Cymothoidae

Cymothoidae
Anilocra capensis on Lithognathus aureti
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Isopoda
Suborder: Cymothoida
Family: Cymothoidae
Leach, 1818 [1]
Genera

c. 40; see text

The Cymothoidae are a family of isopods in the order Cymothoida and are found in both marine and freshwater environments. Cymoithoids are ectoparasites, usually of fish, and among their number they include the bizarre "tongue-biter" (Cymothoa exigua) which attaches to a fish's tongue causing it to atrophy, and replaces the tongue with its own body.[2] Around 40 genera and more than 380 species of cymothoid are recognised.[3]

Characteristics

Cymothoids exhibit various adaptations to their carnivorous and parasitic lifestyles. As juveniles they are not specific in their requirements and attach themselves temporarily to the skin of any fish. They produce anticoagulants and suck the fish's blood. They detach from their first host and later find another host. When they have found the correct species of fish for their adult development, they attach more permanently. As adults, most species require a particular host species and are also site-specific. Locations for attachment chosen by different species of parasite include the skin, the fins, the gills and the mouth, and some species bore into muscle.[3]

Biology

Cymothoids are protandrous hermaphrodites. This means that each juvenile develops first into a male, but if there are no females nearby, the male will later become a female and attach permanently to the host. This female is able to secretes pheromones which prevent male cymothoids in the vicinity from becoming female. These parasites can cause serious damage to their hosts, ranging from slow growth rate, through tissue damage and anaemia, to death. Many host fish have mutualistic arrangements with certain shrimps such as Ancylomenes pedersoni, whereby the fish visits a "cleaning station" and the shrimps remove and feed on the cymothoid parasites.[4]

Classification

According to the World Register of Marine Species, the family contains the following genera:[1]

  • Aegathoa Dana, 1853
  • Agarna Schioedte & Meinert, 1884
  • Amblycephalon Pillai, 1954
  • Anilocra Leach, 1818
  • Anphira Thatcher, 1993
  • Artystone Schioedte, 1866
  • Asotana Schioedte & Meinert, 1881
  • Braga Schioedte & Meinert, 1881
  • Catoessa Schioedte & Meinert, 1884
  • Ceratothoa Dana, 1852
  • Cinusa Schioedte & Meinert, 1884
  • Creniola Bruce, 1987
  • Cterissa Schioedte & Meinert, 1884
  • Cymothoa Fabricius, 1787
  • Elthusa Schioedte & Meinert, 1884
  • Emetha Schioedte & Meinert, 1883
  • Glossobius Schioedte & Meinert, 1883
  • Ichthyoxenus Herklots, 1870
  • Idusa Schioedte & Meinert, 1884
  • Isonebula Taberner, 1977
  • Joryma Bowman & Tareen, 1983
  • Kuna Williams & Williams, 1986
  • Lathraena Schioedte & Meinert, 1881
  • Livoneca Leach, 1818
  • Lobothorax Bleeker, 1857
  • Mothocya Costa in Hope, 1851
  • Nerocila Leach, 1818
  • Norileca Bruce, 1990
  • Olencira Leach, 1818
  • Ourozeuktes H. Milne-Edwards, 1840
  • Paracymothoa Lemos de Castro, 1955
  • Philostomella Szidat & Schubart, 1960
  • Pleopodias Richardson, 1910
  • Plotor Schioedte & Meinert, 1881
  • Pseudoirona Pillai, 1964
  • Renocila Miers, 1880
  • Rhiothra Schioedte & Meinert, 1884
  • Riggia Szidat, 1948
  • Ryukyua Williams & Bunkley-Williams, 1994
  • Smenispa Özdikmen, 2009 [5]
  • Telotha Schioedte & Meinert, 1884
  • Tetragonocephalon Avdeev, 1978

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Niel L. Bruce & Marilyn Schotte (2011). M. Schotte, C. B. Boyko, N. L. Bruce, G. C. B. Poore, S. Taiti & G. D. F. Wilson, ed. "Cymothoidae". World Marine, Freshwater and Terrestrial Isopod Crustaceans database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved December 9, 2011.
  2. ↑ R. C. Brusca & M. R. Gilligan (1983). "Tongue replacement in a marine fish (Lutjanus guttatus) by a parasitic isopod (Crustacea: Isopoda)". Copeia 3 (3): 813–816. doi:10.2307/1444352. JSTOR 1444352.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Srour, Marc (2012-07-13). "Tongue Biters and Deep Sea Giants: The Cymothoida (Crustacea: Isopoda)". Teaching Biology. Retrieved 2014-06-03.
  4. ↑ Bunkley-Williams, Lucy; Williams, Ernest H. Jr. (1998). "Ability of Pederson Cleaner Shrimp to Remove Juveniles of the Parasitic Cymothoid Isopod, Anilocra haemuli, from the Host". Crustaceana 71 (8): 862–869. doi:10.1163/156854098x00888. JSTOR 20106067.
  5. ↑ Hüseyin Özdikmen (2009). "A new name, Smenispa for the preoccupied isopod genus Enispa Schioedte & Meinert, 1884 (Isopoda: Cymothoidae)" (PDF). Mun. Ent. Zool. 4 (2): 611–612.

External links