Cyclone Namu

Severe Tropical Cyclone Namu
Category 3 severe tropical cyclone (Aus scale)
Category 2 (Saffir–Simpson scale)

Cyclone Namu near its peak intensity
Formed May 15, 1986
Dissipated May 22, 1986
Highest winds 10-minute sustained: 150 km/h (90 mph)
1-minute sustained: 155 km/h (100 mph)
Lowest pressure 955 mbar (hPa); 28.2 inHg
Fatalities 150 reported, 111 confirmed
Damage $25 million (1986 USD)
Areas affected Solomon Islands
Part of the 1985–86 South Pacific and the 1985–86 Australian region cyclone seasons

Severe Tropical Cyclone Namu was considered to be the worst tropical cyclone to have affected the Solomon Islands on record.[1][2] On May 15, 1986, a tropical depression formed within the monsoon trough. Located north of the Solomon Islands, the storm steadily intensified while meandering. After briefly moving west, the storm attained Category 2 intensity on the Australian intensity scale on May 18 as it moved through the island chain the next day. Cyclone Namu attained peak intensity of 120 km/h (75 mph). After keeping peak intensity for a day, Namu turned south and weakened steadily. By May 21, the winds of Cyclone Namu had been reduced to only 80 km/h (50 mph). Continuing to weaken, Namu turned east and dissipated the next day away from the island chain.

The storm's slow motion allowed for prolonged periods of heavy rainfall, resulting in phenomenal flooding across the Solomon Islands. The islands of Malaita and Guadalcanal experienced the most significant damage from Namu. Coastal areas of the former were severely damaged by rough seas and strong winds, especially along the eastern side where entire villages were destroyed. Meanwhile, on the island of Guadalcanal, a village of 43 people had only 5 survivors. Moreover, Cyclone Namu flooded 75% of the Guadalcanal's plains. In addition, 22% of homes were either damaged or destroyed on the island.

Across the Solomon Island group, schools, buildings, electricity, water supplies, roads, communication systems, forests, and agriculture sustained widespread damage. In some regions, nearly all homes were destroyed. Mudslides destroyed roads, bridges, water pipes and drainage systems. Crops such as cocoa, copra, coffee, and rice were destroyed. Villages throughout the entire island group sustained severe damage. Overall, approximately 90,000 people, one third of the country's population, were reported as homeless. In all, Cyclone Namu was responsible for at least 150 deaths, mostly from flooding and landslides. Property damage and economic losses across the Solomon Islands totaled $25 million and $100 million (1986 USD) respectively. During the aftermath of the storm, the government of the Solomon Islands declared a national state of emergency. Meanwhile, the United Kingdom, Papua New Guinea, the United States, and Japan also sent supplies and goods to the Solomon Islands.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale

On May 15, 1986, the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) started to monitor a tropical depression that developed within the monsoon trough in association with Typhoon Lola about 90 km (55 mi) to the north of Malaita.[3][4] Over the next two days, the system moved towards the southeast before recurving to the southwest as it showed signs of developing further.[3][5][6] During May 17, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) started to issue warnings on the system, designating it as Tropical Cyclone 33P after the system had developed winds equivalent to a tropical storm.[7] At 2100 UTC that day, FMS named the depression Namu, after it had acquired the characteristics of a tropical cyclone and become equivalent to a modern day Category 2 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 100 km/h (65 mph).[3][8]

During May 18, the system continued to intensify and developed a broad and ragged eye as it moved towards the southwest, before it passed over Manawai around 1400 UTC.[3][9] Later that day as Namu approached Guadalcanal, FMS reported that the system had peaked in intensity with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 150 km/h (90 mph), which would make it equal to a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian scale.[8] Around this time the JTWC, reported that Namu had peaked with 1-minute sustained windspeeds of about 155 km/h (100 mph), which made it equivalent to a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale as it moved slowly through the Solomon Islands.[6][7] Namu remained at its peak intensity as it slowly moved away from the Solomon Islands for 24 hours when it moved across 160°E into the Australian region. The next day the system gradually recurved towards the south-southeast while gradually weakening.[6][8] During May 21, Namu moved back into the South Pacific basin. The next day, Namu dissipated north of New Caledonia after it had become sheared within the middle levels of the atmosphere.[4][6][9]

Preparations and impact

Image showing a mangled bridge split across a river with wood debris piled up against a section of the bridge.
Bridge damaged by Namu

As Namu approached and passed through the Solomon Islands between May 16 - 20, various tropical cyclone warnings were issued by the Solomon Islands Meteorological Service.[3][10] These were subsequently broadcast by the Solomon Islands Broadcasting Corporation, which implemented a 24 hour broadcasting schedule to convey warnings and other advisory information after being requested to by the National Disaster Council.[10] However, many people were caught off guard by the cyclone's sudden increase in winds and the prolonged heavy rain, especially in remote areas where weather forecasts were difficult to disseminate because of communication problems.[9]

The storm's slow motion allowed for prolonged periods of heavy rainfall, with Honiara International Airport measuring 340 mm (15 in) of rain over a three-day period.[9][11] Hurricane or storm force winds affected Malaita, Small Malaita, Guadalcanal, Bellona, and other smaller islands that the cyclone's center passed within 50 to 65 km (30 to 40 mi). Gale-force winds covered a wide area, extending as far north as the northern tip of Malaita and as far south as San Cristóbal. Gusts in some areas were estimated to be as high as 185 km/h (115 mph).[9] On the islands of Bellona and Rennel, strong winds resulted in devastation.[12] The storm was estimated to have caused a maximum wave height of 1.5 m (4.9 ft).[11]

Most of the damage caused by Cyclone Namu occurred due to river flooding.[11][13] The cyclone affected 48% of the Solomon's land area and 62% of its total population.[14] Even though there are few rivers in the Solomon Islands, the ones that do exist are shallow and flood easily.[15] Of all the islands, Malaita was the worst affected by the cyclone due to Namu's rough seas and strong winds.[16] Along the eastern coast of the island, damage was massive; entire villages were destroyed. Gardens were devastated and walking pathways were blocked.[17][18][19] On Sikiana Island, a small island with a few hundred residents, only one house was left standing.[20] In Babanakira, 5 people died.[21]

On the island of Guadalcanal, a single mudslide was responsible for killing 38 villagers.[22] Of the 43 people that lived in the small town of Valebaibai, only 5 survived, all of whom narrowly escaped.[23] Moreover, 14 dead bodies were found in the central and southern areas of Guadalcanal on May 21 when flood waters began to recede.[24]

Deep flood water covered 75% of the island's (Guadalcanal) coastal plain;[25] these waters cut off channels and destroyed coastal villages. Furthermore, the Lungga, Ngalimbiu, Mberande, and Nggurambusu rivers sustained the worst flood damage;[26] water depth in some of the aforementioned rivers reached 8 m (26 ft).[27] Many trees were brought down due to high winds.[26] Also, numerous plantations were destroyed across the island.[28] However, little beach erosion occurred on the island.[26] Moreover, 22% of homes on the island were either damaged or destroyed.[16] One bridge was also destroyed on the island.[29] Offshore Honiara, the capital of the nation, two ships [one was 60 ft (20 m) long and the other was 120 ft (35 m) long] each sank during the storm.[30] Throughout the capital, several schools were destroyed. The two bridges that connected the city with the island of Guadalcanal were destroyed, thus leaving Honiara isolated.[31] Furthermore, about 5,000 homeless were left homeless across the city,[32] 2,000 of whom sought refuge in a local college due to the storm. Although no people were to have confirmed to have died in the city, five children were reported missing in one of the capital's suburbs, Ngalimera.[31]

In both Guadalacal and Malatia, extensive areas of irrigated rice crops were submerged under floodwaters and mud.[9] In some areas, nearly all homes were destroyed. Mudslides and logs destroyed roads, bridges, water pipes and drainage systems. Crops such as cocoa, copra, coffee, and rice were destroyed, resulting in thousands of dollars in damage.[15][23] Although there are no reports of storm surge throughout the islands, it is likely that coastal areas suffered damage from surge.[9] Additionally, communication between the outer and island of the Solomon group was completely destroyed.[33]

In all, approximately 90,000 people, one third of the country's population, were reportedly homeless.[13][34] The southern islands of the Solomon's chain were seriously affected by the passage of Namu, becoming the worst tropical cyclone to impact the area in five years.[13] Of the 25,000 "traditional" houses on the Solomon Island, 6,000 (26%) were destroyed. Overall, Cyclone Namu is "positively identified" to have killed 111, some reports suggest at least 150 people perished due to Namu.[3][35] Most of the fatalities were due to landslides and flooding. Property damaged totaled $25 million (1986 USD)[23] and the storm also caused US $100 million in economic losses in the Solomon Islands.[36] On May 18, Honiara's Central Hospital authorities decided to evacuate several patients, as the hospital was located on a coastal strip that was vulnerable to river flooding and seawater inundation.[10] Of all the cyclones that affected the Solomon Islands in the 1900s, all but 24 of the deaths and one quarter of the total damage. Namu rivals an earthquake in 1931 and an eruption in 1847 as the worst natural disaster to affect the island chain.[3] It is estimated that the island's development was set back 10 years.[23]

Aftermath

During the aftermath of the storm, before foreign aid could arrive, the Solomon Islanders helped themselves by patching up many water pipes with bamboo, and string.[23] Meanwhile, the government of the Solomon Islands declared a national state of emergency for the entirety of the island chain. Initially, postal services were closed and telecommunications were disrupted due to the storm; consequently; it was estimated that the former would remain closed for several days. Even though the government at first did not request international assistance, it asked United Nation donors for food, clothing, blankets, and cooking supplies for the homeless.[18] Within a week following the storm, access to fresh water was resorted to the archipelago; doctors believed that had these services not been restored, widespread disease would have been reported.[37] The first commercial flight out of the island chain since the storm was made on May 29.[38] The government declared June 2 a national day of mourning for the victims of the storm.[39] Because of the damage wrought by Severe Tropical Cyclone Namu, question were raised on whether or not excessive deforestation worsened the impact of the flood. The government denied reports that deforestation had any link to the catastrophe.[40]

The Australian High Commission announced that they would send $1.2 million AUD in supplies to the island chain. Meanwhile, New Zealand provided $1 million NZD of assistance. The International Monetary Fund loaned $1.3 million USD to the nation.[41] Australian relief planes had dropped food to 4,000 victims in the highlands on the main island of Guadalcanal and New Zealand provided nearly 30,000 lb (13,610 kg) of rice, canned meat and tea to the devastated region. New Zealand engineers were brought in to assess damage to roads and bridges and start removal of 40 ft (10 m) high debris along the waterfronts of the island chain.[20] Also, $10,000 ECU was donated to the devastated island group.[42] Other countries, including the United Kingdom, Papua New Guinea, the United States, and Japan also sent supplies and goods to the Solomon Islands.[13] Overall, $8.6 million USD was provided to the Solomons [43] and 71,000 lb (32,205 kg) worth of supplies were provided to victims of the cyclone.[44]

Within a day after the storm, international aid had arrived via 33 missionaries, evacuating 5 people due to medical reasons. In the end, helicopters flew 448 sorties, taking 159 hours to do so.[45] Moreover, a commercial aircraft provided supplies to the 200 inhabitants of Sikiana Island, which had run out of food a week after the storm.[46] In all, a total of 17 coastal trading vessels, four helicopters, and six aircraft were used to transport food, tents and medical supplies to the needy.[47] It was estimated that the homeless would require aid such as food for six months.[48] In March 1987, which was roughly 10 months following the passage of Cyclone Namu, the Australian Rotarian provided money to help rebuild schools.[49] In just over a year and a half, 280 Australian volunteers helped build 93 schools, costing $500,000.[50]

Elsewhere, in Honiara, the local ministry asked each resident to pay $50 so that the roofs that were damaged by the system could be repaired.[51] The cleanup process took a long time; a year after the storm, bulldozers were reportedly still removing broken logs and not all roads had been repaired.[23] Following the storm, disease spread to isolated part of the Solomon Island group; many animals died and hundreds of children were hospitalized because of the outbreak of disease.[52] The name Namu was later withdrawn from the lists of tropical cyclone names and retired.[53]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Solomon Islands begins cleanup of Typhoon Namu destruction". Observer-Reporter (Pennsylvania, United States). May 23, 1986. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
  2. ↑ "Death toll from Typhoon Namu is at least 71". The Tuscaloosa News (Alabama, United States). The Associated Press. May 22, 1986. p. 13. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Radford, Deirdre A; Blong, Russell J (1992). Natural Disasters in the Solomon Islands (PDF). Volume 1 (2 ed.). The Australian International Development Assistance Bureau. pp. 125–126. Archived from the original on July 6, 2013. Retrieved July 6, 2013.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre (1986). "May 1986" (PDF). Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement (Australian Bureau of Meteorology) 5 (5): 3. ISSN 1321-4233. Archived from the original on March 30, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
  5. ↑ "1986 Namu (1986135S07160)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Tropical Cyclone Namu (Individual Tropical Cyclone Reports). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2010. Archived from the original on August 11, 2010. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Western Oceanography Center (1987). 4. Summary of South Pacific and South Indian Tropical Cyclones (PDF) (Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1986). United States Navy, United States Airforce. pp. 183 – 190. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre, TCWC Brisbane, TCWC Wellington (May 22, 2009). "TCWC Wellington Best Track Data 1967–2006". Fiji Meteorological Service, Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited, Australian Bureau of Meteorology. United States: International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Kumar, Pradeep; Fiji Meteorological Service (1986). DeAngellis, Richard M, ed. "Hurricane Alley: Tropical Cyclone Namu, May 16 - 22". Mariners Weather Log Volume 30 Issue 4: Fall 1986 (United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Oceanographic Data Center): 223. ISSN 0025-3367. OCLC 648466886. Archived from the original on May 5, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Britton, Neil R (1987). Melville, Charles, ed. "Disaster in the South Pacific: Impact of tropical cyclone "Namu" on the Solomon Islands, May 1986". Disasters (Foxcombe Publications) 11 (2): 120–137. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1987.tb00627.x. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Roy, Peter (June 1986). "Geological Impacts of Cyclone Namu on the Coastal Plain of Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands — June 1986" (PDF). Secretariat of the Pacific Community's Applied Geoscience and Technology Division. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
  12. ↑ "Dozens Feared Dead as Cyclone Hits Solomons". Courier-Mail. May 21, 1986.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Trustrum, N.A.; Whitehouse, I.E.; Blaschke, P.M.; Stephens, P.R. "Flood and landslide hazard mapping, Solomon Islands" (PDF). International Association of Hydrological Sciences. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
  14. ↑ "European Development Fund". Europa Press Release (Press Release). January 21, 1987. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Earl R. Hinz, Jim Howard (2006). Landfall of Paradise: Cruising Guide to the Pacific Islands. University of Hawaii Press. p. 244.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Radford, D.A. (1992). "Natural Disasters in the Solomon Islands". Sydney, Australia: The Australian International Development Assistance Bureau. pp. 114–122. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
  17. ↑ Custom and Confrontation. The University of Chicago Press. p. 167.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Cyclone Namu- Solomon Islands Report No. 1 (Report). Relief Web. May 21, 1986. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  19. ↑ "Relief effort underway for cyclone victims". United Press International. May 21, 1986.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "International". United Press International. May 22, 1986.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  21. ↑ "Solomons cyclone toll rises / 71 reported killed". The Guardian. May 23, 1986.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  22. ↑ "Slide ravages Guadalcanal vilalge". The Daily Courier. United Press International. May 22, 1986. p. 3A. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 Case Study: Tropical cyclone Namu (Report). Tropical Cyclones Tripod. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  24. ↑ "Village of 38 buried under mudslide". United Press International. May 22, 1986.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  25. ↑ "Flood and Landslide Hazard mapping" (PDF) (182). June 1990. p. 138. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Geological Impacts of Cyclone Namu (PDF) (Report). Ict.sopac.org Library. June 1986. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  27. ↑ Bell, Johann; Hobday, Alistar (2011). Vulnerability of Tropical Pacific Fisheries and Aquaculture to Climate Change. p. 396. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
  28. ↑ "Solomon Islands — Country history and economic development". Nations enclyopedia. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  29. ↑ Graham Baines (October 1–7, 1987). "Cyclone "Namu" and the North Guadalcanal Coast, Solomon Islands: Implications for Economic Development". Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  30. ↑ "More than 50 missing, Thousands Homeless From Cyclone". Associated Press. May 19, 1986.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Up to 50 missing, 10,000 homeless in cyclone in Solomon Islands". United Press International. May 19, 1986.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  32. ↑ 50 Missing in Solomons (Telegraph). QNP, TEL. May 20, 1986.
  33. ↑ "cyclone ravages solomon islands". The Xinhua General Overseas News Service. May 20, 1986.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  34. ↑ 6 dead in Cyclone Horror (Telegraph). QNP, TEN. May 22, 1986.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  35. ↑ Nell R. Britton (December 18, 1987). "Disaster in the South Pacific: Impact of tropical cyclone "Nomu" on the Solomon Islands, May 1986" 11 (2). pp. 120–137.
  36. ↑ Berdach, James T.; Llegu, Michelle (December 2007). "Solomon Islands Country Environmental Analysis" (PDF). Asian Development Bank. p. 40. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
  37. ↑ "Rescuers find two more cyclone victims". United Press International. May 26, 1986.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  38. ↑ Home After Cyclone (Telegraph). QNP, TEL. May 29, 1986.
  39. ↑ "Southeast Asia; Solomon Island s Prime Minister appeals for help for cyclone victims". BBC News. May 29, 1986.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  40. ↑ Bennett, Judith (2000). Pacific Forest: A History of Resource Control and Contest in the Solomon Islands c, 1800-1997. White Horse Press. p. 311.
  41. ↑ International Monetary Fund (September 5, 1999). IMF Emergency Assistance Related to Natural Disasters and Postconflict Situations (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
  42. ↑ "Emergency Aid For Salamon Islands". Europa. May 23, 1986. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  43. ↑ "solomons receives foreign aid for rehabilitation after cyclone". The Xinhua General Overseas News Service. July 21, 1986.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  44. ↑ "Australia steps up islands aid / Aftermath of Cyclone Namu in the Solomon Islands (145) /SCT". The Times. May 24, 1986.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  45. ↑ "Post cyclone aid to Solomon Islands". Royal Australian Air Force. May 21, 1986. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  46. ↑ "Cyclone victims receive supplies". The Advertiser. May 22, 1986.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  47. ↑ "Solomons cyclone toll 96". The Advertiser. May 24, 1986.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  48. ↑ "Namu's mud yields 71 dead as Solomons crisis grows". The Advertiser. May 23, 1986.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  49. ↑ The Rotarian. March 1988. p. 50. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  50. ↑ The Rotarian. March 1993. p. 50. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  51. ↑ Living Traditions: A Changing of Life in the Solomon Islands. University of Hawaii. 1997. p. 157. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  52. ↑ "Disease spreading in cyclone-stricken islands". United Press International. May 24, 1986.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  53. ↑ RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (December 12, 2012). List of Tropical Cyclone Names withdrawn from use due to a Cyclone's Negative Impact on one or more countries (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2012). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 2B–1 – 2B–4 (23 – 26). Archived from the original on April 1, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2012.

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