". CNN. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  64. ↑ "Transcript: Mayor de Blasio Holds Media Availability With Police Commissioner Bratton On The Death Of Eric Garner". Office of the Mayor of New York City. July 18, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
  65. ↑ "Sharpton To Officers In Eric Garner Case: ‘When Does Your Morality Kick In?'". CBS New York. July 23, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  66. ↑ Margolin, Josh; Cliborne, Ron; Crudele, Mark (20 July 2014). "NYPD Cop's Chokehold May Not Have Caused Serious Injury to Man's Throat". ABC News. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  67. ↑ Marzulli, John; Parascandola, Rocco; Tracy, Thomas (7 August 2014). "NYPD No. 3's order to crack down on selling loose cigarettes led to chokehold death of Eric Garner". Daily News.
  68. ↑ "NYC police probe moving swiftly in chokehold case". The Big Story.
  69. ↑ Annese, John M. (July 21, 2014). "EMTs and paramedics who responded to Eric Garner have been suspended without pay by hospital". Staten Island Advance. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
  70. ↑ Lewis, Taylor (April 13, 2015). "Man who filmed Eric Garner's death released from jail". Essence. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  71. ↑ "Ramsey Orta, Man Who Filmed NYPD Chokehold of Eric Garner, Is Released from Jail". DemocracyNow. April 13, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  72. ↑ "Medical examiner says chokehold by police officer caused death of NYC man; ruled homicide". Fox News. Associated Press. 1 August 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  73. ↑ Pearson, Jake (August 1, 2014). "Official: Police chokehold caused NYC man's death". Associated Press. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
  74. ↑ "Department of Justice to investigate NY chokehold death: U.S. official". redeyechicago.com. Tribune wire report. December 3, 2014.
  75. ↑ Queally, James (July 19, 2014). "Rev. Al Sharpton leads calls for justice in NYPD chokehold death". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  76. ↑ I Can't Breathe, YouTube, WalkRunFly Productions, July 29, 2014.
  77. ↑ Allen, Jonathan. Bridge protest over NYC man's arrest death to proceed, Reuters, August 9, 2014.
  78. ↑ "Rev. Al Sharpton Leads March, Rally Over Eric Garner’s Death On Staten Island". CBSNewYork/AP. August 23, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
  79. ↑ BBC News Eric Garner death: Thousands rally in Staten Island BBC August 24, 2014, Accessed August 27, 2014
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 80.4 "Timeline: Eric Garner Death". NBC New York.
  81. ↑ "Judge withdraws from hearing in Eric Garner case". NY Daily News.
  82. ↑ Oakland, S.F. protesters denounce police killing of Eric Garner, Vivian Ho, Peter Fimrite and Kale Williams, "San Francisco Chronicle", Wednesday, December 3, 2014
  83. ↑ Peniel Joseph (December 5, 2014), ‘I can’t breathe’: Why Eric Garner protests are gaining momentum, Reuters
  84. ↑ Anderson, Travis. "Thousands protest Eric Garner case in downtown Boston". Boston Globe. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  85. ↑ "Protesters Halt Traffic On Bridges". New York Daily News. 5 December 2014.
  86. ↑ Brandt Williams (December 4, 2014). "Protests shut down part of I-35W for over an hour". Mprnews.org. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  87. ↑ 223 Arrested as Protesters, Police Clash in New York City Over Eric Garner Decision, ABC News, December 5, 2014.
  88. ↑ Adam Janos, Thomas MacMillan, Joe Jackson and Pervaiz Shallwani (December 5, 2014). "300 Arrests After 2 Days of Eric Garner Protests, More Demonstrations Planned". WSJ. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  89. ↑ Violence Mars new protests in Berkeley, San Francisco Chronicle
  90. ↑ Berkeley protesters smash windows, two officers hurt, Associated Press, December 6, 2014.
  91. ↑ "Eric Garner death: 76 arrested at London Westfield demo". BBC News. 11 December 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  92. ↑ "‘We can’t breathe’: Eric Garner's last words become protesters' rallying cry". The Guardian (The Guardian). December 4, 2014. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  93. ↑ Zimmer, Ben (December 5, 2014). "The Linguistic Power of the Protest Phrase ‘I Can’t Breathe’". Wired. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  94. ↑ Howell, Kellan (Decemer 20, 2014). "‘I can breathe - thanks to the NYPD’ shirts flood pro-police NYC rally". The Washington Times. Retrieved April 17, 2015. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  95. ↑ De Graaf, Mia (December 20, 2014). "More than 100 police supporters in 'I can breathe' t-shirts mocking Eric Garner's last words clash with anti-cop protesters in New York City". Dailymail. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  96. ↑ Peter Holley (20 December 2014). "Two New York City police officers are shot and killed in a brazen ambush in Brooklyn". Washington Post. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  97. ↑ "Gunman executes 2 NYPD cops as ‘revenge’ for Garner - New York Post". New York Post.
  98. ↑ ABC News. "Two NYPD Cops 'Assassinated' in Brooklyn Ambush". ABC News.
  99. ↑ Mueller, Benjamin; Baker, Al. "Two N.Y.P.D. Officers Are Killed in Brooklyn Ambush; Suspect Commits Suicide". nytimes. The New York Times. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  100. ↑ Sanchez, Ray. Choke hold by cop killed NY man, medical examiner says, CNN, August 2, 2014.
  101. ↑ Briquelet, Kate (February 22, 2014). "Cops say training after Eric Garner’s death is a ‘waste of time’". New York Post (New York City: Jesse Angelo). Retrieved March 3, 2015.
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 Goodman, David (August 5, 2014). "Handling of New York Chokehold Cases ‘Disappointing,’ Review Board Chief Says". The New York Times (New York City: Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.). Retrieved August 10, 2014.
  103. ↑ Speri, Alex (August 6, 2014). "A Chokehold Didn’t Kill Eric Garner, Your Disrespect for the NYPD Did". Vice. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  104. ↑
  105. ↑ Eversley, Melanie; James, Mike (December 4, 2014). "No charges in NYC chokehold death; federal inquiry launched". USA Today (Gannett Company, Inc.). Retrieved December 7, 2014.
  106. ↑ "Indiana Cop Sells 'Breathe Easy Don't Break The Law' T-Shirts". Chicagoist.
  107. ↑ "‘Duty To Kill You;’ San Jose Police Officer Placed On Leave After Provocative Tweets On #ICantBreathe Protesters « CBS San Francisco".
  108. ↑ "Eric Garner's daughter said it was PRIDE which drove cop to choke father to death - Daily Mail Online". Mail Online. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  109. ↑ "Eric Garner's Daughter Stages "Die-in" on Staten Island". NBC New York.
  110. ↑ Friedman, Dan (December 11, 2014). "Eric Garner's daughter holds 'die-in' at Staten Island location where her father was put in fatal police chokehold". New York Daily News (New York). Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  111. ↑ Holpuch, Amanda (December 12, 2015). "Erica Garner leads protests in Staten Island in memory of her father". The Guardian. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  112. ↑ "Eric Garner Donations 2014: Family Support Fund Raises Money For Garner's Widow, 6 Children Ahead Of Holidays". International Business Times. December 8, 2014.
  113. ↑ "'It couldn't have been more perfect,' Eric Garner's mother says of Justice For All March". SILive.com.
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 "'Hell No!': Eric Garner's Widow Rejects Officer's Condolences". The Huffington Post.
  115. ↑ Helsel, Phil (Demeber 3, 2014). "'Hell No': Garner Family Rejects Cop's Condolences After Grand Jury Decision". NBC. Retrieved April 17, 2015. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  116. ↑ Jonsson, Patrik (July 19, 2014). "How minor crime questioning led to chokehold death of Eric Garner". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  117. ↑ "Transcript: Mayor de Blasio Hosts Roundtable on Police-Community Relations". Government of New York City. Mayor of New York City. July 31, 2014. Retrieved August 10, 2014.
  118. ↑ "Statement of Mayor Bill de Blasio on the Medical Examiner's Report on the Death of Eric Garner". Government of New York City. Mayor of New York City. August 1, 2014. Retrieved August 10, 2014.
  119. ↑ Larry Celona, Kirstan Conley, Bruce Golding - New York Post - Officers seethe as Hizzoner warns of cop 'dangers' - 5 December 2014 - page 6. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
  120. ↑ Barrett, Devlin (July 25, 2014). "Eric Holder: Justice Department 'Closely Monitoring' Chokehold Probe". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  121. ↑ Obama Reacts to Eric Garner Decision: 'This is an American Problem', The Huffington Post, December 4, 2014.
  122. ↑ O'Brien, Rebecca Davis. "New York City Police Officer Won’t Face Criminal Charges in Eric Garner Death". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  123. ↑ George W. Bush weighs in on Eric Garner death, Politico, December 5, 2014.
  124. ↑ "Peter King Says Eric Garner Would Not Have Died From Chokehold Were He Not Obese". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  125. ↑ "Jaguars players wear "I can’t breathe" shirts in pregame warm ups - ProFootballTalk".
  126. ↑ NBA and NFL players join demonstrations against police violence, CNN, December 9, 2014.
  127. ↑ Rhoden, William C. When the Protest Moves to the N.B.A. Arena, New York Times, December 9, 2014.
  128. ↑ "Kobe Bryant, Lakers Teammates Wear 'I Can't Breathe' T-Shirts". The Huffington Post.
  129. ↑ Arizona Sports (December 31, 1969). "Phoenix Suns". arizonasports.com.
  130. ↑ Charlotte Alter. "Barack Obama Praises Lebron James, Says More Athletes Should Speak Out". TIME.com.
  131. ↑ Justin Sink. "Holder praises NBA stars for 'I can't breathe' shirts". TheHill.
  132. ↑ "Georgetown Players Are Latest Athletes To Wear 'I Can't Breathe' T-Shirts". The Huffington Post.
  133. ↑ "Notre Dame women's players wear 'I Can't Breathe' T-shirts". Elkhart Truth.