CubeSat

Ncube-2, a Norwegian CubeSat (10 cm cube)

A CubeSat is a type of miniaturized satellite for space research that usually has a volume of exactly one liter (10 cm cube), has a mass of no more than 1.33 kilograms,[1] and typically uses commercial off-the-shelf components for its electronics.

Beginning in 1999, California Polytechnic State University at San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly) and Stanford University developed the CubeSat specifications to help universities worldwide to perform space science and exploration.

Although the bulk of development and launches comes from academia, several companies build CubeSats such as large-satellite-maker Boeing, and several small companies. CubeSat projects have also been the subject of Kickstarter campaigns.[2] The CubeSat format is also popular with amateur radio satellite builders.

History

1U CubeSat structure

The CubeSat reference design was proposed in 1999 by professors Jordi Puig-Suari of California Polytechnic State University and Bob Twiggs of Stanford University.[3]:159 The goal was to enable graduate students to be able to design, build, test and operate in space a spacecraft with capabilities similar to that of the first spacecraft, Sputnik. The CubeSat as initially proposed did not set out to become a standard; rather, it became a standard over time by a process of emergence. The first CubeSats were launched in June 2003 on a Russian Eurockot, and approximately 75 CubeSats have been placed into orbit as of August 2012.[4]

The need for such a small-factor satellite became apparent in 1998 as a result of work done at Stanford University's Space System Development Laboratory. At SSDL students had been working on the OPAL (Orbiting Picosatellite Automatic Launcher) microsatellite since 1995. OPAL's mission to deploy daughter-ship "picosatellites" had resulted in the development of a launcher system that was "hopelessly complicated" and could only be made to work "most of the time". With the project's delays mounting, Twiggs sought out DARPA funding that resulted in the redesign of the launching mechanism into a simple pusher plate concept with the satellites held in place by a spring-loaded door.[3]:151–157

Desiring to shorten the development cycle experienced on OPAL and inspired by the picosatellites OPAL carried, Twiggs set out to find "how much could you reduce the size and still have a practical satellite". The picosatellites on OPAL were 10.1 x 7.6 x 2.5 cm, a size that was not conducive to covering all sides of the spacecraft with solar cells – a requirement for a tumbling satellite. Inspired by a 4 in. cubic plastic box used to display Beanie Babies in stores, Twiggs first settled on the larger 10-centimeter cube as a guideline for the new (yet-to-be-named) CubeSat concept. A model of a launcher was developed for the new satellite using the same pusher plate concept that had been used in the modified OPAL launcher. Twiggs presented the idea to Puig-Suari in the summer of 1999 and then at the Japan-U.S. Science,Technology, and Space Applications Program (JUSTSAP) conference in November 1999.[3]:157–159

The Falcon 1 rocket lifting off at Omelek Island on July 14, 2009.[5]

Design

Scientist holding a CubeSat chassis

The CubeSat specification accomplishes several high-level goals. Simplification of the satellite's infrastructure makes it possible to design and produce a workable satellite at low cost. Encapsulation of the launcher–payload interface takes away the prohibitive amount of managerial work that would previously be required for mating a piggyback satellite with its launcher. Unification among payloads and launchers enables quick exchanges of payloads and utilization of launch opportunities on short notice.

The term "CubeSat" was coined to denote nano-satellites that adhere to the standards described in the CubeSat design specification. Cal Poly published the standard in an effort led by aerospace engineering professor Jordi Puig-Suari.[6] Bob Twiggs, of the Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics at Stanford University, and currently a member of the space science faculty at Morehead State University in Kentucky, has contributed to the CubeSat community.[7] His efforts have focused on CubeSats from educational institutions.[8] The specification does not apply to other cube-like nano-satellites such as the NASA "MEPSI" nano-satellite, which is slightly larger than a CubeSat.

In 2004, with their relatively small size, 1U CubeSats could each be made and launched to LEO for an estimated $65,000–$80,000. After delays from low-cost launchers such as Interorbital Systems,[9] more recent launch prices have been $100,000[10]–$125,000,[11] plus approximately $10,000 to construct the CubeSat.[12] This price tag, far lower than most satellite launches, has made CubeSat a viable option for schools and universities around the world. Because of this, a large number of universities and some companies and government organizations around the world are developing CubeSats—between 40 and 50 universities in 2004.

The standard 10×10×10 cm basic CubeSat is often called a "one unit" or "1U" CubeSat. CubeSats are scalable along only one axis, by 1U increments. CubeSats such as a "2U" CubeSat (20×10×10 cm) and a "3U" CubeSat (30×10×10 cm) have been both built and launched. In recent years larger CubeSat platforms have been proposed, most commonly 6U (10x20x30 cm or 12x24x36 cm[13]) and 12U (20x20x30 cm or 24x24x36 cm[13]), to extend the capabilities of CubeSats beyond academic and technology validation applications and into more complex science and defense goals.

Since CubeSats are all 10x10 cm (regardless of length) they can all be launched and deployed using a common deployment system. CubeSats are typically launched and deployed from a mechanism called a Poly-PicoSatellite Orbital Deployer (P-POD), also developed and built by Cal Poly.[14] P-PODs are mounted to a launch vehicle and carry CubeSats into orbit and deploy them once the proper signal is received from the launch vehicle. P-PODs have deployed over 90% of all CubeSats launched to date (including un-successful launches), and 100% of all CubeSats launched since 2006. The P-POD Mk III has capacity for three 1U CubeSats, or other 1U, 2U, or 3U CubeSats combination up to a maximum volume of 3U.[15]

CubeSat forms a cost-effective independent means of getting a payload into orbit.[6] Most CubeSats carry one or two scientific instruments as their primary mission payload. Several companies and research institutes offer regular launch opportunities in clusters of several cubes. ISC Kosmotras and Eurokot are two companies that offer such services.[16]

Past missions

Main article: List of CubeSats

One of the earliest launches of CubeSats was 30 June 2003 from Plesetsk, Russia, with Eurockot Launch Services's Multiple Orbit Mission. CubeSats were put into a sun-synchronous orbit and included the Danish AAU CubeSat and DTUSat, the Japanese CubeSat XI-IV and CUTE-1, the Canadian Can X-1, and the US triple-CubeSat Quakesat.[17]

On 27 October 2005, a Kosmos-3M launch vehicle launched from Plesetsk carried three CubeSats into orbit on the European Space Agency's Student Space Exploration & Technology Initiative (SSETI) mission. The SSETI Express Satellite student-built satellite was not a CubeSat as it weighed 62 kg and was the size of a washing machine.[18] The CubeSats that did make orbit on this launch were the Ncube satellite project from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology and the University of Tokyo's CubeSat XI-V.[18]

On 26 July 2006, 14 CubeSats from 11 universities and a private company were launched aboard a Dnepr rocket, the largest planned deployment of CubeSats to date.[8] The rocket failed and was destroyed during launch, obliterating the CubeSats and four other satellites aboard.[19] The launch was lost after the first stage engine shut down prematurely.[20] All satellite parts are believed destroyed. The committee investigating the failed launch concluded that the failure was caused by a malfunctioning hydraulic drive unit on the rocket's first stage.[21] The malfunction brought about control disturbances which led to roll instability and excessive excursions of yaw and pitch angles. Thrust termination occurred at 74 seconds after lift off. The launch had been postponed numerous times because the primary payload, EgyptSat 1, was not ready. Due to ITAR concerns, the CubeSats were moved to a different launch site, with the primary payload being BelKA, which was to be the first satellite from Belarus. The launch carried Rincon 1 and SACRED, both from the University of Arizona and UniSat-4 from the University of Rome (GAUSS team). Other projects came from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Hankuk Aviation University, Seoul, Korea and Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy. The Aerospace Corporation, from the United States, also had its own commercial project on board.

Seven CubeSats were launched 17 April 2007 as secondary payloads on a Dnepr rocket.[22] They included a Colombian project from the students at the Universidad Sergio Arboleda. Their satellite, called Libertad 1, was Colombia's first. The Aerospace Corporation had their AeroCube 2,[23] CP-3 & CP-4 were on board from California Polytechnic State University,[24] and CAPE-1 from the University of Louisiana at Lafayette.

In a launch coordinated by the Nanosatellite Launch System, a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle launched CubeSats on April 28, 2008. One was a 3-unit CubeSat (10x10x30 centimeters) named Delfi-C3 from Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands.[25]

CubeSats launched from the International Space Station on 4 October 2012

On 3 August 2008, a SpaceX Falcon 1 launched from the Kwajalein Atoll launch facility (US) with two NASA CubeSats. They were the PREsat from NASA's Ames Research Center, and the NanoSail-D from both NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and Ames Research Center.[26] These CubeSats were lost due to a launch vehicle failure when the rocket's first stage inadvertently made contact with the second stage after separation. The ground spare for NanoSail, the NanoSail-D2 CubeSat, was successfully launched in November 2010 and deployed from the FASTSAT satellite on a Minotaur IV launch.

On December 8, 2010, several CubeSats were reported to have deployed successfully from a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, the same one that launched their first Dragon spacecraft on COTS Demo Flight 1.

On March 4, 2011, the Glory mission was lost when the fairing of the Taurus XL failed to separate from the launch vehicle. The rocket also carried three CubeSat satellites. These university satellites include the Space Science and Engineering Laboratory's Explorer-1 PRIME (E1P) developed by students at Montana State University, Kentucky Space's KySat-1 which was developed by multiple Kentucky universities plus several organizations and companies,[27] and the University of Colorado-Boulder's HERMES. This was the first of NASA's Educational Launch of Nanosatellite, or ELaNa, missions.

On October 28, 2011, three PPODs containing six CubeSats were placed into orbit along with the NPOESS Preparatory Project satellite aboard a United Launch Alliance Delta II rocket launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. This was the second of NASA's Educational Launch of Nanosatellite (ELaNa) missions launched.[28]

On February 13, 2012, three PPODs containing seven CubeSats were placed into orbit along with the Lares satellite aboard an Avio Vega rocket launched from French Guyana. The CubeSats launched were e-st@r (Politecnico di Torino, Italy), Goliat (University of Bucarest, Romania), Masat-1 (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary), PW-Sat (Warsaw University of Technology, Poland), Robusta (University of Montpellier 2, France), UniCubeSat-GG (University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy), and XaTcobeo (University of Vigo and INTA, Spain).[29]

An example of one of the ELaNa satellites is the University of New Mexico's Space Plug-and-play Architecture (SPA) proof of concept flight for the Trailblazer mission. Trailblazer is a 1U CubeSat launched in 2012 under the ELaNa four mission.[30]

On September 13, 2012, eleven CubeSats were launched from eight P-Pods, as part of the "OutSat" secondary payload aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California.[31] This is the largest number of CubeSats (and largest volume of 24U) successfully placed to orbit on a single launch, this was made possible by use of the new NPS CubeSat Launcher system (NPSCuL) developed at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS). The following CubeSats were placed on orbit: SMDC-ONE 2.2 (Baker), SMDC-ONE 2.1 (Able), AeroCube 4.0(x3), Aeneas, CSSWE, CP5, CXBN, CINEMA, and Re (STARE).[32]

Long CubeSats being launched from the ISS on February 25, 2014. The launcher is visible as well, attached to a robotic arm.

Five CubeSats (Raiko, Niwaka, We-Wish, TechEdSat, F-1) were placed into orbit from International Space Station on October 4, 2012, as a technology demonstration of small satellite deployment from ISS. They were launched and delivered to ISS as a cargo of Kounotori 3, and the ISS astronaut prepared the deployment mechanism attached to Japanese Experiment Module's robotic arm.[33][34][35] Similarly, the following H-II Transfer Vehicle mission Kounotori 4, launched on August 4, 2013, carried four CubeSats (ArduSat-1, ArduSat-X, PicoDragon, TechEdSat-3) to ISS. ArduSat-1, ArduSat-X, and PicoDragon were deployed into orbit from ISS on 19 November 2013,[36] and TechEdSat-3 was deployed on 20 November 2013.[37]

Four CubeSats were deployed from the Cygnus Mass Simulator, which was launched April 21, 2013 on the maiden flight of Orbital Sciences' Antares rocket.[38] Three of them are 1U PhoneSats built by NASA's Ames Research Center to demonstrate the use of smart phones as avionics in CubeSats. The fourth is a 3U spacecraft, called Dove-1, built by Planet Labs (then Cosmogia Inc.). Earlier that same day, their Dove-2 CubeSat was deployed from the Bion-M spacecraft in orbit.[39]

On May 7, 2013, the ESTCube-1 CubeSat, the first Estonian satellite, was placed into orbit along with the Proba-V and VNREDSat 1A satellites aboard an Avio Vega rocket launched from French Guyana.

On December 5, 2013, twelve CubeSats as part of the "GemSat" secondary payload aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California.[40] This is the second flight of NPSCuL, so the total volume was again 24U from eight Cal Poly P-PODs. The following CubeSats were placed on orbit: AeroCube 5 (Aerospace Corp.), ALICE (Air Force Institute of Technology), SNaP, TacSat 6 & two SMDC-ONE (U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command), CUNYSAT 1 (Medgar Evers College), IPEX (NASA's Jet Propulsion Labaratory at Cal Poly), MCubed 2 (University of Michigan), FIREBIRD 1A & 1B (Montana State University).

A total of thirty-three CubeSats were deployed from the International Space Station, a feat which started on February 11, 2014. Of those thirty-three, twenty-eight are part of the Flock 1 constellation of Earth-imaging CubeSats designed by Planet Labs. Of the other five CubeSats launched from the ISS, two are also from US-based companies, two are from Lithuania, and one is from Peru.[41]

A number of CubeSats were lost during the explosion of the Cygnus CRS Orb-3 launch vehicle.

The "crowd-funded" KickSat was launched April 18, 2014.

Future development

An ambitious project is the QB50, an international network of 50 CubeSats for multi-point, in-situ measurements in the lower thermosphere (90–350 km) and re-entry research. QB50 is an initiative of the Von Karman Institute and is funded by the European Union. Double-unit ("2-U") CubeSats (10x10x20 cm) are foreseen, with one unit (the 'functional' unit) providing the usual satellite functions and the other unit (the 'science' unit) accommodating a set of standardised sensors for lower thermosphere and re-entry research. 35 CubeSats are envisaged to be provided by universities in 19 European countries, 10 by universities in the US, 2 by universities in Canada, 3 by Japanese universities, 1 by an institute in Brazil, and others. Ten double or triple CubeSats are foreseen to serve for in-orbit technology demonstration of new space technologies. All 50 CubeSats will be launched together on a single Cyclone-4 launch vehicle in February 2016.[42] The Request for Proposals (RFP) for the QB50 CubeSat was released on February 15, 2012.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "CubeSat Design Specification Rev. 13". California State Polytechnic University. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
  2. ↑ http://singularityhub.com/2013/06/23/tiny-cubesat-satellites-spur-revolution-in-space/
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Helvajian2008, Henry; editors, Siegfried W. Janson, (2008). Small Satellites: Past, Present, and Future. El Segundo, Calif.: Aerospace Press. ISBN 978-1-884989-22-3.
  4. ↑ "Cubist Movement". Space News. 2012-08-13. p. 30. When professors Jordi Puig-Suari of California Polytechnic State University and Bob Twiggs of Stanford University invented the CubeSat, they never imagined that the tiny satellites would be adopted by universities, companies and government agencies around the world. They simply wanted to design a spacecraft with capabilities similar to Sputnik that graduate student could design, build, test and operate. For size, the professors settled on a 10-centimeter cube because it was large enough to accommodate a basic communications payload, solar panels and a battery.
  5. ↑ Stephen Clark (2009). "Commercial launch of SpaceX Falcon 1 rocket a success". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Leonard David (2004). "CubeSats: Tiny Spacecraft, Huge Payoffs". Space.com. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  7. ↑ Rob Goldsmith (October 6, 2009). "Satellite pioneer joins Morehead State's space science faculty". Space Fellowship. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Leonard David (2006). "CubeSat losses spur new development". Space.com. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
  9. ↑ As noted in the linked article, Interorbital promised its Neptune 45 – intended to carry 10 CubeSats, among other cargo – would launch in 2011, but as of 2014 it had yet to do so.
  10. ↑ "OSSI-1 Amateur Radio CubeSat launched". Southgate Amateur Radio News. 2013. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
  11. ↑ "Spaceflight Services Pricing". Spaceflight Services. 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
  12. ↑ "Pumpkin Price List". CubeSat Kit. 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 The official standard only defines up to 3U and "3U+" (a slightly larger but same-mass 3U). Larger sizes use have varying definitions depending on source. There is even confusion about 3U and 1U: the official standard claims a 3U masses at most 4 kg, while Spaceflight Services claims (see http://spaceflightservices.com/pricing-plans/ ) that 3U extends to 5 kg.
  14. ↑ "Educational Payload on the Vega Maiden Flight – Call For CubeSat Proposals". European Space Agency. 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  15. ↑ Matthew Richard Crook (2009). "NPS CubeSat Launcher Design, Process And Requirements". Naval Postgraduate School. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
  16. ↑ Jos Heyman (2009). "FOCUS: CubeSats — A Costing + Pricing Challenge". SatMagazine. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
  17. ↑ "EUROCKOT Successfully Launches MOM – Rockot hits different Orbits". Eurockot Launch Services. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Tariq Malik (2005). "Europe's Student-Built Satellite Rockets into Space". Space.com. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
  19. ↑ Stephen Clark (2006). "Russian rocket fails – 18 satellites destroyed". SpaceFlight Now. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
  20. ↑ Tariq Malik (2006). "Report: Dnepr Rocket Crashes Shortly After Launch". Space.com. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
  21. ↑ Leonard David (2006). "Recent CubeSat Losses Spur Renewed Development". Space.com. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
  22. ↑ "Dnepr LV with 14 satellites on board launched". Space Fellowship. 2007. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
  23. ↑ Jonathan Brown; Riki Munakata (2008). "Dnepr 2 Satellite Identification and the Mk.III P-POD". California Polytechnic State University. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
  24. ↑ "The ARRL Letter". American Radio Relay League. 2007. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
  25. ↑ "Delfi-C3 delivered to launch site". Space Fellowship. 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
  26. ↑ "SpaceX Sets August 2 for Falcon 1 launch". Reuters. 2008-08-02. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
  27. ↑ "Concept of Operations". Stanford University. 2006. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
  28. ↑ NASA (October 2011). "ELaNA-3: CubeSat ELaNa III Launch on NPP Mission". National Aeronautic and Space Administration. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
  29. ↑ ESA (13 February 2012). "Seven Cubesats launched on Vega's maiden flight". European Space Agency. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
  30. ↑ Cosmiac.org – Trailblazer
  31. ↑ Space.com (Sep 2012). "Air Force Launches Secret Spy Satellite NROL-36". Space.com. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  32. ↑ NRO (June 2012). "NROL-36 Features Auxiliary Payloads". National Reconnaissance Office. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  33. ↑ Kuniaki Shiraki (March 2, 2011). "「きぼう」からの小型衛星放出に係る技術検証について" [On Technical Verification of Releasing Small Satellites from "Kibo"] (in Japanese). JAXA. Retrieved March 4, 2011.
  34. ↑ Mitsumasa Takahashi (June 15, 2011). "「きぼう」からの小型衛星放出実証ミッションに係る搭載小型衛星の選定結果について". JAXA. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
  35. ↑ "「きぼう」日本実験棟からの小型衛星放出ミッション" (in Japanese). JAXA. October 5, 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
  36. ↑ 超小型衛星3基放出 (in Japanese). JAXA. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  37. ↑ 超小型衛星1基放出 (in Japanese). JAXA. 21 November 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  38. ↑ "Antares Test Launch "A-ONE Mission" Overview Briefing". Orbital Sciences. 17 April 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  39. ↑ "Spaceflight Successfully Deploys Five Spacecraft Launched by Two Launch Vehicles from Two Continents". Spaceflight. April 21, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
  40. ↑ Staff (Dec 2013). "Government spy satellite rockets into space on Atlas 5". Spaceflightnow.com. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
  41. ↑ Debra Werner (February 11, 2014). "Planet Labs CubeSats Deployed from ISS with Many More To Follow". SpaceNews, Inc. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
  42. ↑ "QB50". Von Karman Institute. Retrieved 2015-03-30.

External links

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