Cup (unit)

A simple plastic measuring cup, capable of holding the volume one metric cup with a scale for U.S. fluid ounces

The cup is a unit of measurement for volume, used in cooking to measure liquids (fluid measurement) and bulk foods such as granulated sugar (dry measurement). It is principally used in the United States and Liberia where it is a legally defined unit of measurement. Actual cups used in a household in any country may differ from the cup size used for recipes; standard measuring cups, often calibrated in fluid measure and weights of usual dry ingredients as well as in cups, are available.

Metric cup

Some countries in the Commonwealth of Nations, notably Australia and New Zealand, define a metric cup of 250 millilitres.^[1] Units such as metric cups and metric feet are derived from the metric system but are not official metric units^[2]

A "coffee cup" is 1.5 dl or 150 millilitres or 5.07 US customary fluid ounces, and is occasionally used in recipes. It is also used in the US to specify coffeemaker sizes (what can be referred to as a Tasse à café). A "12-cup" US coffeemaker makes 57.6 US customary fluid ounces of coffee, or 6.8 metric cups of coffee.

United States customary cup

United States customary cup is defined as half a U.S. pint.

United States "legal" cup

The cup currently used in the United States for nutrition labelling is defined in United States law as 240 ml.^[3][4][5]

UK cup

The UK cup is half an imperial pint. It is sometimes referred to as the Imperial Cup. It is no longer in common use, but many recipe books still include it.^[6][7][8]

Japanese cup

The Japanese cup is currently defined as 200 ml.

Gō

The traditional Japanese cup, the gō, is approximately 180 ml. 10 gō make one shō, the traditional flask size, approximately 1.8 litres. Gō cups are typically used for measuring rice, and sake is typically sold by the cup (180 ml), the bottle (720 ml), and flask (1.8 litre) sizes. Note modern sake bottle sizes are almost the same as the 750 ml international standard for wine bottles, but are divisible into 4 gō.

Using volume measures to estimate mass

In Europe, cooking recipes normally state any liquid volume larger than a few tablespoons in millilitres, the scale found on most measuring cups worldwide. Non-liquid ingredients are normally weighed in grams instead, using a kitchen scale, rather than measured in cups. Most recipes in Europe use the millilitre or decilitre (1 dl = 100 ml) as a measure of volume. For example, where an American customary recipe might specify "1 cup of sugar and 2 cups of milk", a European recipe might specify "200 g sugar and 500 ml of milk" (or 0.5 litre or 5 decilitres). Conversion between the two measures must take into account the density of the ingredients. Many European measuring cups have additional scales for common bulk ingredients like sugar, flour, or rice to make the process easier.

See also

• Measuring cup
• Tasse à café

Notes

1. ↑ 1 U.S. customary cup = 16 tablespoons exactly using the old U.S. customary tablespoon of ¹⁄₂ U.S. fl oz.
2. ↑ exactly
3. ↑ by 1891 definition
4. ↑ One gram per millilitre is very close to one avoirdupois ounce per fluid ounce: 1 g/ml ≈ 1.002 av oz/imp fl oz This is not a numerical coincidence, but comes from the original definition of the kilogram as the mass of one litre of water, and the imperial gallon as the volume occupied by ten avoirdupois pounds of water. The slight difference is due to water at 4 °C (39 °F) being used for the kilogram, and at 62 °F (17 °C) for the imperial gallon. The U.S. fluid ounce is slightly larger.

   1 g/ml ≈ 1.043 av oz/U.S. fl oz

5. ↑ The density of water ranges from about 0.96 to 1.00 g/ml dependent on temperature and pressure. The table above assumes a temperature range 0–30 °C (32–86 °F). The variation is too small to make any difference in cooking.
   • Water density calculator
   • The Physics Factbook
6. ↑ Since an imperial cup of water weighs approximately 10 avoirdupois ounces and five imperial cups are approximately equal to six U.S. cups, one U.S. cup of water weighs approximately 8¹⁄₃ avoirdupois ounces.

References

1. ↑ "Standard Australian Cooking Measurements". Retrieved 2014-09-24. 
2. ↑ "coherent units". BIPM. Retrieved 2014-05-26. 
3. ↑ (21 CFR 101.9 (b) (5) (viii)
4. ↑ U.S. Government Printing Office—Electronic Code of Federal Regulations
5. ↑ U.S. Food and Drug Administration—Guidelines for Determining Metric Equivalents of Household Measures
6. ↑ Rosemary Hume and Muriel Downes, Penguin Cordon Bleu Cooking, Penguin Books, 1970
7. ↑ Stephanie Alexander, The cook's companion, Penguin Books, 2004
8. ↑ Jacqueline Gérard, « La cuisine », Larousse 1980
9. ↑ In the absence of measuring cups, tablespoons can be used for volume measurement.
10. ↑ The term international tablespoon as used in this article refers to the 15 ml (~0.5 fl oz) tablespoon used in most countries.
11. ↑ The Australia tablespoon is defined as 20 ml (~²⁄₃ fl oz)
12. ↑ 1 g/ml is a good rough guide for water-based liquids such as milk (the density of milk is about 1.03–1.04 g/ml).
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 L. Fulton, E. Matthews, C. Davis: Average weight of a measured cup of various foods. Home Economics Research Report No. 41, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, 1977.