D-beat

the 'D-Beat' in musical notation

D-beat (also known as discrust, discore, Swedish hardcore or kängpunk) is a style of hardcore punk, developed in the early 1980s by imitators of Discharge, after whom the genre is named, as well as a drum beat characteristic of this subgenre. Discharge may have themselves inherited the beat from Motörhead. The first such group was The Varukers. D-beat is closely associated with crust punk, which is a heavier, more complex variation. The style was particularly popular in Sweden, and developed there by groups such as Anti Cimex, Mob 47 and Driller Killer. Other D-beat groups include Doom, from the UK; Disclose, from Japan; Crucifix and Final Conflict, from the U.S.; Ratos de Porão, from Brazil; and MG15, from Spain. While the style initially developed in the early 1980s, a number of new groups working within the subgenre emerged in the mid-1990s. These include the Swedish groups Wolfbrigade, Totalitär, Avskum, Skitsystem and Disfear.

History

Discharge

D-beat began in the United Kingdom as a subgenre of street punk or hardcore punk inspired by Discharge. Discharge formed in 1977 in Stoke-on-Trent, England, initially played a basic variety of street punk inspired by the Sex Pistols and The Clash. In 1979, the group changed its line-up and began a new style indebted to heavy metal.[1] At this time Terry "Tez" Roberts developed their characteristic drum beat, for which the D-beat subgenre is named. Roberts commented in 2004 that "I just wanna be remembered for coming up with that f-ckin' D-beat in the first place! And inspiring all those f-ckin' great Discore bands around the world!"[2] Discharge's inspiration for the style has led it to be referred to as "discore".[3] Roberts' beat is similar to the basic percussive backbone of songs by Motörhead,[4] and many subsequent groups borrow from this group a great deal as well as Discharge. After 1982, the group changed its style to a more conventional form of heavy metal. However, their classic sound inspired other groups to emulate them; The Varukers, also from England, were the first of these.

Skitsystem, a Swedish D-beat group

As punk historian Ian Glasper put it,

The Varukers were the original Discore band, the first and best of the hardcore punk acts to take the simple, yet devastatingly effective formula laid down by Discharge and play it as fast, hard, heavy as they could.
—[3]

Glasper writes,

In the turbulent wake of Discharge, a hundred Discore - or D-beat - punk bands sprang up around the world.
—[5]

While the style was first practiced in England, it became especially inspirational to a number of groups in Sweden.

Early Swedish D-beat

D-beat was initially known as "kängpunk" ("boot punk") in Sweden.[6] The first Swedish D-beat song is "Marquee," by Rude Kids, from Stockholm, recorded in 1979.[7] They were followed by KSMB (En Slemmig Torsk), Missbrukarna, and more famously, Anti Cimex.[8] Anti Cimex's second 7" EP, Raped Ass, has been described as "one of the rawest and most violent hardcore releases ever."[4] Other such groups included Moderat Likvidation, Asocial,[9] and most prominently Mob 47.[10] Mob 47, also from Stockholm, was known as the fastest of the kängpunk groups. The group also blended Discharge's style with American hardcore punk, diversifying the style.[11]

1980s British and American crust punk

Main article: Crust punk

In England, a second style of anarcho-punk similar to D-beat developed in the mid-1980s.[12] This style borrowed from the Swedish kängpunk groups as well as British anarcho-punk, heavy metal, and post-punk.[13][14] The term "crust" was coined by Hellbastard on their 1986 Ripper Crust demo. As punk historian Ian Glasper puts it,

'Rippercrust' is widely regarded as the first time the word 'crust' was used in the punk context, and hence the specific starting point of the whole crustcore genre, although some would attribute that accolade to the likes of Disorder, Chaos UK, and Amebix several years earlier.
—[15]

Malcolm "Scruff" Lewty, vocalist and guitarist of Hellbastard, commented, "A lot of people say we started the crust-punk genre, but whatever. If they wanna say that, I don't mind, but I'm certainly no Malcolm McLaren, saying I invented something I didn't."[15]

Amebix[16][17] and Antisect are often located as the originators of crust punk.[12] Amebix's Arise LP and Antisect's Out from the Void single, both released in 1985, offer a template for the subgenre.

Punk journalist Felix von Havoc contends that Doom, Excrement of War, Electro Hippies and Extreme Noise Terror were among the first bands to have the traditional UK "crust" sound.[12] Additional subgenres of this style began to develop. Deviated Instinct, from Norwich, created "stenchcore", bringing "both the look and sound - dirty and metallic, respectively - to their natural conclusion".[18] Initially an anarcho-punk group, they began to take increasing influence from metal. As vocalist Julian "Leggo" Kilsby comments,

We were very much a part of the anarcho scene, to start with, very politically motivated... all the way through the band's existence, really, although it got less obvious as time went by. But I never really liked the straightforward 'War is bad...' lyrics that were so prevalent at the time, so as my writing skills improved I wanted to add more depth to our lyrics and make them more metaphorical; I'd always been into horror films, so that started to manifest itself in the imagery I was using...
—[19]

Extreme Noise Terror is credited with developing this style into grindcore.[14] In the late 1980s, Doom, from Birmingham, practiced D-beat indebted to Discharge[5] as well as to crust punk.[12] However, Pete Hurley, the guitarist for the group, declared that he had no interest in being remembered as a pioneer of this style: "'grindcore' was a legendarily stupid term coined by a hyperactive kid from the West Midlands, and it had nothing to do with us whatsoever. ENT were, are, and - I suspect - always will be a hardcore punk band... not a grindcore band, a stenchcore band, a trampcore band, or any other sub-sub-sub-core genre-defining term you can come up with."[20]

American crust punk began in New York City, also in the mid-'80s, with the work of Nausea. The group emerged from the Lower East Side squat scene and New York hardcore,[21] living with Roger Miret of Agnostic Front.[22] The early work of Neurosis, from San Francisco, also borrowed from Amebix, and inaugurated crust punk on the West Coast.[23][24] Disrupt (Boston),[25] Antischism (South Carolina), and Destroy! (Minneapolis) were also significant U.S. crust groups.[12]

1990s American and Swedish crust punk

An important American crust punk band was Aus-Rotten[26] from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Crust punk also flourished in Minneapolis, shepherded by the Profane Existence label.[27] In this period, the ethos of crust punk became particularly codified, with vegetarianism, feminism, and sometimes straight edge being prescribed by many of the figures in the scene.[27] The powerviolence scene associated with Slap-a-Ham Records was in close proximity to crust punk, particularly in the case of Man Is the Bastard and Dropdead.[28] Crust was also prominent in the American South, where Prank Records and CrimethInc. acted as focal points of the scene. The most well-known representative of Southern crust was His Hero Is Gone.[16][29] Many Swedish groups of the 1990s began to play a combination of D-beat with crust punk.[6][30] These bands, including Driller Killer,[31] Totalitär, Skitsystem, Wolfbrigade, and Disfear,[6][32] remain some of the most well-known D-beat bands, although their sound has cleaved closely to developments in death metal.[33]

Black crust

Crust punk groups took some influence from the early black metal of Venom and Celtic Frost.[12] Similarly, Bathory was initially inspired by crust punk as well as metal.[34] Crust was affected by a second wave of influence in the 1990s, with some bands emphasizing these black metal elements. Iskra are probably the most obvious example of second wave black metal-influenced crust punk;[35] Iskra coined their own phrase "blackened crust" to describe this new style. The Japanese group Gallhammer also blend crust with black metal.[36] In addition, Norwegian band Darkthrone have incorporated crust punk traits in their more recent material. As Daniel Ekeroth wrote in 2008,

In a very ironic paradox, black metal and crust punk have recently started to embrace one another. Members of Darkthrone and Satyricon have lately claimed that they love punk, while among crusties, black metal is the latest fashion. In fact, the latest album by crust punk band Skitsystem sounds very black metal--while the latest black metal opus by Darkthrone sounds very punk! This would have been unimaginable in the early 90s.
—[37]

Clothing and visual style

Crust punk also has an associated DIY-oriented branch of punk garb. Similar to anarcho-punk, most clothing is black in color. Denim jackets and hooded sweatshirts with sewn-on patches, or vests covered in studs, spikes and band patches are characteristic elements of the crust punk style of dress. or pants covered in band patches.[38] Crusties sometimes wear dreadlocks.[39]

Julian "Leggo" Kilsby of Deviated Instinct describes crust as "a punk-y biker look, more akin to Mad Max. Mad Max 2 is the crustiest film ever made!"[40]

Instrumentation

Crust punk is a derivative form of hardcore punk and anarcho-punk, mixed with metal riffs.[12] The tempos are often fast, but just short of thrashcore or grindcore, though many groups confine themselves to a crawling, sludgy pace. The overall musical sound has been described as being "stripped down".[41] Drumming is typically done at high speed, with D-beats sometimes being used.[16]

Vocals and lyrics

The vocal content of D-beat tends towards shouted slogans. The style is distinguished from its predecessors by its minimal lyrical content and greater proximity to heavy metal. D-beat bands typically have anti-war, anarchist messages and closely follow the bleak nuclear war imagery of 1980s anarcho-punk bands. Rock journalist Robbie Mackey described D-beat as characterized by "hardcore drumming set against breakneck riffage and unintelligible howls about anarchy, working-stiffs-as-rats, and banding together to, you know, fight."[42]

Vocals in crust punk are often shrieked or shouted, and may be shared between two or more vocalists. The lyrical content of crust punk tends to be bleak and nihilistic, yet politically engaged. Crust punk songs are often about nuclear war, militarism, animal rights, police, personal grievances, oppressive states and fascism. Amebix were also interested in various forms of mysticism and Gnosticism.[13] Malcolm "Scruff" Lewty, guitarist and vocalist of Hellbastard, describes the distinction between metal and crust punk lyrics:

Metal lyrics were so dumb, so far removed from daily life. Venom were going on about Satan... and bikes... and Satan... and women... and Satan! You know what? I never got up in the morning and said, 'Fuck yeah! Satan! Let's go and meet my disciples from Hell!' I'd switch on the TV and know I was going to see hundreds of people dying because there'd been an earthquake in the third world... and all these people starving to death while military expenditure still increased... That was - and still is - the reality of it. The whole heavy metal thing is just an escape from reality, into this other world of... well, bullshit basically.
—[43]

Drum beat

The name "D-beat" refers to a specific drumbeat, associated with The Varukers, Brian Roe (Brains), Discharge, Garry Malloney & Tez Roberts, Discharge's first drummer,[2] though rock musicians such as Buzzcocks and Diamond Head had used the beat previously. The term was coined by Rich Militia, the singer of Sore Throat, in 1988, to describe the drum pattern played by Dave "Bambi" Ellesmere, Roberts's replacement, on Discharge's EP Why?.

Three versions of D-beat drum tabs:

First ( Play ) (like early Anti Cimex and Discharge):

C:|x--x-x--x--x-x--:||
S:|--o---o---o---o-:||
K:|o--o-o--o--o-o--:||
   1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +            S=snare K=kick  C=crash

Second — Verse ( Play ) and chorus ( Play ) (like Avskum):

H:|x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-:||           C:|x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-:||
S:|--o---o---o---o-:||           S:|--o---o---o---o-:||
K:|o--o-o--o--o-o--:||           K:|o--o-o--o--o-o--:||
   1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +                  1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +     S=snare K=kick  H=hihat  C=crash

Third (Thrash/speed metal beat) (listen to sample or  Play ):

H:|x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-:||
S:|--o---o---o---o-:||
K:|o----o--o--o-o--:||
   1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +          S=snare K=kick  H=hihat

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Glasper, p. 174.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Glasper, Ian (2004). Burning Britain: The History of UK Punk 1980-1984, p. 175. Cherry Red Books.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Glasper (2004), p. 65.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ekeroth, Daniel (2008). Swedish Death Metal, p. 19. Bazillion Points Books.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Glasper 2009, 26
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Jandreus, Peter (2008). The Encyclopedia of Swedish Punk 1977-1987, p. 11. Stockholm: Premium Publishing.
  7. ↑ Ekeroth, p. 18.
  8. ↑ Ekeroth, p. 19.
  9. ↑ Ekeroth, p. 20-22
  10. ↑ Jandreus, p. 143.
  11. ↑ "In Grind We Crust," Terrorizer #181, March 2009, p. 51.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Von Havoc, Felix (1984-01-01). "Rise of Crust". Profane Existence. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Glasper 2006. "Amebix." p. 198-201.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "In Grind We Crust," p. 46.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Glasper 2009, 185
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Peter Jandreus, The Encyclopedia of Swedish Punk 1977-1987, Stockholm: Premium Publishing, 2008, p. 11.
  17. ↑ "The Gauntlet". The Gauntlet. 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  18. ↑ Glasper 2009, 284
  19. ↑ Glasper 2009, 286
  20. ↑ Glasper 2009, 279
  21. ↑ Init 5, September 25, 2007. Access date: June 18, 2008.
  22. ↑ John John Jesse interview, Hoard magazine, June 2005. Access date: June 18, 2008
  23. ↑ Adam Louie, Mastodon, Neurosis show review, Prefix magazine, January 29, 2008 Access date: June 18, 2008
  24. ↑ Anthony Bartkewicz, Decibel magazine No. 31, May 2007. Access date: June 18, 2008
  25. ↑ Nick Mangel, Disrupt LP review, Maximum Rock'n'Roll #301, June 2008, record reviews section.
  26. ↑ "Crust-punks Behind Enemy Lines release One Nation Under The Iron Fist of God
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "In Grind We Crust," p. 51.
  28. ↑ "Powerviolence: The Dysfunctional Family of Bllleeeeaaauuurrrgghhh!!." Terrorizer no. 172. July 2008. p. 36-37.
  29. ↑ Andrew Childers, "Kick in the South: A Look Back at Prank Records and the Southern Crust Scene." April 5, 2008. Access date: June 21, 2008
  30. ↑ Ekeroth, p. 23.
  31. ↑ Jandreus, p. 20-21.
  32. ↑ Kevin Stewart-Panko, "Disfear + Trap Them + The Endless Blockade", Terrorizer #172, July 2008, p. 85.
  33. ↑ Ekeroth, p. 107, 266.
  34. ↑ Ekeroth, p. 27.
  35. ↑ Iskra Interviews.
  36. ↑ "Hard of Hearing", Terrorizer no. 171, June 2008, p. 56.
  37. ↑ Ekeroth, p. 258.
  38. ↑ Kevin Stewart-Panko, "I Saw Disfear Three Times in Three Days", Decibel, no. 46, August 2008, p. 22.
  39. ↑ Hetherington, K. New Age Travellers, page 9. Cassell. 2000
  40. ↑ Glasper 2009, 287
  41. ↑ Loolwa Khazzoom, Special to The Chronicle (2005-03-11). "Livermore: All's well with the Bay Area punk scene say members of the Sick". Sfgate.com. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  42. ↑ Disfear: Live the Storm | Album Reviews | Pitchfork
  43. ↑ Glasper 2009, 183.