Cromwell's Soldiers' Pocket Bible
Cromwell's Soldiers' Pocket Bible (aka The Soldier's Pocket Bible, Cromwell's Soldier's Bible [1] ) was a pamphlet version of the Christian Bible that was carried by the soldiers of Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth army during the First English Civil War.[2]
Description
The Soldier's Pocket Bible was first issued in 1643 to Cromwell's army and was put in general use among his soldiers.[3][4][5] It has been of historical record that Cromwell's soldiers were provided with a small pocket Bible.[6][7][8] George Livermore, an American book collector from Cambridgeport, Massachusetts, discovered a copy of The Soldier's Pocket Bible in 1854; he realized that the Bible which Cromwell's soldiers were known to carry was not the complete Christian Bible of 66 books, but a condensed pamphlet version.[6][9] It was an octavo booklet (136 × 78mm, 5½ × 3″).[10] In comparison, it was about the size and thickness of an international travel passport used in the 20th century.[10]
The Soldier's Pocket Bible had just 16 pages that contained some 150 verse quotations from the Geneva Bible,[10][11] all related to war.[6] These verses were from the Old Testament (except four).[12] Verses intended to inspire the morale of Cromwell's soldiers included the following:
- Deuteronomy 20.4 (Geneva Bible) – For the Lord your God goeth with you, to fight for you against your enemies, and to save you.
- Exodus 14.14 (Geneva Bible) – The Lord shall fight for you. [13]
The 150 war-related verses were organized in sixteen sections.[10] Cromwell helped select some of the verses used[14] and supervised the editing of the Soldiers Pocket Bible by Edmund Calamy.[4][6]
Section headers for the verses included the following:
- A Soldier must not do wickedly
- A Soldier must be valiant for God's cause
- A Soldier must love his enemies as they are his enemies, and hate them as they are God's enemies
- A Soldier must consider that sometimes God's people have the worst in battle as well as God's enemies.[15]
This condensed Soldier's Pocket Bible was usually buttoned on the inside waistcoat, placed near the heart, and under the soldier's outer coat.[6] The placement did not hinder the movements of the soldier.[10] English Puritan church leader Richard Baxter relates a story that the life of one of Cromwell's soldiers was saved by his carrying a copy of the Soldier's Pocket Bible near his heart; a bullet fired at him became lodged in the pamphlet instead of his heart. [14]
Purpose
Cromwell's military success was largely due to the training of his soldiers.[16] However The Soldier's Pocket Bible was used for religious inspiration and to help influence good morals and rigid discipline.[4] Before Cromwell's soldiers went into battle, they would pray and sing religious songs from the Book of Psalms.[17] According to Cromwell, his soldiers never lost a battle after The Soldier's Pocket Bible was issued to them in 1643.[17][18]
Legacy
Two copies exist of the 1643 edition of The Soldier's Pocket Bible. The London copy was presented by George III to the British Museum.[19] The only other 1643 copy known is found in the United States and was once owned by the prominent 19th-century book collector George Livermore.[6][14][20] The work was reissued in 1693 under the title "The Christian Soldier's Penny Bible."[21][22] The British Museum has the only 1693 copy known to exist.[6] This version is similar to Cromwell's Soldiers' Pocket Bible except for changes to some of the "Headers" and minor alterations in the text. The latter reflect the King James Version of the Bible rather than the Geneva Bible text used for the 1643 edition.[23]
In 1861 Riverside Press reprinted one hundred copies of the 1643 text in facsimile for Livermore.[20][24] At the time of the American Civil War, the American Tract Society printed The Soldier's Pocket Bible in large numbers to serve as a religious manual for the Northern troops.[20] About fifty thousand copies of The Soldier's Pocket Bible were reprinted for the troops at that time.[9][10][22][25][26]
Cromwell's Soldier's Pocket Bible was the first of the shortened, concise Bible versions that became popular for distribution to troops by military authorities and for use by individuals for personal guidance and inspiration.[13]
References
- ↑ Bevan 2003, p. 417.
- ↑ Bremer 2006, p. 548.
- ↑ Bratt 2012, p. 25.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Internet Archive, Open Library. The soldiers' pocket Bible, Issued for the use of the army of Oliver Cromwell, A. D. 1643. Raleigh (N.C.): General Tract Agency (1860). p. 3. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ↑ Bruce 2002, p. 92.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Congressional 1898, p. 1022.
- ↑ Adler, Casanowicz & Smithsonian Institution 1898, p. 1022.
- ↑ Fry 1862, p. 18.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Bates 2009, p. 123.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Daniell 2003, p. 471.
- ↑ "The Soldier's pocket Bible". Digital Collections at the Boston Athenaeum. South Carolina Tract Society, publisher. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ↑ Daniell 2003, p. 472.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Kim 2011, p. 82.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Waylen 1880, p. 300.
- ↑ Firth 1902, p. 331.
- ↑ Young 1917, p. 735.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Internet Archive, Open Library. The soldiers' pocket Bible, Issued for the use of the army of Oliver Cromwell, A. D. 1643. Raleigh (N.C.): General Tract Agency (1860). p. 4. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ↑ "Preface to The Soldier's pocket Bible, p 2 "In 1643 appeared this little manual for the English army....and from that day forward they never were beaten, but whenever they were engaged against the enemy they beat continually ."". Digital Collections at the Boston Athenaeum http://cdm.bostonathenaeum.org/cdm/''. South Carolina Tract Society (Charleston, S.C. : Printed by Evans & Cogswell, No. 3 Broad Street, Charleston, S.C.). between 1861 and 1865. Retrieved 31 July 2013. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ Stock 1895, p. 3.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Massachusetts Historical Society 1869, p. 459.
- ↑ Stock 1895, p. 4.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Beal 2011, p. 114.
- ↑ Fry 1862, p. iii.
- ↑ Historical Magazine 1861, p. 319.
- ↑ Ernest Sutherland Bates (1937). "The Biography of the Bible". Internet Sacred Text Archive. Evinity Publishing INC. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ↑ Price 2004, p. 91.
Bibliography
- Adler, Cyrus; Casanowicz, Immanuel M.; Smithsonian Institution (1898). Biblical antiquities: a description of the exhibit at the Cotton States International Exposition, Atlanta, 1895. Government Printing Office.
- Bates, Ernest Sutherland (2009). Biography of the Bible: Its Character, Authorship, Text, Translation and Influence on the Evolution of Mankind. New Zealand: The Floating Press. ISBN 978-1-77541-554-1. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
- Beal, Timothy Kandler (2011). The Rise and Fall of the Bible: The Unexpected History of an Accidental Book. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-101358-6. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
- Bevan, Edwyn R. (2003). Legacy of Israel 1927. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7661-4020-2. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
- Bratt, James D. (2012). By the Vision of Another World: Worship in American History. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-6710-0. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
- Bremer, Francis J. (2006). Puritans and Puritanism in Europe and America. 1 (2006). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-678-1. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
- Bruce, Frederick Fyvie (2002). History of the Bible in English. James Clarke & Co. ISBN 978-0-7188-9031-5. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
- Congressional, Edition (1898). Congressional Edition. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
- Daniell, David (2003). The Bible in English: Its History and Influence. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09930-0. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
- Stock, Elliot (1895). Cromwell's Soldier's Bible: Being a Reprint, in Facsimile, of "The Soldier's Pocket Bible,". Elliot Stock. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
- Firth, Charles Harding (1902). Cromwell's Army: A History of the English Soldier During the Civil Wars, the Commonwealth and the Protectorate. London: Methuen & Company. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
- Fry, Francis (1862). The Christian Soldier's Penny Bible. London Printed ... 1693. Reproduced in Facsimile, with an Introductory Note by Francis Fry. Willis & Sotheran. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
- Historical Magazine (1861). The Historical Magazine and Notes and Queries Concerning the Antiquities, History, and Biography of America. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
- Kim, Heup Young (2011). Asian and Oceanic Christianities in Conversation: Exploring Theological Identities at Home and in Diaspora. Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-3299-6. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
- Massachusetts Historical Society (1869). Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. The Society. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
- Price, David (2004). Let It Go Among Our People: An Illustrated History Of The English Bible From John Wyclif To The King James Version. James Clarke & Co. ISBN 978-0-7188-3042-7. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
- Waylen, James (1880). The house of Cromwell and the story of Dunkirk. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
- Young, Men (1917). Young Men. Retrieved August 6, 2013.