Düsseldorf school of painting
The Düsseldorf school of painting refers to a group of painters who taught or studied at the Düsseldorf Academy (now the Staatliche Kunstakademie Düsseldorf or Düsseldorf State Art Academy) in the 1830s and 1840s, when the Academy was directed by the painter Wilhelm von Schadow. The work of the Düsseldorf School is characterized by finely detailed yet still fanciful landscapes, often with religious or allegorical stories set in the landscapes. Leading members of the Düsseldorf School advocated "plein air painting", and tended to use a palette with relatively subdued and even colors. The Düsseldorf School grew out of and was a part of the German Romantic movement. Prominent members of the Düsselorf School included von Schadow, Karl Friedrich Lessing, Johann Wilhelm Schirmer, Andreas Achenbach, Hans Fredrik Gude, Oswald Achenbach, and Adolf Schrödter.[1]
The Düsseldorf School had a significant influence on the Hudson River School in the United States, and many prominent Americans trained at the Düsseldorf Academy and show the influence of the Düsseldorf School, including George Caleb Bingham, David Edward Cronin, Eastman Johnson, Worthington Whittredge, Richard Caton Woodville, William Stanley Haseltine, James McDougal Hart, and William Morris Hunt, as well as German émigré Emanuel Leutze. Albert Bierstadt applied but was not accepted. His American friend Worthington Whittredge became his teacher while attending Düsseldorf.
Selected artists
Between 1819 and 1918, some 4000 artists[2] belonged to the Düsseldorf school of painting, including:
- Andreas Achenbach (1815–1910)
- Oswald Achenbach (1827–1905)
- Hermann Anschütz (1802–1880)
- Peter Nicolai Arbo (1831–1892)
- Louis Asher (1804–1878)
- Anders Askevold (1834–1900)
- Hans von Bartels (1856–1913)
- William Holbrook Beard (1823–1900)
- August Becker (1821–1887)
- Jakob Becker (1810–1872)
- Peter Behrens (1868–1940)
- Gunnar Berg (1863–1893)
- Edward Beyer (1820-1865)
- Albert Bierstadt (1830–1902)
- George Caleb Bingham (1811–1879)
- Georg Bleibtreu (1828–1892)
- Arnold Böcklin (1827–1901)
- Erik Bodom (1829–1879)
- Friedrich Boser (1809–1881)
- August Bromeis (1813–1881)
- Wilhelm Busch (1832–1908)
- Anton Bütler (1819–1874)
- Joseph Niklaus Bütler (1822–1885)
- Alexandre Calame (1810–1864)
- Wilhelm Camphausen (1818–1885)
- August Cappelen (1827–1852)
- Gustaf Cederström (1845–1933)
- Fanny Churberg (1845–1892)
- Johann Wilhelm Cordes (1824–1869)
- Peter von Cornelius (1783–1867)
- Ludwig des Coudres (1820–1878)
- Ernest Crofts (1847–1911)
- Georg Heinrich Crola (1804–1879)
- David Edward Cronin (1839–1925)
- Hans Dahl (1849–1937)
- Ernst Deger (1809–1885)
- Anton Dietrich (1833–1904)
- Eugen Dücker (1841–1916)
- Adam Eberle (1804–1832)
- Marie Egner (1850–1940)
- Joseph Fay (1813–1875)
- Anselm Feuerbach (1829–1880)
- Albert Flamm (1823–1906)
- Arnold Forstmann (1842–?)
- Friedrich Friedländer (1825–1901)
- Bernhard Fries (1820–1879)
- Otto Frölicher (1840–1890)
- Sanford Robinson Gifford (1823–1880)
- Hans Fredrik Gude (1825–1903)
- Eugene von Guerard (1811–1901)
- Aasta Hansteen (1824–1908)
- James McDougal Hart (1828–1901)
- William Stanley Haseltine (1835–1900)
- Johann Peter Hasenclever (1810-1853)
- Lars Hertervig (1830–1902)
- George Hetzel (1826–1899)
- Hermann Ottomar Herzog (1832–1932)
- Theodor Hildebrandt (1804–1874)
- Robert Alexander Hillingford (1828–1904)
- Bernhard Hoetger (1874–1949)
- Oskar Hoffmann (1851-1912)
- Adolfo Hohenstein (1854–1928)
- Julius Hübner (1806–1882)
- Emil Hünten (1827–1902)
- William Morris Hunt (1824–1879)
- Otto Hupp (1859–1949)
- Franz Ittenbach (1813–1879)
- Otto Reinhold Jacobi (1812–1901)
- Elisabeth Jerichau-Baumann (1819–1881)
- August Jernberg (1826–1896)
- Eastman Johnson (1824–1906)
- Arthur Kampf (1864–1950)
- Wilhelm von Kaulbach (1805–1874)
- William Keith (1838–1911)
- César Klein (1876–1954)
- Ludwig Knaus (1829–1910)
- Heinrich Christoph Kolbe (1771–1836)
- Rudolf Koller (1828–1905)
- Julius Kronberg (1850–1921)
- Ants Laikmaa (1860–1942)
- Marcus Larson (1825–1864)
- Wilhelm Lehmbruck (1881–1919)
- Carl Friedrich Lessing (1808–1880)
- Emanuel Leutze (1816–1868)
- Bruno Liljefors (1860–1939)
- Amalia Lindegren (1814–1891)
- George Luks (1867–1933)
- August Macke (1887–1914)
- Fritz Mackensen (1866–1953)
- August Malmström (1829–1901)
- Gari Melchers (1860–1932)
- Carlo Mense (1886–1965)
- Johann Georg Meyer (1813–1886)
- Otto Modersohn (1865–1943)
- Heinrich Mücke (1806–1891)
- Morten Müller (1828–1911)
- Paul Müller-Kaempff (1861–1941)
- Mihály von Munkácsy (1844–1900)
- Ludvig Munthe (1841–1896)
- Amaldus Nielsen (1838–1932)
- Bengt Nordenberg (1822–1902)
- Adelsteen Normann (1848–1918)
- Adolph Northen (1828–1876)
- Theobald von Oer (1807–1885)
- Eduard Peithner von Lichtenfels (1833–1913)
- Heinrich Petersen-Angeln (1850-1906)
- Kristjan Raud (1865–1943)
- Paul Raud (1865–1930)
- Robert Reinick (1805–1852)
- Alfred Rethel (1816–1859)
- Henry Ritter (1816–1853)
- Theodor Rocholl (1854–1933)
- Hubert Salentin (1822–1910)
- Johann Wilhelm Schirmer (1807–1863)
- Julius Schrader (1815–1900)
- Adolf Schreyer (1828–1899)
- Adolf Seel (1829–1907)
- Ivan Shishkin (1838–1892)
- Karl Ferdinand Sohn (1805–1867)
- Bernhard Studer (1832–1868)
- Adolph Tidemand (1814–1876)
- Carl d'Unker (1828–1866)
- Lesser Ury (1861–1931)
- Frederick Vezin (1859–1942)
- Heinrich Vogeler (1872–1942)
- Alfred Wahlberg (1834–1906)
- Edward Arthur Walton (1860–1922)
- Worthington Whittredge (1820–1910)
- Charles Wimar (1828–1862)
- Mårten Eskil Winge (1825–1896)
- Richard Caton Woodville (1825–1855)
- Magnus von Wright (1805–1868)
- Clemens von Zimmermann (1788–1869)
See also
References
- ↑ Humboldt, Wilhelm von (1968). Albert Leitzmann, ed. Gesammelte Schriften. 1. Abteilung: Werke. Band 6 1827-1835. Walter de Gruyter. p. 585. ISBN 978-3-11-019258-2. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
- ↑ Kunstmuseum Düsseldorf und Galerie Paffrath (Hrsg.): Lexikon der Düsseldorfer Malerschule, 3 Bände, Düsseldorf und München, 1997–1999