Dasaratha Maurya

Dasaratha
4th Emperor of the Mauryan Empire
Reign 232–224 BCE
Predecessor Ashoka
Successor Samprati
Dynasty Maurya
Religion Buddhism

Dasaratha (252–224 BCE) was Mauryan Emperor from 232 to 224 BCE. He was a grandson of Ashoka and had succeeded his father as the imperial ruler of India. Dasaratha presided over a declining imperium and several territories of the empire broke away from central rule during his reign. He had continued the religious and social policies of his celebrated grandfather Ashoka. Dasaratha was the last ruler of the Mauryan dynasty to have issued imperial inscriptions—thus the last Mauryan Emperor to be known from epigraphical sources.

Dasaratha died in 224 BCE and was succeeded by his cousin Samprati.

Background

Dasaratha was a grandson of the Mauryan ruler Ashoka.[1] He is commonly held to have succeeded his grandfather as imperial ruler in India although some sources including the Vayu Purana have given different names and numbers of Mauryan Emperors after Ashoka.[1] Of the grandsons of Ashoka, the two most frequently mentioned are Samprati and Dasaratha.[2] The latter is described in the Vishnu Purana as the son and imperial successor of Suyasas (a son of Ashoka).[2] It has been suggested that Suyasas was an alternative name of Ashoka's son and presumptive heir Kunala.[2]

Administration

Mauryan Empire (Dark Orange) at its maximum extent under Ashoka, including its vassals (Light Orange). The imperium declined under Dasaratha and his successors in a span of a few decades.

Historians Vincent Smith and Romila Thapar advanced the popular theory of a division of the Mauryan Empire amongst Kunala and Dasaratha after the death of Ashoka.[3] In some of the sources the division is recorded as having been between Samprati and Dasaratha, the latter holding the eastern parts with the capital at Pataliputra and the former the western imperium with the capital at Ujjain.[4] However, Smith also wrote that "there is no clear evidence to support [the] hypothesis."[5]

The Vayu and Brahmanda Puranas mention three Mauryan rulers—Bandhupalita, Indrapalita and Dasona—whose identification is rather difficult.[2] It has been suggested that they may have been members of a branch line of the Maurya dynasty whom Dasaratha had appointed as regional governors for the convenience of administration.[2]

The political unity of the Mauryan Empire did not long survive Ashoka's death.[2] One of Dasaratha's uncles, Jalauka, set up an independent kingdom in Kashmir. According to Taranatha, another Mauryan prince, Virasena declared himself king in Gandhara.[2] Vidarbha also seceded. Evidence from Greek sources confirm the loss of the north-western provinces which was then ruled by the Mauryan ruler Sophagasenus (Subhagasena, probably a successor of Virasena).[2] There is also much modern speculation about a possible east—west division of the empire involving Dasaratha and another Mauryan ruler.[3] Epigraphic evidence indicates that Dasaratha retained imperial power in Magadha.[6]

Various dynasties of the south including the Satavahana had been feudatories of the Mauryan Empire. These kingdoms are mentioned in Ashoka's edicts (256 BCE) and were considered part of the outer circle of the imperium; subject to the rule of the Mauryan Emperor, although doubtless enjoying a considerable degree of autonomy under their local rulers.[5] The death of Ashoka began the decline of imperial power in the south. Dasaratha was able to main some command of the home provinces, but, the distant governments, including areas in the south, broke away from imperial rule and reasserted their independence.[5] The Mahameghavahana dynasty of Kalinga in central-eastern India also broke away from imperial rule after the death of Ashoka.[5]

Religion

Ashoka had displayed divine support in his inscriptions; although a Buddhist ruler, he was called as Devanampiya, which means "Beloved Of The Gods" in Pali.[7] The title of Devanampiya and religious adherence of the Mauryan ruler to Buddhism was continued by Dasaratha.[7][8]

Culture

Daśaratha is known to have dedicated three caves in the Nagarjuni Hills to the Ajivikas. Three inscriptions at the cave refer to him as "Devanampiya Daśaratha" and state that the caves were dedicated by him shortly after his accession.[9]

Succession

Samprati, who succeeded Dasaratha, was according to the Hindu Puranas,[2] the latter's son and according to the Buddhist and Jain sources,[2] Kunala's son (making him possibly a brother of Dasaratha). The familial relationship between the two is thus not clear although evidently they were closely related members of the imperial family.[2]

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Asha Vishnu; Material Life of Northern India: Based on an Archaeological Study, 3rd Century B.C. to 1st Century B.C. Mittal Publications. 1993. ISBN 978-8170994107. pg 3.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 Sailendra Nath Sen; Ancient Indian History And Civilization. New Age International. 1999. ISBN 978-8122411980. pg 152-154.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Buddha Prakash; Studies in Indian history and civilization. Shiva Lal Agarwala. 1962. pg 148-154.
  4. ↑ Rama Shankar Tripathi; History Of Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 1942. pg 179.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Vincent A. Smith; The Early History of India. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. 1999. ISBN 978-8171566181. pg 193-207.
  6. ↑ Kenneth Pletcher; The History of India. The Rosen Publishing Group. 2010. ISBN 978-1615302017. pg 70.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ram Sharan Sharma; Perspectives in social and economic history of early India. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. 1995. ISBN 978-8121506724. pg 107.
  8. ↑ Lal Mani Joshi; Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the 7th and 8th Centuries A.D. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 1977. ISBN 978-8120802810. pg 362.
  9. ↑ Romila Thapar; Aśoka and the Decline of the Maurya. Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 0-19-564445-X. pg 186.
Dasaratha Maurya
Maurya Dynasty
Preceded by
Ashoka		 Maurya Emperor
232–224 BCE 		Succeeded by
Samprati